Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
Information on water deficiency and excessive surplus consumption of Water , History of water supply ,Components of water supply and Institutes working in Nepal in Drinking water field
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Information on water deficiency and excessive surplus consumption of Water , History of water supply ,Components of water supply and Institutes working in Nepal in Drinking water field
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Slide deals with Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes in Details Manner . All the Aspects Related to Source of Wate, Water Demand Calculations, Design Period Considerations has along with the population forecasting methods has been explained
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley and terrains. Plume behaviour under different meteorological conditions, Concept of isoplates
Air Pollution control- at source-equipments for control of air pollution-For particulate matter-Settling chambers-Fabric filters-Scrubbers-Cyclones-Electrostatic precipitators
, For Gaseous pollutants-control by absorption-adsorption-scrubbers-secondary combustion after burners, Working principles advantages and disadvantages
Effects of Air Pollution on human beings, plants and animals and Properties. Global
effects-Green house effect, Ozone depletion, heat island, dust storms, Automobile pollution sources and control, Photochemical smog, Future engines and fuels
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Levels in planning, Functional requirements of water resources projects, steps in
water resources planning, Environmental aspects in water resources planning.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
Introduction:
Necessity of irrigation- scope of irrigation engineering- benefits and ill effects of irrigation- irrigation development in India- types of irrigation systems, Soil-water plant relationship: Classification of soil water- soil
moisture contents- depth of soil water available to plants-permanent
and ultimate wilting point
Water requirements of crops:
Depth of water applied during irrigation- Duty of water and deltaimprovement
of duty- command area and intensity of irrigation consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration- irrigation efficiencies- assessment of irrigation water
Introduction, hydrologic cycle, climate and water m1Bibhabasu Mohanty
Introduction, Hydrologic cycle, Climate and water availability, Water balances,
Precipitation: Forms, Classification, Variability, Measurement, Data analysis, Evaporation and its measurement, Evapotranspiration and its measurement, Penman Monteith method. Infiltration: Factors affection infiltration, Horton’s equation and Green Ampt method.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Quality and quantity of water m1
1. Quality and
Quantity of Water
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Asst. Prof.
Dept. of civil Engineering
SALITER, Ahmedabad
2. Content…
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and
industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking
water, Water borne diseases and their control.
3. Water…
Vital natural resources which forms basis of
life.
is a chemical substance with the chemical
formula H2O
found in 3 states liquid, solid and gases
97% earth surface covered by water
animals and plants have 60-65% water in
their body
4. Water keeps on cycling endlessly through
environment “Hydrological cycle”
evaporation or transpiration
precipitation
condensation
runoff
5.
6.
7. Source selection of water
Selecting site for the source of water-
Location
Elevation of intake point
Quantity of water
Quality of water
8. Sources of water…
Water sources
Surface water Ground water
Ponds, springs,
Lakes, Streams Infiltration galleries
Rivers, Storage
reservoir wells
9.
10.
11.
12. Characteristics of surface water
Physical and chemical character vary.
Contain lot of sand.
Lot silt and clay.
Contain oxygen, algae, bacteria and other
microbes.
Proper treatment needed before use.
13. Characteristics of ground water
Rich in mineral content.
High iron content.
Harder than surface water.
Almost no treatment or only disinfection may
require.
14. Water requirements
Determination of total water requirements
involves-
Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand
in litres per day per head)
Population to be served.
Quantity = Per capita demand x Population
15. Water Consumption Rate
Very difficult to assess the quantity of water demanded
by the public, since there are many variable factors
affecting water consumption.
There are various types of water demands in a city.
16. Domestic water demand
Industrial demand
Institution and commercial demand
Demand for public use
Fire demand
Loses and wastes
17. Domestic water demand
water required in the houses for
drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.
mainly depends upon the habits, social
status, climatic conditions and customs of the
people.
As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal
conditions, the domestic consumption of water
in India is about 135 litres/day/capita.
18. The details of the domestic consumption are
a) Drinking ------ 5 litres
b) Cooking ------ 5 litres
c) Bathing ------ 55 litres
d) Clothes washing ------20 litres
e) Utensils washing ------10 litres
f) House washing ------ 10 litres
--------------------------
135 litres/day/capita
19.
20. Industrial demand
The water required in the industries mainly
depends on the type of industries, which are
existing in the city.
The water required by factories, paper
mills, Cloth mills, Cotton
mills, Breweries, Sugar refineries etc. comes
under industrial use.
