This Slide deals with Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes in Details Manner . All the Aspects Related to Source of Wate, Water Demand Calculations, Design Period Considerations has along with the population forecasting methods has been explained
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
The document provides information on different types of intake structures used for collecting surface water. It discusses wet and dry intake towers, as well as submerged and exposed intakes. Trash racks are described as screens used to prevent debris from entering intake structures. Twin well river intake structures are also summarized, which typically include an inlet well, intake pipe, and jack well to lift water from the river to the treatment plant.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. The main types are head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes, and canal outlets. Head regulators control water entry into off-taking channels from parent channels. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes and help control water levels and closures for repairs. Canal outlets connect distribution channels to field channels and supply water to irrigation fields at regulated discharges.
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
The document provides information on different types of intake structures used for collecting surface water. It discusses wet and dry intake towers, as well as submerged and exposed intakes. Trash racks are described as screens used to prevent debris from entering intake structures. Twin well river intake structures are also summarized, which typically include an inlet well, intake pipe, and jack well to lift water from the river to the treatment plant.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
Spillway crest gates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir and river systems. They act as barriers to store additional water, allowing the height of dams to be increased and requiring more land acquisition. The main types of spillway gates are dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift/rectangle gates. Vertical lift gates are rectangular gates that spin horizontally between grooved piers and can be raised or lowered by a hoisting mechanism to control water flow.
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Intake structures are used to collect water from surface sources like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs and convey it to water treatment plants. They come in circular or rectangular shapes and are made of masonry or concrete. Intake structures aim to provide relatively clean water free from pollution, sand, and debris. Their location is important and they should be placed where water currents and pollution levels are low and sufficient water is available. Intake design considers withstanding forces on the structure and providing adequate water flow. Common types include river, canal, reservoir, and lake intakes. Intakes can be exposed, submerged, wet, or dry depending on their location and presence of water.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
This document discusses the sludge digestion process. It involves three stages: acid fermentation where organic solids are broken down, acid regression where volatile acids are converted, and alkaline fermentation where methane is produced. Key factors that affect digestion are temperature, pH, seeding with digested sludge, and mixing raw and digested sludge. The document also provides an example design for a sludge digestion tank to handle 40,000 people based on sludge production rates and tank sizing calculations.
Presentation on khosla's theory (Numerical Example)Suman Chapagain
1) The document analyzes the safety of a structure against piping failure by calculating the exit gradient and percentage pressure of two piles.
2) It is determined that pile 1 has a corrected percentage pressure of 79.9456% and pile 2 has a corrected percentage pressure of 20.7972%.
3) The exit gradient is calculated to be 1 in 4.762, which exceeds the permissible gradient, indicating the structure is not safe against piping.
Collection and Distribution of Water: IntakesDivine Abaloyan
This document discusses different types of water intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for water supply projects. Intake structures are constructed at water sources like rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes. They protect the entrance to water conveyance pipes and allow water to flow by gravity or be pumped to water treatment plants. Common intake types include submerged and exposed intakes, as well as wet and dry intake towers. River intakes can be twin well or single well designs. Canal, reservoir, and lake intakes are tailored for their specific water source conditions. Intakes must be carefully sited to withdraw high quality water throughout the year while avoiding areas prone to pollution, flooding, or sediment buildup.
This document discusses water demand forecasting for urban water supply systems. It covers key factors in determining water demands, including population projections, per capita water usage rates that vary by location and usage type, and factors that affect demand like climate, income levels, development patterns and water conservation efforts. The document provides guidance on estimating average day, maximum day and peak hour water demands that systems are designed for, as well as common methods for population forecasting.
The document discusses the hydraulic design of sewers and provides details on various hydraulic formulae used for design, including Chezy's, Bazin's, Manning's, Kutter's, Hazen-Williams, and Crimp and Burge's formulae. It also covers minimum and maximum velocities in sewers, effects of flow variation, laying of sewers, testing of sewers using water, air, and smoke tests, and testing for obstructions. Sewer appurtenances like manholes and catch basins are also briefly mentioned.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
River training involves constructing structures along or across rivers to improve the river and protect its banks. It is necessary due to rivers frequently changing course in alluvial plains, which can erode banks and damage nearby land and property. River training structures are classified as transversal, perpendicular to flow to reduce velocity, or longitudinal, parallel to flow along banks. This document discusses various river training methods like guide banks, embankments, groynes and pitching, which are used to safely direct flood flows, prevent erosion and channel changes, and aid navigation. It provides design criteria for different structures and their components.
