Point to point microwave

1. Point To Point Microwave Transmission

17. BTS DN2 or METROHUB MW RADIO SINGLE MODE MW LINK HSB MODE MW LINK COPPER CONNECTION Figure 2. Primary solution where loop masters (DN2) are co- located in the BSC. To Next BSC To Next BSC BSC

18. Figure 3. Solution of using remote loop master (DN2) co-located in a remote BTS To Next BSC To Next BSC BSC BTS DN2 or METROHUB MW RADIO SINGLE MODE MW LINK HSB MODE MW LINK COPPER CONNECTION

23. Microwave Propagation

27. Free Space Propagation - Refraction Effect of Refractivity Change K = 2/3 Actual Ground K = 4/3

31. FRESNEL ZONES 1st Fresnel Zone Mid Path

32. FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCES 1 ST Fresnal Zone = 17.3  (d1*d2)/f(d1+d2) d1 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘A’ to mid point d2 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna ‘B’ to mid point f = Frequency in GHz A d1 d2 B

33. RF propagation First Fresnel Zone

35. FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH BULGE D 2 /8 Earth Bulge Height = D 2 /8 + 43.3  D/4F 43.3  D/4F 60% first Fresnel Zone D = Distance Between Antennas H

38. N N Y Y RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Application for Frequency License Define BSC Borders Estimate BSC Locations Preliminary Transmission Planning and LOS Checking for possible BSCs Finalize BSC Locations Microwave Link Planning and LOS Checking for BTSs Update LOS Reports, Frequency Plan, Planning Database, Equipment Summary Customer to apply SACFA based on Nokia Technical Inputs Change BTS Prime Candidate? Change BTS Prime Candidate? Figure 1. Microwave Link Planning Process Planning Process

51. Drop Shape and Polarization 2.0mm 1mm 1.5mm 2.5mm As raindrops increase in size, they get more extended in the Horizontal direction, and therefore will attenuate horizontal polarization more than vertical polarization

54. Hop Model Outdoor Unit Station B Indoor Unit Traffic Outdoor Unit Station A Indoor Unit Traffic

55. Link Power Budget Received Signal Level = R xl R xlB = T xA – L A + G A – F l + G B – L B Where T XA = Trans Power Station A L A = Losses at Station A (Misc.) G A = Antenna Gain at Station A F l = Free Space Losses G B = Antenna Gain at Station B L B = Losses at Station B R xlB = Rx. Level at Station B R XL must be > Receiver Sensitivity always

58. RF propagation Simple Path Analysis Concept (alternative) WP II PC Card pigtail cable Lightning Protector RF Cable Antenna WP II PC Card pigtail cable Lightning Protector RF Cable Antenna + Transmit Power - LOSS Cable/connectors + Antenna Gain + Antenna Gain - LOSS Cable/connectors RSL ( receive signal level) + Fade Margin = sensitivity - Path Loss over link distance Calculate signal in one direction if Antennas and active components are equal

70. Some Useful Formulae

71. Link Budget Rx B A B +GA +GB -Lfs-Arain B Rain fs A A B G A L G Tx Rx      +Tx A

72. d=1km ---> L = 124 dBm d=2km ---> L = 130 dBm d=1km ---> L = 121 dBm d=2km ---> L = 127 dBm 39 GHz 26 GHz Examples Free Space Loss d = distance in kilometers f = frequency in GHz

76. Tower Height Calculation : Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope – Ea C = B1 + F Slope = (( Ea – Eb) d1)/ D F = 17.3 ((d1xd2)/f X D) -1/2 B = (d1 x d2) / (12.75 x K ) Where, Th = Tower Height Ep = Peak / Critical Obstruction C = Other losses B1 = Earth Buldge F = Fresnel Zone OH = Overhead Obstruction Ea= Height of Site A Eb= Height of Site B d1= Dist. From site A to Obstruction d2= Dist. From site B to Obstruction D = Path Distance f= Frequency K= 4/3 d1 d2 Ea Ep Eb