EMBRYO CULTURE AND EMBRYO RESCUE
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The document discusses two types of embryo culture: mature embryo culture and embryo rescue. Mature embryo culture involves isolating mature embryos from ripe seeds and culturing them in vitro. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to rescue them from unripe or hybrid seeds that fail to germinate. The document also discusses factors involved in embryo culture like the media, temperature, light, time of culture, and nutritional requirements that vary depending on the heterotrophic or autotrophic phase of embryo development. Various plant species that embryo culture has been employed for are also listed.
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Embryo culture
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
Embryo culture & application; embryo rescue
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis
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Embryo culture and embryo rescue technique
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
Somaclonal variation
Genetic variations can occur in plants produced through plant tissue culture and be detected as changes in genetic characteristics or phenotypes. Variations commonly include changes in chromosome number and structure. Regenerated plants with chromosomal changes often show alterations in traits like leaf shape and color, growth rate, and fertility. These heritable mutations can persist when plants are transplanted to fields. Somaclonal variations are caused by genetic factors like pre-existing variations in explant cells or mutations during tissue culture, and can result in changes in plant characteristics that are useful for crop improvement.
Anther culture
Anther culture is an in vitro technique used to produce haploid plants from male gamete cells. Haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. The first report of anther culture was in the 1970s, while the first natural occurrence of haploids was observed in 1922 in Datura plants. Anthers containing microspores are cultured on nutrient media supplemented with hormones and sugars. Depending on the species, haploid plants or callus can regenerate from the cultured anthers within 3-8 weeks. Haploid plants are useful for breeding programs as they can be doubled to generate fertile, homozygous plants in one generation.
In Vitro Pollination
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
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Embryo culture
Embryo culture is a laboratory method for producing plant lets from a fertilized or unfertilized embryo in invitro condition. there are several advantages are associated with the embryo culture like production of haploid plants, making distant crosses successful, sometimes aborted embryos can be rescued from a unsuccessful hybridization.
Embryo culture & application; embryo rescue
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
Endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis
This document discusses triploid production through endosperm culture and somatic embryogenesis. It defines endosperm culture as the in vitro development of isolated mature or immature endosperm tissue to obtain triploid plantlets. Two types of endosperm culture are described: mature and immature. The key steps and factors affecting endosperm culture are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the development of embryos from somatic cells in vitro. The document compares somatic and zygotic embryos and describes the two routes of somatic embryogenesis: direct and indirect. The stages of somatic embryogenesis and factors influencing the process are summarized.
Embryo culture and embryo rescue technique
This document discusses embryo culture and embryo rescue techniques. It begins by defining an embryo and explaining that embryo culture involves growing plant embryos in artificial media to enhance survival. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature embryos to prevent abortion, especially for interspecific or intergeneric hybrids where endosperm development fails. The key steps of embryo culture include excising embryos, placing them in sterile media with suitable temperature, light and nutrients, and transferring viable plantlets to soil. Embryo culture has applications in shortening breeding cycles, overcoming dormancy, producing sterile seeds, and rescuing distant hybrids.
Somaclonal variation
Genetic variations can occur in plants produced through plant tissue culture and be detected as changes in genetic characteristics or phenotypes. Variations commonly include changes in chromosome number and structure. Regenerated plants with chromosomal changes often show alterations in traits like leaf shape and color, growth rate, and fertility. These heritable mutations can persist when plants are transplanted to fields. Somaclonal variations are caused by genetic factors like pre-existing variations in explant cells or mutations during tissue culture, and can result in changes in plant characteristics that are useful for crop improvement.
Anther culture
Anther culture is an in vitro technique used to produce haploid plants from male gamete cells. Haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. The first report of anther culture was in the 1970s, while the first natural occurrence of haploids was observed in 1922 in Datura plants. Anthers containing microspores are cultured on nutrient media supplemented with hormones and sugars. Depending on the species, haploid plants or callus can regenerate from the cultured anthers within 3-8 weeks. Haploid plants are useful for breeding programs as they can be doubled to generate fertile, homozygous plants in one generation.
