The document discusses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. It describes WDM concepts and system structures, different types of optical fibers used in WDM systems, and key WDM technologies. The document covers dense WDM (DWDM) versus coarse WDM (CWDM), transmission modes, applications of WDM, and advantages of WDM for network capacity expansion. It also discusses characteristics and limitations of optical fibers, such as loss, dispersion, and nonlinear effects, that influence WDM system design.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Adjust antenna tilt and azimuth to optimize coverage and reduce interference based on drive test measurements and network analysis. Record changes made to the site configuration.
This document provides an introduction and overview of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It discusses the limitations of single-carrier transmission at high data rates due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and the complexity of equalizers. OFDM is presented as a solution that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. The key concepts of OFDM covered include cyclic prefix, orthogonality of subcarriers, modulation and demodulation, and how the cyclic prefix mitigates ISI between symbols. Bit error rate simulation of an OFDM system is also demonstrated.
One Case Study For GSM Unstable Output Power Issuecriterion123
The GSM power was unstable regardless of the power control level setting. After checking the schematics, the team found a 100 ohm resistor in the MIPI clock line that was distorting the clock waveform. This clock distortion was causing errors in decoding MIPI commands, resulting in the unstable power. Replacing the 100 ohm resistor with a 0 ohm resistor solved the issue by restoring the proper clock waveform.
This document provides an overview of speech quality testing solutions. It discusses the development of subjective and objective speech quality testing methods. PESQ and POLQA are described as the two main objective testing algorithms. PESQ became an ITU standard in 2001 and provides accurate quality predictions. POLQA was developed later to support new codecs, super-wideband speech, and handle factors like time variation. It will become the new recommended ITU standard. The document also introduces Dingli's speech quality testing solutions which are based on products like Pilot Pioneer and use PESQ and POLQA algorithms.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. The key objectives of RF optimization are improving coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate. Guidelines are provided for analyzing problems related to weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, cross coverage, and methods for resolving them. The document also defines LTE RF optimization metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover success rate and provides target baselines.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Adjust antenna tilt and azimuth to optimize coverage and reduce interference based on drive test measurements and network analysis. Record changes made to the site configuration.
This document provides an introduction and overview of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It discusses the limitations of single-carrier transmission at high data rates due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and the complexity of equalizers. OFDM is presented as a solution that divides the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. The key concepts of OFDM covered include cyclic prefix, orthogonality of subcarriers, modulation and demodulation, and how the cyclic prefix mitigates ISI between symbols. Bit error rate simulation of an OFDM system is also demonstrated.
One Case Study For GSM Unstable Output Power Issuecriterion123
The GSM power was unstable regardless of the power control level setting. After checking the schematics, the team found a 100 ohm resistor in the MIPI clock line that was distorting the clock waveform. This clock distortion was causing errors in decoding MIPI commands, resulting in the unstable power. Replacing the 100 ohm resistor with a 0 ohm resistor solved the issue by restoring the proper clock waveform.
This document provides an overview of speech quality testing solutions. It discusses the development of subjective and objective speech quality testing methods. PESQ and POLQA are described as the two main objective testing algorithms. PESQ became an ITU standard in 2001 and provides accurate quality predictions. POLQA was developed later to support new codecs, super-wideband speech, and handle factors like time variation. It will become the new recommended ITU standard. The document also introduces Dingli's speech quality testing solutions which are based on products like Pilot Pioneer and use PESQ and POLQA algorithms.
IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE Handset Receiverscriterion123
This document discusses IIP2 requirements in 4G LTE handset receivers. It provides an overview of the LTE standard including that it uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. It then discusses that IIP2 requirements are challenging for modern receivers due to nonlinearities from simultaneous transmission and reception. The document outlines equations for calculating IIP2 requirements based on factors like transmitter power, duplexer isolation, and bandwidth. Meeting IIP2 requirements is important for achieving good receiver sensitivity without interference from second order intermodulation distortion.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. The key objectives of RF optimization are improving coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate. Guidelines are provided for analyzing problems related to weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, cross coverage, and methods for resolving them. The document also defines LTE RF optimization metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover success rate and provides target baselines.
