Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
OFDM allows tightly packed carriers to convey information orthogonally and with high bandwidth efficiency
Objectives Description:
Concepts
Basic idea
Introduction to OFDM
Implementation
Advantages and Drawbacks.
FDMA
Analysis of Near-Far Problem using Power Control Technique for GNSS based App...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Ber analysis of 2x2 mimo spatial multiplexing under awgn and rician channels ...ijwmn
Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use multiple antennas at transmitting and
receiving end to offer improved capacity and data rate over single antenna systems in multipath channels.
In this paper we have investigated the Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO systems. Here different
fading channels like AWGN and Rician are used for analysis purpose. Moreover we analyzed the technique
using high level modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M). Detection algorithms used are Zero-
Forcing and Minimum mean square estimator. Performance is analyzed in terms of BER (bit error rate) vs.
SNR (signal to noise ratio).
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
Error Control and performance Analysis of MIMO-OFDM Over Fading ChannelsIOSR Journals
ABSTRACT: Multiple Input Multiple Output is a wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and
receivers to transfer more data at the same time. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM
modulation technique which splits the signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted
simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver. OFDM technique spreads the data over number of
carriers which are at specific predefined frequencies. This reduces or eliminates the ISI. Forward error
correction or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or
noisy communication channels. The objective of our proposed paper is to implement the FEC into the MIMO
OFDM systems and its performance is analysed by using MATLAB over different fading channels. For
modulation it employs M-QAM which combines both ASK and PSK thereby enabling several bits to be
transmitted per symbol. The performance of MIMO-OFDM system is evaluated by BER Vs SNR when the bits
propagates through the different fading channels.
Keywords– OFDM, MIMO, QAM, FEC, BER.
A New Transmission Scheme for MIMO – OFDMijsrd.com
This contribution introduces a new transmission scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. This survey Paper presents the performance analysis of V-BLAST based multiple inputs multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with respect to bit error rate per signal to noise ratio (BER/SNR) for various detection techniques. A 2X2 MIMO-OFDM system is used for the performance evaluation. The simulation results shows that the performance of V-BLAST based detection techniques is much better than the conventional methods. Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) scheme is used with orthogonal designs over multiple antennas which showed simulated results are identical to expected theoretical results. With this technique both Bit Error Rate (BER) and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennas on either side. This scheme is efficient in all the applications where system capacity is limited by multipath fading.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
There are many types of wireless channel impairments such as noise, path loss, shadowing, and fading and impairment Mitigation techniques should be adopted according to system requirements and channel environments.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Mimo dr. morsi
1. Multi Input Multi Output
(MIMO)
Contents
- Diversity Definition
- Why Diversity
- Types of Diversity
- Types of combining
- MIMO Definition
- Why MIMO ?
- MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
- Applications of MIMO
2. Diversity Definition
Diversity is a technique by which we
transmit many copies of the signal or
versions of the signal but effected with
different fading over time, frequency or
space.
3. Diversity Definition
Diversity means send the same message
signal or replica of message signal by
using two or more communication
channels with different characteristics.
4. Why Diversity
To overcome fading and
To combat cochannel interference
(CCI) and
To avoid error bursts .
7. Space diversity
1. Many copies of the transmitted signal
effects with different fading over the space .
2. we use multi-antenna systems:
At the transmitter ( transmit diversity) or
At the receiver ( reception diversity) or
At both of them( MIMO).
8. Frequency diversityFrequency diversity
This type of diversity used for the frequency
selective channels as we will averaging or
avoiding fading over the frequency by
using:
Multi-carrier technique like OFDM.
FHSS (frequency hope spread spectrum).
DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum).
9. Frequency Diversity
The signal is transmitted using several
frequency channels or spread over a wide
spectrum that is affected by frequency
selective fading.
10. Time Diversity
Multiple versions of the same signal are
transmitted at different time instants.
We averaging the fading of the
channel over time by using :-
The channel coding and interleaving or
Sending the data at different times
14. SISO
SISO stands for single input and signal output. It
uses one antenna at the transmitter and one
antenna at the receiver . SISO channel is more
susceptible to problem caused by multipath effect
however it is cheap to implement.
For SISO system the capacity is given by Shannon
formula : C = B log2(1 + SNR).
16. SIMO
SIMO stands for single input and multiple
outputs. It uses single antennas at
transmitter and multiple antennas at the
receiver. SIMO system is preferably used in
uplink.
22. Combining techniques
The presence of reception diversity poses an
interesting problem : how do we use effectively the
information from all the antennas to demodulate the
data.
23. Combining techniques
Combines the independent fading paths
signals to obtain a signal that passed through
demodulator.
The combining techniques can be applied to
any type of diversity.
The combining techniques are linear as the
output of is a weighted sum of the different
fading signals of branches.
The combining techniques needs cophasing.
26. Selection combining (SC)
Selection combining used in spatial diversity
systems involves the sampling of several
antenna signals, and sending the largest
one to the demodulator. Selection
combining ( SC) is relatively easy to
implement but not optimal because it does
not make use of all the received signals
simultaneously .