This document provides an overview of conveying water through pipelines. It discusses different types of pipe materials like cast iron, ductile iron, steel, concrete, galvanized iron and plastic pipes. The key requirements of good pipe materials are described as structural strength, durability, corrosion resistance, imperviousness, smoothness and cost. Different pipe joining methods like socket and spigot, flanged, screwed and expansion joints are also outlined. Finally, the major steps involved in laying pipes like setting out and trench excavation are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various types of pipe joints used in water supply systems. It describes bell and spigot joints, expansion joints, flanged joints, mechanical joints, flexible joints, screwed joints, collar joints, and A.C. pipe joints. For each type of joint it provides details on the purpose, construction, and materials used. The document also covers topics like pipe laying works, testing of pipe lines, hydraulic design of pipe networks, and appurtenances in pipe lines.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
Spillway crest gates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir and river systems. They act as barriers to store additional water, allowing the height of dams to be increased and requiring more land acquisition. The main types of spillway gates are dripping shutters, stop logs, radial/tainter gates, drum gates, and vertical lift/rectangle gates. Vertical lift gates are rectangular gates that spin horizontally between grooved piers and can be raised or lowered by a hoisting mechanism to control water flow.
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Intake structures are used to collect water from surface sources like rivers, lakes, and reservoirs and convey it to water treatment plants. They come in circular or rectangular shapes and are made of masonry or concrete. Intake structures aim to provide relatively clean water free from pollution, sand, and debris. Their location is important and they should be placed where water currents and pollution levels are low and sufficient water is available. Intake design considers withstanding forces on the structure and providing adequate water flow. Common types include river, canal, reservoir, and lake intakes. Intakes can be exposed, submerged, wet, or dry depending on their location and presence of water.
This document discusses various appurtenances used in water supply systems. It describes valves such as sluice valves, check valves, air relief valves, drain valves, zero velocity valves, scour valves, ball valves, and fire hydrants. It also discusses other appurtenances like water meters, storage tanks, bib cocks, and stop cocks. The purpose of these appurtenances is to control water flow, prevent leakage, change flow direction, and regulate pressure. Proper selection and installation of appurtenances is important for efficient water distribution.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
This document discusses the sludge digestion process. It involves three stages: acid fermentation where organic solids are broken down, acid regression where volatile acids are converted, and alkaline fermentation where methane is produced. Key factors that affect digestion are temperature, pH, seeding with digested sludge, and mixing raw and digested sludge. The document also provides an example design for a sludge digestion tank to handle 40,000 people based on sludge production rates and tank sizing calculations.
Presentation on khosla's theory (Numerical Example)Suman Chapagain
1) The document analyzes the safety of a structure against piping failure by calculating the exit gradient and percentage pressure of two piles.
2) It is determined that pile 1 has a corrected percentage pressure of 79.9456% and pile 2 has a corrected percentage pressure of 20.7972%.
3) The exit gradient is calculated to be 1 in 4.762, which exceeds the permissible gradient, indicating the structure is not safe against piping.
Collection and Distribution of Water: IntakesDivine Abaloyan
This document discusses different types of water intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for water supply projects. Intake structures are constructed at water sources like rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes. They protect the entrance to water conveyance pipes and allow water to flow by gravity or be pumped to water treatment plants. Common intake types include submerged and exposed intakes, as well as wet and dry intake towers. River intakes can be twin well or single well designs. Canal, reservoir, and lake intakes are tailored for their specific water source conditions. Intakes must be carefully sited to withdraw high quality water throughout the year while avoiding areas prone to pollution, flooding, or sediment buildup.
This document discusses water demand forecasting for urban water supply systems. It covers key factors in determining water demands, including population projections, per capita water usage rates that vary by location and usage type, and factors that affect demand like climate, income levels, development patterns and water conservation efforts. The document provides guidance on estimating average day, maximum day and peak hour water demands that systems are designed for, as well as common methods for population forecasting.