W-CDMA is a 3G mobile technology that provides higher data speeds than previous technologies. It was developed by 3GPP and first launched commercially by NTT DoCoMo in Japan. W-CDMA uses CDMA to allow multiple signals over one channel, with each user assigned a unique code. It employs spread spectrum techniques like direct sequence SS and frequency hopping SS. The presentation provides information on W-CDMA history, duplexing, multiple access techniques, coding and decoding, applications, and concludes it is a growing mobile technology.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols used in UMTS networks. It describes the main components of a UMTS network including the UE, UTRAN, and core network. It then explains the network elements and interfaces that connect these components, such as the Iu, Iub, and Iur interfaces. Finally, it outlines the main functional protocols used for communication between the UE, UTRAN, and core network, including RRC, RANAP, NBAP, and others.
This document discusses challenges for future mmWave technology in mobile devices and potential solutions. It begins by reviewing increasing complexity in current RF front-end modules driven by the adoption of new cellular standards and frequency bands. It then discusses the need for integrated mmWave front-end and transceiver modules to support 5G, including requirements for high performance, low-loss backend-of-line technology, and accurate RF modeling. The document argues that RF SOI is well suited to meet these needs through transistor stacking, reduced parasitics, and demonstrated high performance at mmWave frequencies in power amplifiers, switches, and low-noise amplifiers.
LTE carrier aggregation technology development and deployment worldwidecriterion123
Carrier aggregation (CA) allows the combination of multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. CA can be intra-band, combining contiguous or non-contiguous carriers within a band, or inter-band, combining carriers across frequency bands. Inter-band CA provides more flexibility to utilize fragmented spectrum. The LTE standard defines a maximum of five component carriers for CA. CA improves downlink throughput by increasing bandwidth but may not always increase uplink throughput due to limitations of UE maximum power. Close frequency band CA and FDD-TDD CA require additional RF components to separate signal paths and prevent interference between bands.
The document discusses LTE network planning procedures which involve gathering information, dimensioning capacity and coverage, and detailed planning. The key steps are:
1. Information gathering involves collecting data on subscriber usage patterns, network inventory, RF features, and coverage areas.
2. Dimensioning is divided into capacity and coverage steps. Capacity dimensioning calculates the number of sites needed based on traffic loads. Coverage dimensioning models uplink and downlink budgets to determine signal strengths and cell radii.
3. Detailed planning uses the results of dimensioning to simulate predictions and finalize parameters like transmission settings and neighbor configurations.
DMR : Digital Mobile Radio
Introduction DMR, quelques points de comparaison avec TETRA
Un résumé fonctionnel de la norme DMR.
DMR feature breifing, introduction, comparaison with TETRA
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer signals for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD), including:
- Two frame structure types used in LTE - Type 1 for FDD using frequency separation of uplink and downlink, and Type 2 for TDD using time separation
- Key timing units like frames, subframes, slots and symbols
- Uplink and downlink reference signals, physical channels, and modulations
- Synchronization methods and differences between FDD and TDD operation
Ericsson technical interview questionssethshivam75
This document contains technical interview questions asked by Ericsson including:
1) Questions about how mobile phones work, handoffs in GSM networks, differences between TCP/IP and SSL, DNS lookups, TCP layers, converting decimal to binary, prime numbers, multiplexing, and modulation techniques.
2) A tip that ECE students interviewing at Ericsson should have programming skills.
3) Additional questions about waveguide propagation, Ethernet frame formats, STP/RSTP, VSWR, waveguides, the ALOHA protocol, information theory concepts, antenna properties, and GSM/CDMA comparisons.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
In his presentation for Small Cell World Summit 2022, Anthony Magee shared insights into O-RAN private 5G deployments and explored the key challenges that enterprise O-RAN solutions face.