In Vitro Pollination
In vitro pollination involves pollinating pistils or ovules that have been cultured in a nutrient medium such as Nitsch's medium. This technique can help overcome pre-fertilization barriers to hybridization between plant species. Key steps include sterilizing flower parts, collecting pollen, and applying pollen to excised pistils, ovaries, ovules, or stigmas depending on the method. Factors like culture medium, temperature, genotype, and physiological state of the explant can influence seed set. In vitro pollination has applications in plant breeding like overcoming self-incompatibility or cross-incompatibility barriers and producing haploid plants or hybrids.
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Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
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WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
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First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
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2. There are two main types of embryo culture: culture of immature embryos from unripe or hybrid seeds that fail to germinate, and culture of mature embryos excised from ripe seeds to avoid seed inhibition.
3. Successful zygotic embryo culture depends on several factors, including the composition of the culture medium, excision technique, plant material used, and growth conditions like temperature, light and pH levels. The goal is to support the embryo's development from heterotrophic to autotrophic phases.
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1) Germplasm conservation involves preserving genetic material, such as seeds, cells, tissues, and body parts, through in-situ and ex-situ methods to maintain biodiversity and provide resources for breeding programs.
2) Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen is an important ex-situ technique that can preserve germplasm long-term without subculturing. It involves preculturing plant materials, treating with cryoprotectants, and either slow-freezing or vitrification prior to storage in liquid nitrogen.
3) A case study demonstrates the successful cryopreservation of mint shoot tips using encapsulation-dehydration and PVS2-vitrification, with
Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from sporophytic cells in vitro rather than from a zygote. There are different types of embryos including zygotic, formed from fertilized eggs, and somatic embryos which form directly from other plant tissues and organs in culture. The correct developmental stage of the explant tissue is crucial for initiation of embryogenic callus formation in somatic embryogenesis, with young or juvenile explants producing more embryos than older explants.
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3.History.
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5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Cellular totipotency in plants
The document discusses totipotency in plant cells. Totipotency refers to the ability of single plant cells to regenerate into a whole plant through cell differentiation and tissue culture techniques. The document outlines various tissue culture systems used to study totipotency, including callus culture, suspension culture, single cell culture, and protoplast culture. Factors that influence a cell's ability to express totipotency, such as the explant source and culture conditions, are also discussed.
Cytoplasmic male sterility
This document discusses cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited trait in plants where the plant is unable to produce functional pollen. CMS is caused by mitochondrial mutations or rearrangements that interfere with pollen development. Nuclear restorer genes can suppress CMS by interacting with the mitochondrial genes. CMS is used in hybrid seed production systems in many crops.
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS DEVELOPMENT
- INDUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT
- MATURATION
SYNTHETIC SEED
FACTORS AFFECTING SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
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This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
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This document discusses methods for producing haploid plants. It begins by defining haploid plants and their significance. It then describes the two main approaches for producing haploids - in vivo and in vitro. For in vivo, it outlines several techniques including androgenesis, gynogenesis, distant hybridization, and chemical/radiation treatments. For in vitro, it focuses on anther culture and microspore culture, providing details on the protocol for anther culture in tobacco including pre-treatment, culture conditions, and factors that influence success rates.
Anther and pollen culture
This document discusses anther and pollen culture techniques. It provides a brief history of the development of these techniques from the 1950s onward. It then describes the process of anther culture, where anthers are cultured in nutrient medium to produce haploid callus or embryos. Pollen or microspore culture involves isolating pollen grains from anthers and culturing them. The goal is to produce haploid embryos or callus that can develop into haploid plantlets. Key factors that influence success include the genotype, microspore stage, culture medium, temperature, and physiological status of the donor plant. Anther culture has applications in mutation studies, plant breeding, and secondary metabolite production.
Somatic embryogenesis
A process where an embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos (SEs) are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in embryo formation.