The quantity of water demand for industrial
purpose is around 20 to 25% of the total
demand of the city.
21. Institution and commercial demand
Universities, Institution, commercial buildings
and commercial centres including office
buildings, warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping
centres, health centres, schools, temple, cinema
houses, railway and bus stations etc comes
under this category.
22. Demand for public use
Quantity of water required for public utility
purposes such as for washing and sprinkling on
roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of public
parks, gardens, public fountains etc. comes
under public demand.
To meet the water demand for public
use, provision of 5% of the total consumption is
made designing the water works for a city.
23. The requirements of water for public utility shall be
taken as…
Sl.No. Purpose Water Requirements
1 Public parks 1.4 litres/m2/day
2 Street washing 1.0-1.5 litres/m2/day
3 Sewer cleaning 4.5 litres/head/day
24. Fire demand
During the fire breakdown large quantity of
water is required for throwing it over the fire to
extinguish it, therefore provision is made in the
water work to supply sufficient quantity of water
or keep as reserve in the water mains for this
purpose.
25. The quantity of water required for fire fighting
is generally calculated by using different
empirical formulae.
For Indian conditions kuiching‟s formula gives
satisfactory results.
Q=3182 √p
Where „Q‟ is quantity of water required in
litres/min
„P‟ is population of town or city in thousands
26. Loses and wastes
Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and
broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
Losses due to unauthorised and illegal
connections.
While estimating the total quantity of water of a
town; allowance of 15% of total quantity of
water is made to compensate for losses, thefts
and wastage of water.
27. Water Consumption for Various Purposes
Types of Normal Average %
Consumption Range
(lit/capita/day)
1 Domestic
Consumption 65-300 160 35
2 Industrial and
Commercial 45-450 135 30
Demand
3 Public Uses
including Fire 20-90 45 10
Demand
4 Losses and
Waste 45-150 62 25
28.
29.
30.
31. Factors affecting rate of demand
Size and type of community
Standard of living
Climatic conditions
Quality of water
Pressure in the supply
32. Development of sewage facility
Metering of water
Cost of water
Industrial and commercial activities
System of water supply
33. Variation in rate of demand
Several types of variations:-
Seasonal variation
Daily variations
Hourly variations
34. Per capita demand
If „Q‟ is the total quantity of water required by
various purposes by a town per year and „p‟ is
population of town, then per capita demand will
be
Q
Per capita demand = ------------------ litres/day
P x 365
35. Per capita demand of the town depends on various
factors like standard of living, no. and type of
commercial places in a town etc.
For an average Indian town, the requirement of water
in various uses is as under-
Domestic purpose -------- 135 litres/c/d
Industrial use -------- 40 litres/c/d
Public use -------- 25 litres/c/d
Fire Demand -------- 15 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts -------- 55 litres/c/d
--------------------------
Total : 270 litres/capita/day
36. Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x
Population)
If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it
will not be sufficient to meet the fluctuations.
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand
37. Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak
demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
38. Population Forecasting Methods
The various methods adopted for estimating future
populations .
The particular method to be adopted for a particular
case or for a particular city depends largely on the
factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is
left to the discretion and intelligence of the designer.
40. Arithmetic Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the
population is increasing at a constant rate.
The rate of change of population with time is constant.
The population after „n‟ decades can be determined
by the formula
Pn = P + n.c where
P → population at present
n → No. of decades
c → Constant determined by the average of increase
of „n‟ decades
41. Geometric Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the
percentage increase in population from decade to
decade remains constant.
In this method the average percentage of growth of last
few decades is determined.
The population at the end of „n‟ decades is calculated
by- Pn = P {1+ IG/100} where
P → population at present
C → average percentage of growth of „n‟ decades
42. Incremental Increase Method
This method is improvement over the above
two methods.
The average increase in the population is
determined by the arithmetical method and to
this is added the average of the net incremental
increase once for each future decade.
43. Basic terms in water
Potable water- treated or disinfected drinking
water
Palatable water- at a desirable temp. i.e. free
from objectionable tastes, odor, color and
turbidity
Contaminated water- pathogenic bacteria
Polluted water- undesirable substances
44. Impurities in water
Rain is the principal sources.
Rain water passes atmosphere and dissolved
with different gases,
When reaches ground mix with particles of silt
and mud,
Flows towards stream passes through decaying
vegetative matter and organic acids.
48. Temperature- around 10˚c desirable, above
25˚c objectionable.