Throughput calculation for LTE TDD and FDD systemsPei-Che Chang
This document discusses the calculation of throughput for LTE TDD and FDD systems. It explains that LTE systems have configurable channel bandwidth and modulation schemes, unlike fixed CDMA systems. The document then provides an example calculation of throughput for a 20 MHz bandwidth LTE FDD system using 100 resource blocks, 64QAM modulation, and 4x4 MIMO. It calculates the downlink throughput as approximately 300 Mbps and uplink as 75 Mbps after accounting for overhead. Similar calculations are shown for LTE TDD systems using different frame configurations.
This document provides an overview of indoor radio planning procedures for mobile network operators. It discusses:
1. The importance of indoor coverage for operators from both technical and commercial perspectives such as improving service quality and maximizing revenue.
2. The key steps in indoor radio planning including site surveys, coverage planning, capacity planning, antenna placement, link budget calculations, and traffic dimensioning using Erlang calculations.
3. Special considerations for indoor radio planning such as preparing for future capacity needs, ensuring elevator coverage, and designing handover zones to avoid call drops.
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with broadcast television (also known as terrestrial television), in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television;
The document provides an introduction to Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communication technology. It describes how LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques to provide better performance with higher throughput and reduced interference compared to prior standards. It also discusses how LTE supports scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
This document provides an overview of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication technology. It introduces OFDM fundamentals such as signal spectrum, system design considerations including cyclic prefix usage and signal parameters. Key receiver functional blocks like channel estimation and its impact on performance are discussed. The document outlines OFDM transmitter operation and issues like carrier frequency error and sampling frequency error on system performance.
Performance Requirement and Lessons Learnt of LTE Terminal_Transmitter Partcriterion123
1. The document discusses transmitter output power specifications for LTE and WCDMA, including maximum output power levels and tolerances.
2. It provides lessons learned from issues with output power, EVM, and other signal quality metrics on various device bands. Common causes included improper gain mode selection, impedance mismatches, and oscillator pulling from strong RF signals.
3. Key recommendations include separating PA and transceiver shielding areas, compensating output power for temperature and frequency variations, avoiding routing near noise sources, and using proper gain/loss configurations.
This document discusses various ways to improve adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) in transmitters. It describes 1) reducing power amplifier input power or selecting a linear power amplifier to avoid saturation and intermodulation distortion, 2) optimizing the power amplifier load-pull configuration for better linearity, and 3) decreasing power amplifier post-loss to reduce output power and nonlinearities. Other techniques include fine-tuning the driver amplifier input matching, adding SAW filters at the power amplifier input, avoiding voltage drops in the power supply, using digital pre-distortion, rejecting DC-DC converter switching noise, and properly synchronizing envelope tracking signals.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
This document provides an overview of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the history and components of a DWDM system, including transponders, multiplexers, fiber, amplifiers, and demultiplexers. It covers limiting factors such as linear and nonlinear effects that must be considered for DWDM systems. The document also discusses measurements and tests needed for DWDM system installation, optimization, and acceptance.
W-CDMA is a 3G mobile technology that provides higher data speeds than previous technologies. It was developed by 3GPP and first launched commercially by NTT DoCoMo in Japan. W-CDMA uses CDMA to allow multiple signals over one channel, with each user assigned a unique code. It employs spread spectrum techniques like direct sequence SS and frequency hopping SS. The presentation provides information on W-CDMA history, duplexing, multiple access techniques, coding and decoding, applications, and concludes it is a growing mobile technology.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols used in UMTS networks. It describes the main components of a UMTS network including the UE, UTRAN, and core network. It then explains the network elements and interfaces that connect these components, such as the Iu, Iub, and Iur interfaces. Finally, it outlines the main functional protocols used for communication between the UE, UTRAN, and core network, including RRC, RANAP, NBAP, and others.
This document discusses challenges for future mmWave technology in mobile devices and potential solutions. It begins by reviewing increasing complexity in current RF front-end modules driven by the adoption of new cellular standards and frequency bands. It then discusses the need for integrated mmWave front-end and transceiver modules to support 5G, including requirements for high performance, low-loss backend-of-line technology, and accurate RF modeling. The document argues that RF SOI is well suited to meet these needs through transistor stacking, reduced parasitics, and demonstrated high performance at mmWave frequencies in power amplifiers, switches, and low-noise amplifiers.
