This document discusses factors related to determining water demand and quantity. It explains that water demand is the rate of water required for a town or city's daily activities. Key factors to consider include population, per capita demand, base and design periods. Water demand includes domestic, industrial, commercial, public, fire demands. Domestic demand depends on economic status and ranges from 200 l/person/day for rich to 135 l/person/day for middle class. Industrial demand varies by type of industry. A per capita demand of 335 l/person/day is typical for an average Indian city. Factors like city size, climate, cost, supply system, habits, and quality affect per capita demand. Design period is estimated based on
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors affecting per capita demand, waste and losses, variations in demand, design periods, population forecasting methods & problems.
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
A study on comparision of runoff estimated by Empirical formulae with Measure...Ahmed Ali S D
MAIN PUPOSE OF THIS PPT PRESENTATION IS TO SELECT SIUTABLE DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR A RIVER BASIN TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF ONLY BY USING PRECIPITATION DATA ONLY. IF WE KNOW RAINFALL DATA WE EASILY ESTIMATE FUTURE RUNOFF ALSO.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
A study on comparision of runoff estimated by Empirical formulae with Measure...Ahmed Ali S D
MAIN PUPOSE OF THIS PPT PRESENTATION IS TO SELECT SIUTABLE DISCHARGE FORMULA FOR A RIVER BASIN TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF ONLY BY USING PRECIPITATION DATA ONLY. IF WE KNOW RAINFALL DATA WE EASILY ESTIMATE FUTURE RUNOFF ALSO.
Introduction to water supply engg. by Prof. D S.Shahdhavalsshah
Introduction to water supply Engineering. Basic definitions in water supply engineering. Importance of water supply engineering.
Financing of water supply schemes. Flow diagram of water supply scheme, layouts of water supply schemes, etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.
Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Slide deals with Sources, intake structures and water demand in Water Supply Schemes in Details Manner . All the Aspects Related to Source of Wate, Water Demand Calculations, Design Period Considerations has along with the population forecasting methods has been explained
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME NATIONAL GREEN CORPS CLIMATE EDUCATION AND WATER CONS...W G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
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2. Introduction: Quantity ofWater
Why to study aboutQuantity ofWater?
Toestimate the water demand for the community
Todesign the water supply system with long term benefits
Todetermine the capacity of the reservoir used in water supply system
Tofind the suitable water resources that can meet the
demand.
3. Water Demand
• The rate of water required for a particular town or a city to
successfully carry out its day to day activities is known as water
demand.
• While designing the water supply scheme for a town or city, it is
necessary to determine the total quantity of water required.
• As a matter it is a first duty of an engineer to determine water
demand and then to find a probable source from where the
demand can be met.
4. Various Quantities need to be assessed
• Total annual volume (V) in liters or ML
• Annual average rate of draft in lit/day i.eV/365
• Annual avg. rate of draft in lit/day/person called per capita
demand
• Average rate of draft in lit/day per service i.e. (V/365) X (1/No.
of services)
• Fluctuations in flows expressed in terms of percentage ratios of
maximum or minimum yearly, monthly, daily or hourly rates to
their corresponding average values.
5. Factors to be known before Designing Water
Supply System
Population
PerCapita
Demand ofWater
Base and Design
period
6. Determining quantity of water
The quantity of water required for a city can be tackled by twofactors:
1. Rate of demand: The requirements of water for various uses are
properly analyzed and ultimately, the rate of consumption per capita
per day is calculated.
2. Population: The population to be served by the water supply scheme
is estimated and estimate of future population is worked out with help
of population forecastmethod.
7. 1. Domestic water demand
2. Industrial water demand
3. Institution and commercial water demand
4. Demand for public uses
5. Fire demand
6. Water required to compensate losses in wastes and thefts
Types of water demands
9. This includes the water requirement of people for drinking, cooking,
bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
The domestic consumption completely depends upon the economic
status of the people:
200 lit/head/day for rich living
135 lit/head/day for middle class living
•The total domestic demand is equal to 50-60% of the total water
consumption.