The document discusses the hydraulic design of sewers and provides details on various hydraulic formulae used for design, including Chezy's, Bazin's, Manning's, Kutter's, Hazen-Williams, and Crimp and Burge's formulae. It also covers minimum and maximum velocities in sewers, effects of flow variation, laying of sewers, testing of sewers using water, air, and smoke tests, and testing for obstructions. Sewer appurtenances like manholes and catch basins are also briefly mentioned.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
River training involves constructing structures along or across rivers to improve the river and protect its banks. It is necessary due to rivers frequently changing course in alluvial plains, which can erode banks and damage nearby land and property. River training structures are classified as transversal, perpendicular to flow to reduce velocity, or longitudinal, parallel to flow along banks. This document discusses various river training methods like guide banks, embankments, groynes and pitching, which are used to safely direct flood flows, prevent erosion and channel changes, and aid navigation. It provides design criteria for different structures and their components.
This document provides an overview of conveying water through pipelines. It discusses different types of pipe materials like cast iron, ductile iron, steel, concrete, galvanized iron and plastic pipes. The key requirements of good pipe materials are described as structural strength, durability, corrosion resistance, imperviousness, smoothness and cost. Different pipe joining methods like socket and spigot, flanged, screwed and expansion joints are also outlined. Finally, the major steps involved in laying pipes like setting out and trench excavation are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various types of pipe joints used in water supply systems. It describes bell and spigot joints, expansion joints, flanged joints, mechanical joints, flexible joints, screwed joints, collar joints, and A.C. pipe joints. For each type of joint it provides details on the purpose, construction, and materials used. The document also covers topics like pipe laying works, testing of pipe lines, hydraulic design of pipe networks, and appurtenances in pipe lines.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
The document discusses water demand, including estimating demand, factors affecting demand, types of demand, and forecasting future demand. It provides the following key points:
1) Accurately estimating water demand is difficult and requires studying population, per capita demand, and the design period of the water supply scheme.
2) Types of water demand include domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire fighting, and losses from leaks and wastage.
3) Factors like city size, climate, living standards, and water pricing affect per capita demand.
4) Population forecasts used to estimate future demand can be done through arithmetic, geometric, curvilinear, or declining growth methods based on past population trends.
This document discusses factors that affect estimating water demand for municipal water supply systems. It outlines that water demand estimation requires data on per capita water consumption and population served. Per capita consumption can vary significantly based on factors like climate, habits, and infrastructure quality. It then breaks down typical water demand into domestic, industrial, commercial, public, firefighting, and losses/waste. For example, average domestic demand in India is 135 liters per person per day. Population projections also factor into water demand estimates and different forecasting methods are described.
This document discusses factors related to estimating water demand and supply for a municipality. It covers:
1) Types of water demands including domestic, industrial, institutional, public use, fire demand, and losses/waste. The total demand is calculated as the per capita demand multiplied by the population.
2) Factors that affect per capita demand such as habits, climate, economic status, and efficiency of the water system. Recommended per capita demands for various uses are provided.
3) Population forecasting methods to estimate future population for design periods, including arithmetic, geometric, and incremental increase methods.
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Ce 401 introduction to environmental engineeringMuhammad Nouman
This document provides an introduction to environmental engineering. It discusses the natural and built environment and defines environmental science and engineering. Environmental engineering aims to protect natural resources, control pollution, improve environmental quality, and enable healthy ecosystems and living conditions. It requires knowledge of various disciplines like chemistry, physics, hydrology and economics. Key aspects of environmental engineering include water supply, wastewater treatment, pollution control, and industrial hygiene. The document also discusses factors that affect water demand such as population, climate, and system losses. It provides methods to forecast future population trends which are important for designing water supply systems.
This document discusses factors related to determining water demand and quantity. It explains that water demand is the rate of water required for a town or city's daily activities. Key factors to consider include population, per capita demand, base and design periods. Water demand includes domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire demands. Domestic demand depends on economic status and ranges from 200 l/person/day for rich to 135 l/person/day for middle class. Industrial demand varies by type of industry. A per capita demand of 335 l/person/day is typical for an average Indian city. Factors like city size, climate, cost, supply system, habits, and quality affect per capita demand. Design period is estimated based on
This document provides an overview of water supply and treatment. It discusses determining water demand based on population and factors like climate. It also covers various water sources like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from wells. Intake structures are described for different surface water sources. The document then discusses water quality parameters and standards. Various water treatment processes are outlined, including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks are also provided.
sewers and sewer netwrok - design construction and maintenanceManish Goyal
This document discusses the design of sewer systems. It begins by classifying sewers into domestic, storm, and combined sewers based on what they are designed to carry. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of combined sewers. The document then discusses methods for estimating sewage flow rates, including population forecasting, per capita flow rates, and peak flow factors. It also covers stormwater runoff estimation and the rational method formula. Finally, it discusses some hydraulic design considerations for sewers, such as designing for partial flow rather than full flow due to gas generation in sewers.