Color- pure water colorless, color mainly due to
suspended matter (apparent color), due to
dissolved solids (true color)
Color measured in Hazen unit, instrument
named tintometer, desirable limit 5, permissible
limit 25.
49. Taste and odor- pure water odor and taste less.
Taste and odor due to dissolved gases.
Odor measured by threshold odor number
(TON).
TON = (A+B)/ A
A= Volume of sample in ml
B= Volume of distilled water
For public supply TON below 3.
Osmoscope used for odor test.
50. Turbidity- cloudiness caused by colloidal
material such as clay, silt, rock fragments and
microbes.
Measured light is either absorbed or scattered
by suspended matter.
Instrument is Turbidity meter.
Unit is Nephelometric
turbidity unit (NTU)
10 NTU is desirable.
51. Conductivity- gives idea about dissolved solids
in water
More solids more conductivity
Measured by conductivity meter.
Avg. value of conductivity
of potable water less
than 2 mho/cm.
52. Chemical quality parameters
Total solids
Chlorides
Hardness
pH
Alkalinity
Acidity
Nitrogen and its compounds
Metals and other chemical substances
Dissolved gases
53. Total solids- suspended as well as dissolved solids.
Permissible limit 500 ppm and 1000 ppm in case of
industrial uses.
Water is filtrated through fine
filter paper, material retained
on filter is dried and
weighed.
Indirectly measured by
conductivity meter.
54. Chlorides- mainly present in form of Na
chloride.
Due to leaching of marine sedimentary
deposits, pollution from sea water, industrial
and domestic water.
250 mg/L permissible limit.
High quantity of chloride indicate pollution of
water due to sewerage and industrial waste.
Determining by titration with standard silver
nitrate solution using potassium dichromate.
55. Hardness- caused by bicarbonates, carbonates,
sulphates, chlorides, and nitrates of calcium and
magnesium.
Prevents the formation of soap formation.
Two types- temporary or carbonate hardness
Permanent or non carbonate hardness.
Temporary due to carbonates and bicarbonates
of Ca and Mg.
Permanent due to presence of sulphates,
chlorides and nitrates of Ca and Mg.
56. Hardness usually expressed in ppm of Ca
carbonate.
75 ppm consider as soft, 200 ppm are
considered as hard.
Under ground water harder than surface water.
Determined by versanate method using EDTA
solution for titration and Erio chrome black T
as indicator.
Ground water more hard than surface water.
57. pH- reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration.
Indicator of acidity and alkalinity of water.
Acidic water 0-7, alkaline water 7-14.
Neutral water 7.
Measured in pH meter.
Permissible limit 6.5 to 7.5.
Acidic water causes corrosion, alkaline causes
sedimentation deposits.
58. Alkalinity- caused by carbonates, bicarbonates
and hydroxides of Na, Ca and Mg.
Excessive alkalinity causes bitter
taste, sedimentation deposits in pipes.
Expressed in terms of mg/L.
Determined by titrating the sample against
standard acid (H2SO4) using methyl orange
indicator.
59. Acidity- due to presence of mineral acids, free
carbon dioxide, sulphates of iron, and
aluminum in water.
Expressed in mg/L of calcium carbonate.
Determined by titration with standard
Nitrogen and its compounds- presence of
Nitrogen indicates presence of organic matter.
Occur as- free ammonia, organic
nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates.
60. Free ammonia first stage of decomposition,
organic nitrogen before decomposition, nitrites
partly decomposed and nitrates fully oxidized.
For potable water free ammonia limit 0.15
mg/L, organic nitrogen 0.3 mg/L, nitrates very
dangerous so limit is zero.
Nitrate conc. in domestic water supply limit
45mg/L.
Mathemoglobinemia- more nitrate conc.
61. Metals and other chemical substances- Fe, Mn,
Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, F etc. present in water.
The amount should be under permissible limit.
Fe and Mn- should not exceed 0.3 ppm and
0.05 ppm in public water supply respectively.
Impart color of the water
Fluoride- less than 0.8 – 1.0 ppm causes dental
caries due to formation of cavity.
Higher than 1.5 ppm cause skeletal fluorosis.
Limit should be 1.0 to 1.5 ppm.
63. Dissolved gases- Dissolved Oxygen, Carbon
dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide.
DO- from atmosphere or due to activity of
algae. DO related to temp. High temp. low
DO.
Minimum 4mg/L necessary for fish.
At 20 ˚c 9.2 mg/L and at 30˚c 7.6 mg/L.