Embryos formed by somatic embryogenesis are called Embryoids.
The process was discovered for the first time in Daucas carota L. (carrot) by Steward (1958), Reinert (1959).
Haploid production
This document discusses distant hybridization and various techniques used to produce haploid plants. Distant hybridization refers to crosses between individuals of different plant species or genera. Such crosses can result in fully fertile, partially fertile, or fully sterile offspring depending on chromosomal homology. Androgenesis and gynogenesis are techniques used to induce haploid plants from male and female gametes, respectively. Androgenesis involves culturing immature anthers or isolated microspores while gynogenesis involves culturing unpollinated flower parts. Wide hybridization is also used to induce maternal haploids. Factors like genotype, developmental stage, and culture conditions influence haploid induction and regeneration.
Synthetic seeds
Synthetic seeds are encapsulated somatic embryos or shoot buds that can be used for planting like traditional seeds. They allow for clonal propagation of plants that are difficult to reproduce through traditional seeds, including some fruit crops. The production of synthetic seeds involves inducing somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures, maturing the embryos, and encapsulating them in a protective gel before planting. This allows genetic material to be stored and dispersed while avoiding issues with seed-borne diseases, low seed viability, and difficulties reproducing species that lack traditional seeds.
Artificial seed
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SEED..?
Artificial seed can be defined as artificial encapsulation of somatic embryos, shoot bud or aggregates of cell of any tissues which has the ability to form a plant in in-vitro or ex-vivo condition.
Artificial seed have also been often referred to as synthetic seed.
HISTORY
Artificial seeds were first introduced in 1970’s as a novel analogue to the plant seeds.
The production of artificial seeds is useful for plants which do not produce viable seeds. It represents a method to propagate these plants.
Artificial seeds are small sized and these provides further advantages in storage, handling and shipping.
The term, “EMBLING” is used for the plants originated from synthetic seed.
• The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in Maize (Hays & Garber, 1919).
Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Protoplast isolation,culture & fusion
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
Somaclonal Variation and Its Crop Improvement
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which refers to genetic variation that arises during tissue culture or plant regeneration from cell cultures. It provides definitions and history of the term as coined by Larkin and Scowcroft in 1981. The document outlines the various causes and types of somaclonal variation including physiological, genetic, and biochemical causes. It also describes methods for generating somaclonal variation both with and without in vitro selection. Finally, it discusses applications for detecting and isolating somaclonal variants, particularly for developing disease resistance in various crop species.
somatic hybridization
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing isolated plant cells called protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties. This fusion occurs under in vitro conditions and can result in symmetric hybrids that contain chromosomes from both parents, or asymmetric hybrids that lose chromosomes from one parent. Cybrids are a type of hybrid where the nucleus comes from one species but the cytoplasm, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, comes from both parental species. Somatic hybridization and cybrid production allow for novel combinations of genes that can provide agricultural benefits like stress resistance but technical challenges remain in regenerating hybrid plants.
Culture of ovule and ovary
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
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This document discusses various techniques in plant biotechnology including embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, and cryopreservation. Embryo rescue involves culturing immature or weak embryos on artificial nutrient media to allow their development. Somaclonal variation refers to genetic and phenotypic changes that can occur in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Cryopreservation aims to preserve plant cells and tissues in a frozen state at ultra-low temperatures like liquid nitrogen. The key steps involve adding cryoprotectants, freezing, storage, thawing, and regeneration of plants. These techniques have various applications for breeding programs and conservation of plant genetic resources.
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1. Zygotic embryo culture involves the aseptic isolation and growth of sexually produced embryos in vitro with the goal of obtaining viable plants.
2. There are two main types of embryo culture: culture of immature embryos from unripe or hybrid seeds that fail to germinate, and culture of mature embryos excised from ripe seeds to avoid seed inhibition.
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3) The basic steps of micropropagating plant tissue culture, which are selection of explant tissue, sterilization, establishment in culture medium, multiplication through callus formation and shoot development, root formation, and hardening off rooted shoots before potting.