The document discusses various factors related to estimating water quantity and demand for municipal water supply schemes. It describes how to calculate domestic, industrial, commercial, and public water demands. It also discusses factors that affect per capita water demand and methods for estimating future populations like birth rate, death rate, migration, and different forecasting techniques. The key considerations in determining the design period of a water supply scheme are also outlined.
1. The document discusses the need for protected water supply and outlines the various types of water demands that must be considered, including domestic, industrial, institutional, public use, and fire demands.
2. Key factors that affect per capita water demand are discussed, such as climate, cost of water, distribution pressure, standard of living, presence of industries, and the sewerage system.
3. There are wide variations in water demand by season, month, day, and hour that must be accounted for in water supply system design through consideration of peak versus average demand.
This document provides an introduction to water supply schemes, including key components and considerations. It discusses the necessity of water for various purposes and defines the phases of a water supply scheme. These include selection of source, collection and conveyance, treatment, pumping and storage, and distribution. The document also covers factors that determine water demand such as population, consumption types, and climate. Quality parameters as defined by the BIS are outlined.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
The document discusses the analysis of water needs in Indonesia, including irrigation water needs and non-irrigation water needs. Irrigation water needs are determined by factors like land preparation, consumptive use, percolation and runoff, water layer replacement, and effective rainfall. Non-irrigation water needs include domestic water needs based on population, as well as needs for offices, hospitals, schools, and hotels. The document also discusses water supply coverage targets, efficiency factors, and population projection methods for estimating future water demands.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to water distribution systems and water treatment. It discusses the purpose of water distribution systems in delivering water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Various components of water distribution systems are described, including pipes, valves, pumps and storage reservoirs. Water treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration are summarized which aim to modify raw water quality to meet drinking water standards.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to water supply engineering. It discusses various raw water sources including surface and subsurface sources. It also covers water demand estimation based on population and per capita consumption rates. Critical design factors like peak demand, population forecasting methods, and design period are explained. The document then discusses intake structures, pumping, conveyance through free flow and pressure systems, and water treatment processes. The key objectives and layout of water distribution systems are also introduced.
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Treatment of Water and Design Example on Sedimentation TankVaibhav Kambale
This document discusses various methods for purifying water supplies, including screening, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, aeration, and softening. It focuses on screening and sedimentation. Screening involves using coarse and fine screens to remove debris from water. Sedimentation is the process of using gravitational settling to separate suspended solids from water in sedimentation tanks. It discusses the factors that affect sedimentation rates like particle size and shape, water velocity, and tank design parameters such as depth, width, and surface overflow rate. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks include determining the required volume, length, width, and cross-sectional area based on the detention period and settling velocities.
This document discusses the quality of water from surface and underground sources. It provides details on various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to analyze water quality. These include turbidity, pH, hardness, dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrogen, phosphorus and the presence of metals, bacteria or algae. The purpose of water analysis and treatment is described as ensuring water safety and removing impurities for drinking. Common treatment methods and components of water treatment plants are also mentioned.
This Presentation deals with Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Solid waste Sample, with Importance of every characteristic in the field of Solid Waste Management
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
4. Estimation of Water Demand- key parameter –
planning of Water Supply Scheme
Agriculture sector – more then 80% of total water
potential created in our country
Remaining portion we have to utilize
Improvement in Life style & industrial development push
up the per capita of water
5. Prediction of precise quantity- very difficult
Certain Thumb Rules & Empirical Formulae
Types of Water Demand-
1. Domestic Water Demand
2. Industrial Water Demand
3. Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
4. Demand for Public Uses
5. Fire Demand
6. Water Loss in Thefts and Wastes
6. Vary according to the Living Conditions
50 to 60% of Total Water Consumption
IS code- limit on domestic water consumption
between 135 to 225 lpcd
Minimum Water Demand- For a town with full
flushing system-200 lpcd
Minimized up to 135 lpcd for EWS & LIG
Developed countries like USA –
usually high as 340 lpcd .