LTE carrier aggregation technology development and deployment worldwidecriterion123
Carrier aggregation (CA) allows the combination of multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and throughput. CA can be intra-band, combining contiguous or non-contiguous carriers within a band, or inter-band, combining carriers across frequency bands. Inter-band CA provides more flexibility to utilize fragmented spectrum. The LTE standard defines a maximum of five component carriers for CA. CA improves downlink throughput by increasing bandwidth but may not always increase uplink throughput due to limitations of UE maximum power. Close frequency band CA and FDD-TDD CA require additional RF components to separate signal paths and prevent interference between bands.
The document discusses LTE network planning procedures which involve gathering information, dimensioning capacity and coverage, and detailed planning. The key steps are:
1. Information gathering involves collecting data on subscriber usage patterns, network inventory, RF features, and coverage areas.
2. Dimensioning is divided into capacity and coverage steps. Capacity dimensioning calculates the number of sites needed based on traffic loads. Coverage dimensioning models uplink and downlink budgets to determine signal strengths and cell radii.
3. Detailed planning uses the results of dimensioning to simulate predictions and finalize parameters like transmission settings and neighbor configurations.
DMR : Digital Mobile Radio
Introduction DMR, quelques points de comparaison avec TETRA
Un résumé fonctionnel de la norme DMR.
DMR feature breifing, introduction, comparaison with TETRA
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer signals for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD), including:
- Two frame structure types used in LTE - Type 1 for FDD using frequency separation of uplink and downlink, and Type 2 for TDD using time separation
- Key timing units like frames, subframes, slots and symbols
- Uplink and downlink reference signals, physical channels, and modulations
- Synchronization methods and differences between FDD and TDD operation
Ericsson technical interview questionssethshivam75
This document contains technical interview questions asked by Ericsson including:
1) Questions about how mobile phones work, handoffs in GSM networks, differences between TCP/IP and SSL, DNS lookups, TCP layers, converting decimal to binary, prime numbers, multiplexing, and modulation techniques.
2) A tip that ECE students interviewing at Ericsson should have programming skills.
3) Additional questions about waveguide propagation, Ethernet frame formats, STP/RSTP, VSWR, waveguides, the ALOHA protocol, information theory concepts, antenna properties, and GSM/CDMA comparisons.
The document provides an overview of LTE physical layer specifications including OFDMA frame structure, resource block structure, protocol architecture, physical channel structure and procedures, UE measurements like RSRP and RSRQ, and key enabling technologies of LTE such as OFDM, SC-FDMA, and MIMO. It describes the LTE requirements for high peak data rates, low latency, support for high mobility users, and enhanced broadcast services.
In his presentation for Small Cell World Summit 2022, Anthony Magee shared insights into O-RAN private 5G deployments and explored the key challenges that enterprise O-RAN solutions face.
Throughput calculation for LTE TDD and FDD systemsPei-Che Chang
This document discusses the calculation of throughput for LTE TDD and FDD systems. It explains that LTE systems have configurable channel bandwidth and modulation schemes, unlike fixed CDMA systems. The document then provides an example calculation of throughput for a 20 MHz bandwidth LTE FDD system using 100 resource blocks, 64QAM modulation, and 4x4 MIMO. It calculates the downlink throughput as approximately 300 Mbps and uplink as 75 Mbps after accounting for overhead. Similar calculations are shown for LTE TDD systems using different frame configurations.
This document provides an overview of indoor radio planning procedures for mobile network operators. It discusses:
1. The importance of indoor coverage for operators from both technical and commercial perspectives such as improving service quality and maximizing revenue.
2. The key steps in indoor radio planning including site surveys, coverage planning, capacity planning, antenna placement, link budget calculations, and traffic dimensioning using Erlang calculations.
3. Special considerations for indoor radio planning such as preparing for future capacity needs, ensuring elevator coverage, and designing handover zones to avoid call drops.
