Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from sporophytic cells in vitro rather than from a zygote. There are different types of embryos including zygotic, formed from fertilized eggs, and somatic embryos which form directly from other plant tissues and organs in culture. The correct developmental stage of the explant tissue is crucial for initiation of embryogenic callus formation in somatic embryogenesis, with young or juvenile explants producing more embryos than older explants.

1. Somatic embryogenesis

4. Types of Embryos:
1. Zygotic Embryos:
• These formed by fertilized egg or the zygote.
2. Non-Zygotic Embryos:
a) Somatic Embryos:
• Those formed by Sporophytic cells in in-vitro
condition. Such somatic embryos arsing directly
from other embryos or organs are termed
adventive embryos.
b) Parthenocapic Embryos:
• Those formed by unfertilized egg.
c) Androgenic Embryos:
• Those formed by the male gametophyte.

7. Stages in Embryogenesis

9. Factors effecting somatic
embryogenesis
1. Characters of explants:
• Even though a variety of explants can be utilized, the
correct developmental stage of the explants are also
crucial for the initiation of embryogenic callus.
• Young or juvenile explants produced more somatic
embryos than older explants
• As a further complexity, different explants tissue from
the same mother plant produced embryogenic callus
at different frequencies.

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