7. Industries which are existing or likely to start in
future
vary with the types & number of industries
present in the city
In Industrial Cities Per capita requirement
computed to be as high as 450l/h/d as
compared to the normal industrial requirement
of 50l/h/d
8. On an average per capita demand of 20
l/h/d is usually considered , this demand
may be as high as 50 l/h/d for highly
commercial cities
9. S.No Type of Building Avg.lpcd
1 Factories a) Where Bathrooms are required to be provided 45
b)Where no bathrooms are required 30
2 Hospitals (Including Laundry per Bed )
a) Number of Beds less than 100 340
b) Number of beds exceeding 100 450
3 Nurses Homes and Medical Quarters 150
4 Hostels 135
5 Hostels(per Bed) 180
6 Restaurants per Seat 70
7 Offices 45
8 Cinemas, Auditoriums and Theatres (per seat) 15
9 Schools a) Day Scholars 45
b) Residentials 135
10. Water requirements for parks, gardening,
washing of roads etc
Normally 5% of Total water Consumption
Usual Range – 10 lpcd while computing total
water requirement
11. 1 lpcd – 50 Lac Population
Establishment of Fire Hydrants in the City
Following Requirements must be met for the
water demand
1) The minimum water pressure available at the Hydrant-
100-150 KN/m2( 10 to 15m of Water Head) & should be
maintained for 4 to 5 Hours of Use of Hydrant
2) Out of three jet stream – discharge from single stream-
1100l/m
12. For cities having population exceeding 50,000 the water
required in kilolitres may be computed using the
relation=100√P where P= Population in Thousand
Kuichling Formula- Q=3182 √P where P is population in
Thousand and Q is amount of water requires in
litres/minute
Freemans Formula-1136[P/5 +10]
National Boards of Fire Underwriters Formula- When
population is less than 2 Lakh, Q=4637√p[1-0.01√p]
Bustons Formula- It states that, Q=5663√P
All the above formulas suffer from the drawback that they are
not related to the type of district served and gives equal
results for Industral and Non. Industrial Aress
13. Water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged
meters, stolen water due to unauthorized water
connections
These losses should be taken into account while
estimating the total requirement
May be as high as 15% of the Total Consumption –
nearly equal to 55lpcd
14. Total Maximum Water Demand = Sum of Six Water
Demands
(Domestic Water Demand) +
(Industrial Water Demand)+
(Institutional and Commercial Water Demand)+
(Demand for Public Uses)+
(Fire Demand) +
(Water Loss in Thefts and Wastes)
Per capita demand = Total Yearly water
requirement of the city in litres
(i.e.V)/365* Population
15. Use Demand in l/h/d
1) Domestic Use 200
2) Industrial Use 50
3) Commercial Use 20
4) Civic or Public Use 10
5)Wastes and Thefts etc 55
6) Fire Demand Less than 1
Total=335 = per capita demand
17. 1. Size of the City
2. Climatic Conditions
3. Types of Gentry & Habits of People
4. Industrial & Commercial Activities
5. Quality of Water Supplies
6. Pressure in the distribution system
7. Developments of Sewerage Facilities
8. System of Supply
9. Cost of Water
10. Policy of Metering & Method of Charging
18. 1. Water tight joints
2. Pressure in the Distribution System
3. System of Supply
4. Metering
5. Unauthorized Connections
20. Smaller the town more variable is the demand
1) Maximum Daily Demand= 1.8 ×Average Daily Demand(q)
2)Maximum Hourly Demand
= 1.5 ×Average Hourly Demand of Maximum Daily Demand
=1.5 × (Maximum Daily Demand/24)
=1.5 ×(1.8 × q/24)
=2.7 ×(q/24)
=2.7 × Average Annual Hourly Demand
3)Maximum Weekly Demand=1.48 × Average Weekly Demand
4)Maximum Monthly Demand= 1.28 × Average Monthly Demand
21. The GOI manual on water supply has recommended the
following values of peak factor, depending upon the
population
Sr.No
.
Population Peak Factor
1 Up to 50,000 3
50,001 – 2,00,000 2.5
Above 2 Lakh 2
2 For Rural Water Supply Scheme,
where supply is effected through
stand post for only 6 Hours
3
23. In Order to avoid future complications of Expansion
Design period should neither be too long nor should it be
too short & should not exceed useful life of the structure
The future period or the number of years for which provision is
made in designing the capacities of various components of the
Water supply scheme is known as the Design Period.
Water supply projects under normal circumstances, may
be designed for a design period of 30 years excluding
completion time of 2 years.
24. S.No
.