10. Use Consumption in litres per
head per day
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing clothes 25
Washing of utensils 15
Washing and cleaning of
houses and residences
15
Lawn watering and gardening 15
Flushing of water closets, etc. 45
TOTAL 200
11. Use Consumption in litres per
head per day
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 55
Washing clothes 20
Washing of utensils 10
Washing and cleaning of houses
and residences
10
Flushing of water closets, etc. 30
TOTAL 135
Minimum Domestic water consumption for weaker sections and
LIG colonies in small Indian towns and cities
12. The quantity of industrial water demand will vary with the type and
number of industries.
In industrial cities the per capita water demand computed as 450
l/h/day for high scale industrial zones and as 50 l/h/day for small scale
industrial zones.
13. S. No. Name of industry
and product
Unit of production or
raw material used
Appropriate quantity of
water required per unit of
production or raw material
in kilo litres
1 Auto mobiles vehicle 40
2 Distillery (Alcohol) Kilo litre 122-170
3 Fertilizer Tonne 80-200
4 Leather (tanned) Tonne 40
5 Paper Tonne 200-400
6 Special quality paper Tonne 400-1000
7 Petroleum refinery Tonne 1-2
8 Steel Tonne 200-250
9 Sugar Tonne 1-2
10 Textile Tonne 80-140
14. The water requirements of institutions, hospitals, hotels,
restaurants, schools, offices, etc. come under this category.
The quantity will vary with the nature of the city and with the number
and type of commercial establishments.
On an average, a per capita demand of 20-50 l/h/day is usually
considered for such demand.
15. Indivisual water requirement
S.
No.
Type of Institution or Commercial establishment Avg demand in l/h/d
1 offices 45-90
2 Hostels 135-180
3 Restaurants 70 per seat
4 schools a) day school 45-90
b) Residential 135-225
5 Factories a) Where bath rooms are provided 45-90
b) No bath rooms provided 30-60
6 Hospitals ( Including laundry) a) beds less than 100 340 per bed
b) beds more than 100 450 per bed
7 Nurses homes & medical quarters 135-225
8 Cinema hall 15
9 Airports 70
10 Railway station 23-70
16. This includes the quantity
of water required for
public utility purposes,
such as
Watering of
public parks
Gardening
Washing and
sprinkling
on roads
Use in
public
fountains,
etc.
A figure of 10 l/h/day is
usually considered for this
demand.
17. PurposeWater
Public parks
Street washing
Sewer cleaning
Requirements
1.4 litres/m2/day
1.0-1.5 litres/m2/day
4.5 litres/head/day
The requirements of water for public utility shall be taken as…
18. In thickly populated and industrial areas, fires generally break out and
may lead to serious damages, if not controlled effectively.
There fore, a provision should be made in modern water supply
schemes for fighting fires.
The quantity of water for extinguishing fires, should be easily available
and kept always in storage reservoirs.
Fire demand
19. Kuichling’s formula:
Q = 3182 √𝑃
where, P = Population
Q = Quantity of water demand
Freeman’s formula:
10
Q = 1136 𝑃
+ 10
where, P = Population
Q = Quantity of water demand
20. National Board of Fire Under Writer’s formula
Population < 2,00,000
Q = 4637 sq.rt.(P)[1-0.01sq.rt.(p)]
Population > 2,00,000
Q = 54,600 l/min and more 9600 to
36400 l/min
21. Loses and wastes
• Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken
pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
• Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
• Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections.
• While estimating the total quantity of water of a town;
allowance of 15% of total quantity of water is made to
compensate for losses, thefts and wastage of water.
22. Water Consumption forVarious Purposes
Types of Normal Average %
Consumption Range
(lit/capita/da
y)
1 Domestic
Consumption 65-300 160 35
2 Industrial and
Commercial
Demand
45-450 135 30
3 Public Uses
including Fire
Demand
20-90 45 10
4 Losses and
Waste 45-150 62 25
38
23. Per Capita Demand ofWater
• Average quantity of water consumption or water demand for various
purposes per person per day
• Usually expressed in liters per capita per day(lpcd)
V
P ×365
• Per Capita demand in lpcd =
Where,
V= total quantity required per year in litres
P= population
It varies from person to person, place to place and time to time
• Water demands in liters/d= Per capita demand ×Population
24. Break up of Per Capita Demand for an Average Indian City
USE Demand in l/h/d
Domestic use 200
Industrial use 50
Commercial use 20
Civic use or public use 10
Wastes & thefts, etc 55
Total 335 = per capita Demand (q)
25. Factors affecting per capita demand
1. Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally
large as compared to that for smaller towns .