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This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy farm management, apiculture, poultry farming, animal breeding techniques, fisheries, and plant breeding. It describes practices like selecting high-yield breeds, maintaining animal health and hygiene, controlling breeding through techniques like artificial insemination, and developing disease-resistant crop varieties through methods such as cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and tissue culture. The document also discusses initiatives like the Green Revolution and Blue Revolution that have aimed to increase global food supply through agricultural advances.
Fermentation
Fermentation is a process by which microorganisms break down nutrients and produce useful products. There are several types of fermentation processes including solid state, submerged, anaerobic, and aerobic fermentation. Key requirements for fermentation include microorganisms, nutrients for growth of the microorganisms, and control of environmental factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen levels. Common fermentation products include antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Fermentors provide the controlled environment needed for efficient fermentation.
edible v - Copy.ppt
This document provides an overview of plant tissue culture and its applications. It discusses the history of plant tissue culture, fundamental principles such as totipotency and plasticity, common techniques like micropropagation and somatic cell genetics, major steps in the tissue culture process, and types of tissue culture including cell, callus, and organ culture. Applications of tissue culture covered include clonal propagation, production of secondary metabolites, genetic variability, somatic embryogenesis, haploid plant production, somatic hybridization, transgenic plants, and germplasm conservation. The document also discusses the history, rationale, ideal properties, plants used for, and target pathogens of edible vaccines - which involve expressing vaccine antigens in food crops to provide a low-cost,
In vitro culture by shahla abid
This document discusses various types of plant tissue culture techniques used for micropropagation. It describes selecting healthy plant material as an explant source, sterilizing the explant, and culturing it on nutrient media. The main types covered are organ culture using shoots, roots, leaves, or flowers; shoot apical meristem culture; seed culture; embryo culture; anther culture; pollen culture; and ovule culture. Benefits of these techniques include mass production of plant materials, production of disease-free plants, and germplasm conservation.
embryoculture ppt based on culture of embryo
This document discusses various techniques for culturing hybrid embryos, including embryo culture, ovule culture, and ovary culture. Embryo culture involves excising hybrid embryos from incompatible crosses and growing them in artificial conditions to overcome barriers to development. Key requirements for embryo culture include selecting a suitable medium, excising embryos at different developmental stages, and providing appropriate nutrients, hormones, and growth conditions. Embryo culture can be used to produce rare hybrids, develop disease-resistant plants, and propagate orchids and other plants. Ovule and ovary culture techniques are also described which can be used when embryo culture is not possible or to induce haploid production.
Topic is Micropropgation assignment.pptx
This document discusses embryo culture techniques. It begins by defining embryo culture as the sterile isolation and growth of immature or mature zygotic embryos in vitro to obtain viable plants. Embryo culture is commonly used for embryo rescue in intergeneric plant crosses. The document then discusses types of embryo culture including mature and immature embryo culture. It provides details on excising embryos and the cultural requirements for embryo growth, such as suitable media, carbohydrates, amino acids, and growth regulators. Finally, the document outlines several applications of embryo culture including producing rare hybrids, developing disease resistance, propagation of rare plants, and shortening breeding cycles.
Plant tissue culture in crop Improvement
Tissue culture is a technique used in crop improvement involving growing plant cells, tissues or organs in vitro under sterile conditions. It allows for rapid mass propagation of plants, production of disease-free planting material, and genetic improvement through techniques like protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization. Some key applications of tissue culture discussed are micropropagation, germplasm conservation, haploid and dihaploid production, embryo rescue, artificial seed production, and overcoming barriers to wide hybridization. While a powerful tool, tissue culture must be done carefully to avoid spreading pathogens and maintain genetic integrity of regenerated plants.
Seed Storage
SEED STORAGE
What is seed storage - preservation of seed with initial quality until it is needed for planting.
