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Language and Human's Brain

The document discusses the relationship between language and the human brain. It provides background on neurolinguistics, which is the study of how language is represented and processed in the brain. It then discusses some key differences between the human brain and other primates' brains that allow humans to acquire and use language. Some of the major areas of the brain involved in language are also outlined, such as Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the arcuate fasciculus. Finally, some common language disorders like aphasia and dyslexia are briefly described.

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LANGUAGE AND HUMAN BRAIN Psycholinguistic
LANGBRAIN GROUP
Introduction Era & Yuni The Expert Jana & Julaisa Language and the Brain Irma & Syarifah
Introduction Era & Yuni
How the human acquire and use language? Research on the brain in humans and nonhuman primates, anatomically, psychologically, and behaviorally is helping to answer the questions connecting the neurological basis for language. Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is represented and processed in the brain. We will discuss the language and the brain such as the definition, the reason why only human can speak the language, the process/ mechanism, the theories, the contribution, and the examples.
The Definition The brain is one of the important organs that located in human’s head that composed of neurons, nerve cells that are the basic information processing units of the nervous system The language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, the scientific study of language is called linguistics.
THE HUMAN BRAIN  The cerebral cortex is the gray wrinkled mass that sits over the rest of the brain and accounts for language representation and processing.  The longitudinal fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain.  The corpus callosum is the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres.
Cerebral Cortex
HUMAN’S BRAIN DIFFERS FROM GORILLA’S Human’s Brain is More Complete and complex MOSTLY FOR PHYSICAL SURVIVAL NO SPECIAL BOX FOR LANGUAGE COMPLETED WITH 2 HEMISPHERES (LEFT AND RIGHT), SPECIAL BOX FOR LANGUAGE, CORPUS COLLOSUM, WERNICKE, BROCA and so on.
Language ability as a difference in degree between humans and other primates Nonhuman primates could not develop speech because their vocal tracts couldn’t produce a large enough inventory of speech sounds. Mynah birds and parrots have the ability to imitate human speech, but not the ability to acquire language The development of a vocal tract capable of producing the wide variety of sounds can only utilized by human.
Humans are born with faculties of mind
GORILLA’S EPIGLOTIS IS HIGHER THAN HUMAN’S Gorilla Vs. Human GORILLA’S RESONANT CAVITY IS SMALLER THAN HUMAN’S. BIOLOGICALLY GORILLA’S TEETH are NOT LEVELLY POSITIONED, NOT LIKE HUMAN’S GORILLA’S LABIAL FORMS ARE THIN AND LONG, NOT LIKE HUMAN’S THICK AND SHORT.
Why is the brain so well suited to learning language? The structure of human language is inevitably shaped around human learning and processing biases deriving from the structure of our thought processes (brain). Language is easy for us to learn and use, not because our brains embody knowledge of language, but because language has adapted to our brains.
The connection between the brain and the language Human brain structure is the fundamental basis of the relationship between language and the brain.
The Experts Jana & Julaisa
PAUL BROCA, a French neurosurgeon In 1861, found that damage to the front part of the left hemisphere resulted in loss of speech.
Broca’s Area He examined Tan’s brain (a recently deceased patient who had had an unusual disorder). Tan could neither speak a complete sentence nor express his thoughts in writing. The only articulate sound he could only make syllable “tan”. “we speak with the left hemisphere” -Broca-
CARL WERNICKE, a German neurologist In 1871, he discovered another part of the brain, this one involved in understanding language, He found in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe. People who had a lesion at this location could speak, but their speech was often incoherent and made no sense.
The Language Loop Lateral Sulcus : one of the most prominent structures of the human brain. Broca's Area: the production of language, or language outputs Wernicke's Area : processing of words that we hear being spoken, or language inputs. Arcuate Fasciculus : a large bundle of nerve fibres which connect Broca's area and Wernicke's area
This language loop is found in the left hemisphere in about : 90% of right-handed persons 70% of left-handed persons Language being one of the functions that is performed asymmetrically in the brain. This loop would therefore not appear to be specific to heard or spoken language, but rather to be more broadly associated with whatever the individual’s primary language modality happens to be.
Language and the Brain Irma & Syarifah
Language in Brain Neurolinguistics . The relationship between language and the brain How it all started? Where is language located in the brain?
Parts of the brain Parts of the brain that are related to language functions are in the areas Brain stem: connects the brain to the spinal cord Left hemisphere Corpus callosum: connects the two hemispheres Right hemisphere above the left ear.
Parts of the brain • Anterior speech cortex • Controls Syntax (1) Broca’s area • Posterior speech cortex • controls Semantics (2) Wernicke’s area
Parts of the brain • Controls the movement of the muscles (for moving hands, feet, arms, etc. as well as muscles of the face, jaw, tongue, and larynx. • Involved in the physical articulation of speech • Two neurosurgeons: Penfield and Roberts (1959) (3) Motor cortex:
Parts of the brain • A bundle of nerve fiber • Wernicke’s discovery • Connection between Broac’s area and Wernicke’s area (4) Arcuate Fasciculus
When does brain began to produce language? Every child already has their LAD (language acquisition device) since they were born even when they were in their mom’s womb.
Is language totally left-lateralized? Not completely. Adults with left cerebral hemispheres surgically removed lose most, but not all of their linguistic competence. They lose the ability to speak and process complex syntactic patterns, but retain some language comprehension ability.
How Human’s Brain Process Language
Human Voice Input (voice) Respond by temporal lobe and the primary auditory cortex: received, digested, and processed Send to Wernicke's Area Interpreted (In this area sounds broken down into syllables, words, phrases, clauses, and finally the sentence) Voice and information understood. Memory (no need verbal respond) Broca’s Area (need verbal response)
In Broca’s Area… Prepare Sound verbal response Send to the motor cortex (an utterance there is at least 100 muscle and neuromuscular barrage involved 140,000) Sound be considered not only the order of words and sound sequences, but also the order of the features of the sounds to be uttered Example….
Example… Consist of / d / / i /, / e “die” “tie” / Consist of / t /, / i/, / e / 1. Deciding the features of the phoneme: Phoneme / d / has a feature [+ voice], [+ consonant], [+ anterior], [-bilabial], [+ alveolar], [-nasal] -> 2. motor cortex -> 3. vocal cords 30 milliseconds -> 4. attached to the tip of the tongue in the mouth of Regional alveolar to the sound / d / coordinated with all so neat & accurate coordination In contrast, / t / -> 25 milliseconds after the sound To : ensure that the billabial sound that comes out it really / d /, and not / t / Without this accuracy then the conversation would sound like a stranger
Written Form Input in written form a text/ discourse Visual cortex in the occipital lobe Angular lines (coordinating understanding areas with occiptipal areas) To the Wernicke areas - interpreted (In this area sounds broken down into syllables, words, phrases, clauses, and finally the sentence Broca areas (verbal responses) / areas perietal (process visualization) areas understanding
Language Disorders
1. Aphasia • A language deficit caused by damage to the brain, often be a stroke or an accident • According to Rosenzweig, aphasia divided into 3 categories: 1. Broca’s aphasia • Nonfluent speech 2. Wernicke’s aphasia • Fluent speech but unintelligible 3. Global aphasia • Total loss of language
2. Dyslexia • Dyslexia is a specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas. – More common in boys. – Research suggests a genetic influence.