This document summarizes somatic embryogenesis, the process where plant embryos are derived from single somatic cells. It describes the two types of embryogenesis - direct and indirect. The steps of somatic embryogenesis include initiation, proliferation, pre-maturation, and maturation of embryos. Somatic embryos arise from single cells, have a bipolar structure, and do not have vascular connections to the explant, unlike sexual embryos. Somatic embryogenesis has advantages like higher propagation rates and use for artificial seed production and germplasm conservation, but also disadvantages like low embryo production frequencies and potential for genetic variation.

1. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
BY – YASHI JAIN(25)
JAYA GUPTA(23)
ANJALI SINGH(24)

2. Introduction
 Somatic embryogenesis is the process where plant or embryo is derieved from a
single somatic cells
 Stewart et all,(1958) first induced embryo through suspension culture in carrot
 Reinert (1959) produce embryo from callus in carrot through suspension culture
 Embryogenesis is of two types:
 DIRECT EMBRYOGENESIS:-When embryo is stated directely from explant tissue
creating an identical clone
 INDIRECT EMBRYOGENESIS:-When explant produced from undifferentiated or
partially differentiated callus

3. Steps of somatic embryogenesis
 Initiation of embryogenic culture
 Prolifertion of embryogenic culture
 Pre-maturation of somatic embryos
 Maturation of somatic embryos
 Plant development

5. Difference between somatic and sexual
embryo
Somatic embryo
 Embryos arises from single cell
 Embryos have bipolar structure
 Embryos has no vascular connections
with cultured explant
 Induction of somatic embryogenesis
require single hormonal signal
Sexual embryo
 Arises from multi cell
 It is monopolar structure
 Embryos has vascular connections
with cultured explant
 Requires two hormonal signal

6.  Higher propagation rate
 Suitable for suspension culture
 Artificial seed production
 Somaclonal variation
 Germplasm conservation
 Labour savings
Advantages

7. Disadvantages
 Low frequency embryo production
 Incomplete embryo production
 May create unwanted genetic variation
 Inability to generate large number of normal , free living
plantlet
 Plantlets are weaker
 Respone tissue specific

8. Artificial seed

9. Artificial seed

10. Thank you