1. Gymnosperms are seed plants characterized by naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary. They reproduce through cones and include four divisions - cycads, conifers like pine, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. 2. Angiosperms are flowering plants that have seeds enclosed in an ovary. They have true flowers with sepals, petals, pistils and stamens. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. 3. Plant reproduction can occur through wind, water, or animal pollination. Pollination results in fertilization and seed formation through complex cellular processes within the ovules and pollen grains.

1. Spermatophyta
(seed plants)

2. Characteristics
o Vascular plant characterized by seed
(Spermatophyta)
o They don’t have real flower (they
only have cone/strobilus)
o Seed being naked on specialized leaf
or a scale of the cone
o Habitus: shrub, visible strolls,
vine, trees
o Have taproots
o Have branches stems
o Have hard, needle-like or fan like
leafs
Gymnosperm/Pinophyta

3. Classification
1. Cycadinae
- Haven’t branches
- Have large cones
- Leaves like palm’s leaves
- Dioceus
- Example: Cycas rumphii

6. Female strobilus

7. Male
strobilus

8. 2. Coniferae
o Many are large trees
o Needle-like leaves
o Evergreen (always green)
o They are usually
monocious
o Example: Pinus mercusii

10. Female strobilus Male strobilus

11. 3. Ginkgoinae
o It is a tall plant
o The leaf has a long stalk, is
fan-shaped, and has branched
veins
o In autumn, the leaves fall
o The outer cover of the seed is
fleshy, while the inner cover
is hard
o Example: Gingko biloba

16. 4. Gnetinae
oTropical trees, shrub or
vine
oLeaves look similar to
flower plant
oSeed look somewhat like
fruits
oSingle leaves
oExample: Gnetum gnemon

19. o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya
serbuk sari pada mikropil (liang
bakal biji) → Gymnosperm
o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya
serbuk sari ke kepala putik →
Angiosperm
o Pembentukan megaspora disebut
megasporogenesis
o Pembentukan mikrospora disebut
mikrosporogenesis
o Pembentukan megagametofit disebut
megagametogenesis

20. Bakal biji
megagametofit
megasporogenesis
1 megaspora fungsional
4 megaspora
Sel induk megaspora
Megasporangium (nuselus)
ada
ada
meiosis
membelah
megagametogenesis

22. Angiosperm/Magnoliophyta
o Already have true flower
o The shape and composition of flower
vary but has the same basic parts,
that is petals, sepals, pistil and
stamen
o Pistil consist of styles, stigma,
and ovary which contains ovules
o Stamen consist of filaments and
anthers which contain pollen grains
o It has thin, wide leaves, and leaf
veins with varied composition
o Ovule or seed does not appear,
because it is covered by cotyledons
o It is undergoes double fertilization

23. Clasifications
o Monocot : one cotyledon
o Dicots : two cotyledons

24. Dicots versus Monocots Seeds
Dicots Monocots
- Two cotyledons
- Flower parts in
fours or fives
- Leaves with distinct
vein network
- Vascular cambium
present
- Vascular bundles in
ring
- Pollen grain with
three apertures
- One cotyledon
- Flower parts in
threes
- Leaves with parallel
primary veins.
- Vascular cambium
absent
- Vascular bundles
scattered
- Pollen grain with one
aperture

25. Dicots

26. fibrous
taproots

32. Bakal biji
2 inti
megasporogenesis
1 megaspora fungsional
4 megaspora
Sel induk megaspora
ada
meiosis
membelah
Mega
gameto
genesis
Megasporangium (nuselus)
ada
Ke kutub kalaza Ke kutub mikrofil
Membelah 2 kali Membelah 2 kali
4 inti 4 inti
1 inti ke tengah 1 inti ke tengah 2 inti di tengah
kandung lembaga
Sel antipoda
3 inti membentuk sel 3 inti membentuk sel
Sel telur Sel sinergid
Sel kandung
Lembaga (2n)

33. Kepala sari
Serbuk sari
mikrosporogenesis
4 sel mikrospora (n)
Sel induk mikrospora
2 kantong sari
(mikrosporangium)
ada
meiosis
Mikro
gameto
genesis
2 ruang sari
ada
Sel generatifSel vegetatif
2 Sel sperma
Di buluh
Serbuk
sari

34. Pollination
o Based on agent
1. anemofili → wind
2. hidrofili → water
3. zoodiofili → animals
a. entomofili → insects
b. ornitofili → birds
c. kiropterofili → bats
d. malakofili → snails
4. antrofili → humans
o Based on falling down pollen grains to
stigma
1. autogami → alone
2. geitonogami → neighbour one plant
3. allogami → neighbour other plant (same kinds)
4. hibridogami → neighbour other plant (different
kinds)