27. Selection combining (SC)
This is the simplest combining method. Consider a
MR receiver system. In (SC), we select the signal
coming into each of the MR antennas that has the
highest instantaneous SNR at every symbol interval.
The output of the combiner equal to that of the best
incoming signal.
28. Selection combining (SC)
The advantage of SC is that it does not require any
additional RF receiver chain.
All receive antennas share a single RF receiver
chain. This keeps the cost down.
In practice the strongest signals are selected because
it is difficult to measure SNR alone.
30. In maximal ratio combining (MRC), the signals from
all of the several branches are weighted according to
their individual SNRs and then summed. The
individual signals are cophased before being summed.
Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
34. Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
Maximal-ratio combining produces an average
SNR γM−− equal to the sum of the individual
average SNRs where we assume that each branch
has the same average SNR.
Maximal-ratio combining can produce an
acceptable average SNR, even when none of the
individual i γ is acceptable. It uses each of
the M branches in a cophased and weighted
manner such that the largest possible SNR is
available at the receiver.
36. Equal gain combining (EGC)
Equal gain combining (EGC) is similar to
maximal ratio combining (MRC) except that
the weights are all set to unity. The
possibility of achieving an acceptable output
SNR from a number of unacceptable inputs
is still retained. The performance is
marginally inferior to maximal ratio
combining.
37. Equal gain combining (EGC)
EGC is the same as MRC but with equal
weighting for all branches.
The performance is marginally inferior to
MRC, but the complexities of EGC
implementation are much less than MRC.
38. MIMO Definition
The use multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the
same time.
MIMO technology takes advantage of a radio wave phenomenon called
multipath where transmitted information bounces off walls and other
objects, reaching the receiving antenna multiple times via different angles
and at slightly different times.
39. Configurations overview
SISO : Stands for Single Input
Single Output
SIMO : Stands for Single Input
Multi Output (reception
diversity)
MISO : Stands for Multi Input
Single Output ( transmit
diversity)
MIMO : Stands for Multi Input
Multi Output ( transmit and
reception diversity)
41. Why MIMO?
MIMO can exploit multiple transceivers at
both the enhanced node B (base station BS)
and the user equipment (UE)
So we can increase the data rates of the
mobile system.
42. Why MIMO?
MIMO increase data rate via Spatial ( space) Multiplexing
by allowing to transmit different streams of data
simultaneously on the same resource block(s) by exploiting
the spatial dimension of the radio channel.
43. Why MIMO?
MIMO increase the robustness
of data transmission via
Transmit Diversity
Each transmit antenna
transmits the same stream of
data. This increases the signal
to noise ratio at the receiver
side and thus the robustness of
data transmission especially in
fading scenarios
44. Why MIMO?
MIMO enhance link reliability in
challenging propagation conditions when
the signal strength is low and multipath
conditions are challenging. Thus, MIMO
lower bit error rate
45. MIMO Advantages
Major advantages of MIMO
Higher capacity.
Increase data rate.
Lower bit error rate.
Increased coverage.
Improved position estimation.
47. MIMO Applications
MIMO provides high speed wireless
communication link to support wide
range of applications without the
expansion of the available
bandwidth or increase of
transmitted power.
48. MIMO Applications
Communication network applications such as
broadcasting network, cellular network, satellite
communication.
Narrowband Applications where limited
bandwidth and lower data rate, higher
performance required ( since space-time block
coding (STBC) is attractive).
Pager, text messaging applications such as
blackberry.
49. BER for BPSK modulation with Selection combining (SC) inBER for BPSK modulation with Selection combining (SC) in
Rayleigh channelRayleigh channel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate BERfor BPSKmodulationwithSelectiondiveristy inRayleighchannel
nRx=1(sim)
nRx=2(sim)
50. BER for BPSK modulation with Equal Gain Combining (EGC) in Rayleigh
channel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate BERfor BPSK modulationwithEqual GainCombining inRayleighchannel
nRx=1(sim)
nRx=2(sim)
51. BER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) in RayleighBER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) in Rayleigh
channelchannel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
BitErrorRate BERfor BPSKmodulationwithMaximal RatioCombininginRayleighchannel
nRx=1(sim)
nRx=2(sim)
52. Comparison among no diversity, Alamouti and max ratio combiningComparison among no diversity, Alamouti and max ratio combining
(MRC)(MRC)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/No(dB)
BER
Transmit vs. ReceiveDiversity
NoDiversity (1Tx, 1Rx)
Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)
Maximal-RatioCombining(1Tx, 2Rx)
53. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/No (dB)
BER
G2-coded 2x2 System
No Diversity (1Tx, 1Rx)
Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)
Maximal-Ratio Combining (1Tx, 2Rx)
Alamouti (2Tx, 2Rx)
Comparison among no diversity, Alamouti transmit diversityComparison among no diversity, Alamouti transmit diversity
and max ratio combining (MRC) reception diversity and MIMOand max ratio combining (MRC) reception diversity and MIMO