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with broadcast television (also known as terrestrial television), in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television;
The document provides an introduction to Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communication technology. It describes how LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques to provide better performance with higher throughput and reduced interference compared to prior standards. It also discusses how LTE supports scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
This document provides an overview of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) communication technology. It introduces OFDM fundamentals such as signal spectrum, system design considerations including cyclic prefix usage and signal parameters. Key receiver functional blocks like channel estimation and its impact on performance are discussed. The document outlines OFDM transmitter operation and issues like carrier frequency error and sampling frequency error on system performance.
Performance Requirement and Lessons Learnt of LTE Terminal_Transmitter Partcriterion123
1. The document discusses transmitter output power specifications for LTE and WCDMA, including maximum output power levels and tolerances.
2. It provides lessons learned from issues with output power, EVM, and other signal quality metrics on various device bands. Common causes included improper gain mode selection, impedance mismatches, and oscillator pulling from strong RF signals.
3. Key recommendations include separating PA and transceiver shielding areas, compensating output power for temperature and frequency variations, avoiding routing near noise sources, and using proper gain/loss configurations.
This document discusses various ways to improve adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) in transmitters. It describes 1) reducing power amplifier input power or selecting a linear power amplifier to avoid saturation and intermodulation distortion, 2) optimizing the power amplifier load-pull configuration for better linearity, and 3) decreasing power amplifier post-loss to reduce output power and nonlinearities. Other techniques include fine-tuning the driver amplifier input matching, adding SAW filters at the power amplifier input, avoiding voltage drops in the power supply, using digital pre-distortion, rejecting DC-DC converter switching noise, and properly synchronizing envelope tracking signals.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
This document provides an overview of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the history and components of a DWDM system, including transponders, multiplexers, fiber, amplifiers, and demultiplexers. It covers limiting factors such as linear and nonlinear effects that must be considered for DWDM systems. The document also discusses measurements and tests needed for DWDM system installation, optimization, and acceptance.
DWDM & Packet Optical Fundamentals by Dion Leung [APRICOT 2015]APNIC
This document provides an overview of optical networking fundamentals and components for designing DWDM networks. It discusses:
- Key components used to build optical networks including fiber, transceivers, muxponders, amplifiers, and dispersion compensation modules.
- Design considerations for point-to-point and multi-node linear DWDM networks such as length, number of fiber strands, fiber type and condition, transmission capacity needs, and calculating power budgets.
- The roles of optical amplifiers and dispersion compensation in extending transmission reach over long distances and high bitrates.
- A quick summary of the essential "lego blocks" used to construct metro and regional optical networks.
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses key topics such as optical transmission, DWDM components like multiplexers/demultiplexers and amplifiers, DWDM networks and topologies, and transmission quality parameters. The presentation contains 32 slides and is intended to briefly explain DWDM as a means of achieving effective fiber-optic transmission and increasing bandwidth.
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses DWDM components like multiplexers, demultiplexers, transponders, and amplifiers. It also covers DWDM networks topologies like point-to-point, ring, and mesh. Finally, it discusses transmission quality parameters like optical signal-to-noise ratio that are important for DWDM systems. The presentation contains 29 slides and is intended to briefly explain DWDM for effective fiber-optic transmission.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character. It allows for increased fiber capacity and scalability. DWDM evolved from earlier WDM techniques and can transmit 64 or more channels through a single fiber using spacing between 25-50 GHz. Ongoing research focuses on reducing dispersion and developing tunable lasers. DWDM provides a robust, simple, and cost-effective solution for growing bandwidth demands.
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber optic transmission technique that uses different wavelengths of light to carry multiple signals on the same fiber. It allows for a significant increase in network capacity by utilizing the dark fibers already in place. DWDM works by transmitting parallel signals on distinct wavelengths through the same fiber. This overcomes limitations of previous solutions like WDM and TDM by efficiently using the full bandwidth of optical fibers.
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) fundamentals and applications. It discusses optical fiber basics including single mode fiber structure and properties, fiber attenuation, dispersion effects, and nonlinear effects. It also covers DWDM network building blocks such as optical multiplexers and demultiplexers, optical amplifiers, and light sources. The document compares DWDM to traditional transmission technologies and CWDM, and describes the ITU wavelength grid and channel allocation.