More DO increase corrosivity.
64. CO2- dissolved from atmosphere, from
decomposing organic matter.
Higher CO2 makes water acidic so corrosivity
increases.
Higher CO2 imparts taste and odor.
H2S- found in ground water, produced by
reduction of sulphate, or by decomposition of
organic matter.
If present gives rotten egg smell.
65. Biological quality parameters
Thousands of biological species found on water
sources.
Phytoplankton, diatom, dynoflagellate,
Zooplankton
Water plant
Water Insect
Protozoa
Bacteria (e.g. nitrifying bacteria)
Fungi
67. S. Substance or Characteristic Requirement Permissible Limit
No. (Desirable Limit)
Essential characteristics
1 Colour, (Hazen units), Max 5 25
2 Odour Unobjectionable --
3 Taste Agreeable --
4 Turbidity (NTU), Max 5 10
5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 No Relaxation
6 Total Hardness (as CaCo3) 300 600
mg/L, Max
7 Iron (as Fe) mg/L, Max 0.3 1.0
8 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/L, Max. 250 1000
9 Residual, free chlorine, mg/L, 0.2 --
Min
10 Fluoride (as F) mg/L, Max 1.0 1.5
68. S. No. Substance or Characteristic Requirement Permissible Limit
(Desirable Limit)
Desirable characteristics
11 Dissolved solids mg/L, Max 500 2000
12 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L, Max 75 200
13 Magnesium (as mg) mg/L, 30 100
Max
14 Copper (as Cu) mg/L, Max 0.05 1.5
15 Manganese (as Mn)mg/L, Max 0.10 0.3
16 Sulfate (as SO4) mg/L, Max 200 400
17 Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L, Max 45 No Relaxation
18 Phenolic Compounds (as 0.001 0.002
C6H5OH) mg/L, Max
69. 19 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L, 0.001 No relaxation
Max
20 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L, 0.01 No relaxation
Max
21 Selenium (as Se) 0.01 No relaxation
mg/L,Max
22 Arsenic (as As) mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation
23 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L, 0.05 No relaxation
Max
24 Lead (as Pb) mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation
25 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L, Max 5 15
26 Anionic detergents (as 0.2 1.0
MBAS) mg/L, Max
27 Chromium (as Cr6+) mg/L, 0.05 No relaxation
Max
70. 28 Mineral Oil mg/L, 0.01 0.03
Max
29 Pesticides mg/L, Max Absent 0.001
30 Radioactive Materials
i. Alpha emitters -- 0.1
Bq/L, Max
ii. Beta emitters pci/L, -- 1.0
Max
31 Alkalinity mg/L, Max 200 600
32 Aluminium (as Al) 0.03 0.2
mg/L, Max
33 Boron mg/L, Max 1 5
71. Bacteriological Examination
Water in the distribution system
Ideally, all samples taken from the distribution
system including consumers‟ premises, should
be free from coliform organisms.
In practice, this is not always attainable, and the
following standard of water collected in the
distribution system is therefore recommended
when tested in accordance with IS 1622:1981.
72. Throughout any year, 95 percent of samples
should not contain any coliform organisms in
100 mL;
No sample should contain E. coli in 100 mL;
No sample should contain more than 10
coliform organism per 100 mL; and
Coliform organism should not be detectable in
100 mL of any two consecutive samples.
80. The Problem
~80% of infectious diseases
> 5 million people die each year
> 2 million die from water-related diarrhea
alone
Most of those dying are small children
83. Global Surveillance
• Public health infrastructure
• Standardized surveillance of water-borne
disease outbreaks
• Guidelines must be established for
investigating and reporting water-borne
diseases
84. General Guidelines
Properly treatment of water before drinking.
Water should be properly disinfected.
Chlorine commonly used for disinfection.
Some household methods used for control of
water borne disease like boiling of water,
reverse osmosis, uses of chlorine tablets.
Proper disposal and treatment of domestic and
medical waste helps in controlling the disease.
85. Water line should be frequently tested, checked
and inspected, so to detect any leakage, or
possible source of contamination.
Designing water distribution system , attempt
should be made to keep sewer lines and water
lines as far as possible.
Habit of cleanness must be followed among the
people. Sufficient number of public urinals and
latrines should be constructed.
86. All water borne disease are infectious, the
person attending the such patients should wash
his hands with soap and water every time.
The fly nuisance in the city should be checked
and reduced minimum by general cleanliness
and using insecticides.