2. Presence of industries & commercial activities
3. Climatic conditions
4. Habits of people and their economic status
5. Pressure in the distribution system
6. Quality of water supplied
7. Development of sewerage facility
8. System of supply
9. Cost of water
10. policy of metering & Method of charging
26. 11. Quality of water: If water is aesthetically & medically
safe, the consumption will increase
12. Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in
water mains and services; and unauthorized use of
water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.
13.Cost of water.
14. Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax
is charged in two different ways: on the basis of meter
reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.
27. FACTORE AFFECTINGTHEWATER DEMAND
Big city
• Size of the city
Small towns
Example: Delhi 244 l/c/d Vijayawada 135 l/c/d
• Climate condition
less in winter
more in summer
• Cost of water
rate demand rate demand
28. • Supply system
Bad Supply
• Distribution System
Good supply
demand
Pressure
high
Pressure
low
demand
demand demand
29. • Industry
• Quality of water
good demand demand
bad
demand demand
industry
industry
• Habit of people
EWS demand MIG demand
(Living style)
30. Variations in demand and its effects on design of components of
water supply scheme
• Variations in demand :
• Seasonal variation :
• Water Consumption :Winter , Summer, Rainy season
• DailyVariations
• Household & industrial activity.
• Water consumption – more holidays
• Hourly variations:
• Assessment of normal variations : to design supply pipes , service reservoirs , distributary
pipes etc..
31. Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the
estimated requirements of the future .
The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply
scheme is known as the design period.
It is suggested that the construction of sewage treatment plant may
be carried out in phases with an initial design period ranging from 5
to 10 years excluding the construction period.
32. Design period is estimated based on the following:
•Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
•Expandability aspect.
•Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial,
commercial developments & migration-immigration.
•Available resources.
•Performance of the system during initial period.
33.
34. Population forecasting
Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected
population ofa particular city, estimated for the design period.
Any underestimated value will make system inadequate for the purpose
intended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly.
Changes in the population of the city over the years occur, and the system
should be designed taking into account of the population at the end of the
design period.
Factors affecting changes in population are:
increase due to births
decrease due to deaths
increase/ decrease due to migration
36. ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD
This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable development.
If it is used for small, average or comparatively new cities, it will give lower population
estimate than actual value.
In this method the average increase in population per decade is calculated from the past
census reports.
This increase is added to the present population to find out the population of the next
decade.Thus, it is assumed that the population is increasing at constantrate.
Hence, dP/dt = C i.e., rate of change of population with respect to time is constant.
Therefore, Population after nth decade will be Pn= Po+ n.x
Where, Pn is the population after ‘n’ decades and ‘P’ is present population
42. GRAPHICAL METHOD
In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly
plotted to a suitable scale on graph. The population curve is
smoothly extended for getting future population. This extension
should be done carefully and it requires proper experience and
judgment. The best way of applying this method is to extend the
curve by comparing with population curve of some other similar
cities having the similar growth condition.
45. MASTER PLAN METHOD
• The big and metropolitan cities are generally not developed in haphazard
manner, but are planned and regulated by local bodies according to master
plan.
• The master plan is prepared for next 25 to 30 years for the city.
• According to the master plan the city is divided into various zones
such as residence, commerce and industry.
• The population densities are fixed for various zones in the master plan. From
this population density total water demand and wastewater generation for
that zone can be worked out. By this method it is very easy to access
precisely the design population.
46. LOGISTIC CURVE METHOD
• This method is used when the growth rate of population due to births,
deaths and migrations takes place under normal situation and it is not
subjected to any extraordinary changes like epidemic, war, earth quake or
any natural disaster, etc.,
• and the population follows the growth curve characteristics of living things
within limited space and economic opportunity.
• If the population of a city is plotted with respect to time, the curve so
obtained under normal condition looks like S-shaped curve and is known
as logistic curve.