Stages of Seed Storage
The seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity until they germinate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise worthless.
The entire storage period can be conveniently divided into following stages.
Storage on plants ( physiological maturity until harvest).
Harvest, until processed and stored in a warehouse.
In - storage ( warehouses)
In transit ( Railway wagons, trucks, carts, railway sheds etc.).
In retail stores.
On the user's farm.
Introduction
The ability of seed to tolerate moisture loss allows the seed to maintain the viability in dry state. Storage starts in the mother plant itself when it attains physiological maturity. After harvesting the seeds are either stored in ware houses or in transit or in retail shops. During the old age days , the farmers were used farm saved seeds, in little quantity, but introduction of high yielding varieties and hybrids and modernization of agriculture necessitated the development of storage techniques to preserve the seeds.
The practice of storing the seeds starts from the ancient days itself, following simple and cheap techniques e.g. Placing the seeds in salt, red earth treatment to red gram etc. But the same practices are not hold good for the present day agriculture, because
large quantity to be stored
exchange of varieties and species
exchange of genes
The type of material to be stored decides the techniques to be followed for safe storage. Now a day’s storage technique changed from ordinary go-down storage to cryogenic tank storage and even gene storage.
Objective of seed storage
To maintain initial seed quality viz., germination, physical purity, vigour etc., all along the storage period by providing suitable or even better conditions.
Since the main objective of seed storage is maintenance of an acceptable capacity for germination and emergence, it can only be accomplished by reducing the rate of deterioration to the degree required to maintain an acceptable level of quality for the desired period.
Purpose of seed storage
Seed storage is the maintenance of high seed germination and vigour form harvest until planting. Is important to get adequate plant stands in addition to healthy and vigourous plants. Every seed operation has or should have a purpose. The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the time they are planted. Seeds have to be stored, of course, because there is usually a period of time between harvest and planting. During this period, the seed have to be kept somewhere. While the time interval between harvest and planting is the basic reason for storing seed, there are other considerations, especially in the case of extended storage of seed.
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This document discusses quality control in the food industry. It outlines several key aspects of a quality control program, including ingredient specifications, approved supplier lists, product formulations, manufacturing procedures, in-process records, packaging and labeling standards, and adherence to good manufacturing practices and sanitation. Maintaining quality is important to ensure safe, consistent food products and protect public health.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme environments. It discusses thermophiles, which grow best at high temperatures, mesophiles that prefer moderate temperatures, halophiles that require high salt concentrations, and psychrophiles capable of growth in cold temperatures. Each type is classified and key examples are provided, such as thermophiles including Thermus aquaticus and hyperthermophiles above 80°C. The document also outlines how these extremophiles are able to survive through unique enzymes and membrane adaptations.
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THE CYTOSKELETON
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. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
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EMBRYO CULTURE AND EMBRYO RESCUE
- 2. Types of Embryo Culture Mature Embryo Culture and Embryo Rescue
- 3. Mature Embryo Culture: • Mature embryos are isolated from ripe seeds and cultured in vitro
- 4. Reasons for carrying Mature Embryo culture i. When the embryos remain dormant for long periods ii. Low survival of embryos in vivo iii. To avoid inhibition in the seed for germination iv. For converting sterile seeds to viable seedlings
- 5. Embryo Rescue • Embryo rescue involves the culture of immature embryos to rescue them from unripe or hybrid seeds which fail to germinate
- 7. FACTORS INVOLVED IN EMBRYO RESCUE • Media • Temperature and Light • Time of Culture
- 8. Nutritional Requirements of Embryo Cultures • There are two phases in the embryo development and the nutritional requirement varies accordingly • Heterotrophic phase • Autotrophic phase
- 9. Composition of the Medium Salient features of medium Culture conditions
- 10. Embryo Culture Employed Plant Species • Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) X (L. peruvianum )
- 12. Barley (Hordeum sativum) x (H. bulbosum)
- 14. Jute (C. olitorius) x(Corcliorus capsularies)
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