This slide deck presents a user case by Microsoft (Mark Filer) for a 100G DWDM alternative to Coherent systems <80km using the PAM-4 approach. Fujitsu (Muhammed Sarwar) and Finisar (Gert Sarlet) present the case for Coherent. Inphi (Radha Nagarajan) and ADVA (Joerg-Peter Elbers) present the case for the PAM-4 approach. IEEE (John D'Ambrosia) weighs in from the standards perspective.
This document provides an introduction to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) including:
1. DWDM allows multiple optical channels to be transmitted over a single fiber, increasing network capacity and scalability. It enables transmission of terabits of data over long distances without regeneration.
2. Key concepts in optical transmission are explained, including wavelength bands, fiber attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinear effects.
3. The development of single-mode fiber is summarized, from early multimode fiber to modern low-dispersion fiber designs.
Secure, High Performance Transport Networks Based on WDM TechnologyADVA
The document discusses WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) technology and ADVA Optical Networking's transport solutions based on WDM. It provides an overview of ADVA's history and product portfolio, including their FSP 3000 optical transport system. The FSP 3000 supports a wide range of applications and services. It offers high density transponder and packet aggregation modules with low latency.
This document discusses fiber characterization and fiber optic network testing. It provides information on:
- Assessing fiber capacity by measuring attenuation, dispersion, and non-linearities.
- Common fiber types (single-mode and multi-mode), industry standards, elements of loss like attenuation and bending losses.
- Testing methods like insertion loss measurement, optical return loss measurement using OCWR and OTDR, and measuring polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion.
- The importance of fiber inspection and cleaning to avoid contamination issues that can reduce signal performance.
This document introduces dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses how DWDM addresses the need for increased bandwidth in metropolitan area networks (MANs) driven by economic forces such as the exponential growth of data traffic and bandwidth demand. DWDM provides advantages over traditional time-division multiplexing (TDM) by allowing multiple optical carrier signals to be transmitted simultaneously over the same fiber. This significantly increases fiber capacity and enhances performance and reliability for MAN applications.
How to use WDM technology to expand fiber capacity.pdfHYC Co., Ltd
An article introduces all about WDM technology, including how does WDM work, what's mux and demux, cwdm vs dwdm, what does optical add-drop multiplexer stand for, wdm bands, wdm technology, wdm applications. How to use WDM technology to expand fiber capacity?
This document provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the concepts of fiber optics, wavelength division multiplexing, bandwidth demand over time, and options for increasing bandwidth capacity such as TDM and WDM. It also describes DWDM components like transponders, multiplexers/demultiplexers, optical add/drop multiplexers, and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Finally, it discusses the evolution of DWDM technology and its benefits for optical networking.
This presentation provides an overview of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology. It discusses the basic components and operation of a DWDM system, including terminal multiplexers and demultiplexers, optical amplifiers, transponders, reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers, and optical cross connects. It also covers topics like wavelength converting transponders, channel spacing, categories of wavelength switches, integrating DWDM with SONET, using DWDM for IP networks, and the value of DWDM in metropolitan areas. The presentation was given by Nitesh Srivastava from the ECE department.
Real-Time 200Gbit/s PAM4 Transmission Over 80km SSMF Using Quantum-Dot Laser ...ADVA
Using 200Gbit/s four-channel transmitter and receiver optical subassemblies (TOSAs/ROSAs) combining quantum dot laser and silicon photonics technology from Ranovus, ADVA Optical Networking demonstrated how to build cost-effective 400Gbit/s transponder cards at OFC 2017.
This presentation summarizes photovoltaic and photoconductive modes of photo diodes, the differences between the two modes, and provides an introduction to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) including its need, types, advantages/disadvantages, architecture, working, and implementation. The key points are that photovoltaic mode produces voltage without bias while photoconductive mode requires reverse bias, WDM uses different wavelengths to transmit multiple data channels over a single fiber increasing bandwidth capacity, and its architecture includes elements like optical line terminals and optical add-drop multiplexers.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.