Units Design
Discharge
Design
Period
1 Water Treatment Units Maximum Daily
Demand
15 Years
2 Main Supply Pipes(
Water Mains)
Maximum Daily
Demand
30 Years
3 Wells and Tube Wells Maximum Daily
Demand
30-50 Years
4 Demand Reservoir Average Annual
Demand
50 Years
5 Distribution System Maximum Hourly
Demand
30 Years
27. Based upon the assumption that the population
increases at a constant rate i.e. The rate of
change of population with time is constant
Where
Pn=Perspective or forecasted population after n
decades from the present(i.e. last Known
census)
Po=Population at present(Last Known Census)
n= number of decade between now & future
X= Average( arithmetic mean) of population
increase in the known decades
Pn = Po + nx
This method is of limited application, mostly used in
large and established towns where future growth has
been controlled
28. The basic difference between arithmetic & geometric
method is that in Arithmetic method no compounding is
done and in Geometric Method Compounding id done
every decade
In this method a constant value of percentage growth
rate per decade is calculated
Where Pn= Population after n decades
Po= Initial Known Population
r= √r1.r2.r3…….rm ( Average percentage growth rate per
decade)
Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n
This method is applicable to the cities with unlimited
scope for future expansion and where a constant rate of
growth is anticipated
29. According to this method population after n
decade is given by
Where x and y are average incremental increase
of population per decade and average
incremental increase resp.
x=average increase of population per decade
= x1+x2+…..+xp/p
y= Average of Incremental Increase
=y1+y2+…..+yp/p
Pn = Po + nx +n(n+1)/2*y
This method is adopted for cities which are likely to grow
progressively of increasing or decreasing rate rather
than a constant rate
30. In this method average decrease in the % increase is
calculated and then subtracted from the last % increase
computations made for each increased year
Calculate the % increase in population in each decade
and work out the decrease in percentage increase in
each decade and find average percentage decrease say
‘r’. The population of upcoming decade from the previous
known decade is given as
Where
Po=Population of the last known decade
ro = Growth Rate of last decade
r’= Average decrease in growth rate
P1=Po+(ro-r’/100)*Po
If Population is reaching towards saturation and growth
rate is decreasing, then this method is suitable.
31. This method is suitable when past record is available for
long duration and extension is required for small
duration
32.
33. Big and Metropolitan Cities are not allowed to
develop in haphazard & natural ways, but are
allowed to develop only in planned ways
The expansion of such cities are regulated by
various by laws of the corporations and other
local bodies
Only those expansions are allowed which are
permitted / proposed in the master plan of the
city.
This method can give us when and where the given
number of houses, industries and commercial
establishments would be developed
34. This method is valid for those
whose growths are parallel to
national growth
36. Sources of Water
Surface Sources
Sub-Surface
Sources
Pond and Lakes
Streams and Rivers
Storage Reservoirs
Ocean
Springs
Infiltration Galleries
Infiltration Wells
Wells and Tube Wells
37. Are sometimes called as Horizontal Wells
Infiltration Galleries
38.
39. Are the shallow wells constructed in series along the banks of
the river in order to collect the river water seeping through their
bottom.
Infiltration Wells
40.
41.
42. The natural outflow of ground water at the earths
surface is said to form a spring.
Springs are usually formed under three general
conditions of geological formation
1. Gravity Spring
2. Surface Spring
3. Artesian Spring
Springs
50. Site Should be Selected such that
Admit water even under worst condition of the flow in the river
As near as possible to the treatment works
At a place protected from rapid currents
It is free from pollution
It should not interfere with river traffic
Good Foundation Conditions are available & scouring will be less
Further Expansion is possible
51. Intakes are classified under Three Heads
Intakes
Submerged
Intake
Exposed
Intake
Wet Intake
Dry Intake
River Intake
Reservoir
Intake
Lake Intake
Canal Intake
52. Wet type Intake Well founded near river bed
River Intake is located at the Upstream side of the City
They are mostly located sufficiently inside the river
53. Where the River Bed is soft and unstable
The Intake Tower founded slightly away from River Bed
The Intake is kept submerged under lower water level of river
54.
55.
56.
57. When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughout the year –
dam is constructed
The Reservoir Intake – Practically Similar to River Intake except
these are located at maximum depth of water
Design depends – Type of Dam
58. When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughtout the year
– dam is constructed
The Reservoir Intake – Practically Similar to River Intake except
these are located at maximum depth of water
Design depends – Type of Dam
59.
60.
61.
62.
63. Sometimes- source- irrigation canal passing through the town
Does not cause appreciable resistance to the canal flow
Otherwise- located inside the canal bank and Canal bank is lined