The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.

1. Solid Waste Management
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2. 10/9/2014 SWM 2

3. What are solid wastes?
 All wastes happening from human and animal
activities
 Normally solid
 Discarded as useless or unwanted
 Urban community, Agricultural, Industrial and
Mineral wastes
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4. 10/9/2014 SWM 4

5. Materials Flow and Waste
Generation
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Secondary
manufacturing
Processing and
recovery
Consumer
Final disposal
Residual debris
Residual waste
material
Raw materials, products,
and recovered materials
Waste materials
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6. Solid Waste Management
 The discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the
best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and
other environmental considerations, and that is
also responsive to public attitudes.
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7. 10/9/2014 SWM 7

8. Solid Waste Management
(continued)
 Complex interdisciplinary relationships among
political science, city and regional planning,
geography, economics, public health,
sociology, demography, communications, and
conservation, as well as engineering and
materials science
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9. Interrelationships between the functional elements in a solid
waste management system
Waste generation
Waste handling, separation, storage, and
processing at the source
Collection
Separation and processing and
transformation of solid waste
Transfer and
transport
Disposal
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SWM

10. Waste handling, separation, storage,
and processing at the source
 Handling and separation involve the activities
associated with management of wastes until
they are placed in storage containers for
collection.
 The best place to separate waste materials for
reuse and recycling is at the source of
generation (currently, also for hazardous
wastes).
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11. Collection
 Include the gathering and the transport of these
materials
 In large cities, where the haul distance to the
point of disposal is greater than 15 miles, the
haul may have significant economic
implications.
 Transfer and transport facilities are normally
used where long distances are involved
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12. Separation and processing and
transformation of solid waste
 Separated wastes are recovered by three means, i.e.
curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centres.
 Processing includes; e.g. the separation of bulky items,
size reduction by shredding, separation of ferrous
metals using magnets.
 Transformation processes are used to reduce the
volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to
recover conversion products and energy.
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13. Transfer and Transport
1. The transfer of wastes from the smaller
collection vehicle to the larger transport
equipment
2. The subsequent transport of the wastes,
usually over long distances, to a processing
or disposal site
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14. Disposal
 Landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate
fate of all solid wastes.
 A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is
an engineered facility used for disposing of
solid wastes without creating nuisances or
hazards to public health or safety.
 EIA is required for all new landfill sites.
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15. Integrated Solid Waste
Management
“The selection and application of suitable
techniques, technologies, and management
programs to achieve specific waste
management objectives and goals”
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16. Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste
Management
 Source reduction: the most effective way to reduce
waste quantity
 Recycling: involves the separation and collection; the
preparation for reuse, reprocessing; the reuse,
reprocessing
 Waste transformation: the physical, chemical, or
biological alteration of wastes
 Landfilling: the least desirable but indispensable
mean for dealing with wastes
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17. Sources, Types, and
Composition of Industrial
Solid Wastes
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18. Sources of Solid Wastes
 Residential
 Commercial
 Institutional
 Construction and Demolition
 Municipal services
 Treatment plant sites
 Industrial
 Agricultural
Municipal solid waste
(MSW)
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19. Plastic Materials
 Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/1)
 High-density polyethylene (HDPE/2)
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3)
 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE/4)
 Polypropylene (PP/5)
 Polystyrene (PS/6)
 Other multilayered plastic materials (7)
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20. Hazardous Wastes
“Wastes or combinations of wastes
that pose a substantial present or
potential hazard to human health or
living organisms”
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21. Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process
Wastes
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22. Industrial Solid Waste Excluding Process
Wastes (cont.)
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23. 10/9/2014 SWM 23

24. 10/9/2014 SWM 24

25. Determination of the Composition
of MSW in the Field
 Residential MSW: 200 lb (90.72kg) of samples is
considered enough. To obtain a sample, the load is
first quartered. One part is then selected for
additional quartering until a sample size of about
200 lb (90.72kg) is obtained.
 Commercial and Industrial MSW: Samples
need to be taken directly from the source, not from
a mixed waste load in a collection vehicle.
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26. Physical, Chemical, and
Biological Properties of
MSW
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27. Physical Properties of MSW
 Specific weight
 Moisture content
 Particle size and size distribution
 Field capacity
 Compacted waste porosity
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28. 10/9/2014 SWM 28

29. Chemical Properties of MSW
 The four most important properties if solid
wastes are to be used as fuel are;
1. Proximate analysis
2. Fusing point of ash
3. Ultimate analysis (major elements)
4. Energy content
 The major and trace elements are required
if the MSW is to be composted or used as
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30. Proximate Analysis
 Moisture (moisture lost after heated at
105°C for 1 hr.)
 Volatile combustible matter (additional loss
of weight after ignited at 950°C)
 Fixed carbon (combustible residue after
volatile matter removal)
 Ash (weight of residue after combustion)
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31. Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste
Components
 Involves the determination of the percent
C, H, O, N, S, and ash
 Due to the chlorinated compounds
emission, the determination of halogens is
often included.
 Moreover, they are used to define the
proper mix of waste materials to achieve
suitable C/N ratios for biological
conversion processes.
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32. 10/9/2014 SWM 32

33. Energy Content of Solid Waste
Components
Determined by;
1. A full scale boiler as a calorimeter
2. A laboratory bomb calorimeter
3. Calculation, if the elemental
composition is known
1
Btu lb C H O ) 40S 10N
/ 145 610( 2 2     
8
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34. 10/9/2014 SWM 34

35. 10/9/2014 SWM 35

36. Physical Transformations
1. Component separation
2. Mechanical volume reduction
3. Mechanical size reduction
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37. Chemical Transformations
1. Combustion (chemical oxidation)
2. Pyrolysis
3. Gasification
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38. 10/9/2014 SWM 38

39. Biological Transformations
 Aerobic Composting
 Anaerobic Digestion
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40. 10/9/2014 SWM 40

41. 10/9/2014 SWM 41

42. Waste Handling and
Separation, Storage, and
Processing at The Source
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43. Waste Handling and Separation
at Commercial and Industrial
Facilities
 Relatively large containers mounted on
rollers are utilised before being emptied.
 Solid wastes from industrial facilities are
handled in the same way as those from the
commercial facilities.
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44. Storage of Solid Wastes at
The Source
 Effects of Storage on Waste Components;
biological decomposition, absorption of
fluids, contamination of waste components
 Types of Containers
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45. 10/9/2014 SWM 45

46. 10/9/2014 SWM 46

47. Processing of Solid Wastes at
the Source
 Grinding of Food Wastes
 Separation of Wastes
 Compaction
 Composting
 Combustion
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48. Collection of Solid Waste
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49. Introduction
 Difficulties arise from the complexity
of the sources of solid wastes.
 Due to the high costs of fuel and labour,
~50-70% of total money spent for
collection, transportation, and disposal
in 1992 was used on the collection
phase.
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50. Definition of Collection
“Gathering or picking up of solid wastes,
including the hauling to and unloading at
the site”
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51. 10/9/2014 SWM 51

52. 10/9/2014 SWM 52

53. Types of Collection Systems
 Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
 Stationary Container Systems (SCS)
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54. HCS: Conventional Mode
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55. HCS: Exchange Container Mode
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56. Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
Pros
 Suited for the removal of
wastes from high rate of
generation sources because
relatively large containers are
used
 Reduce handling time,
unsightly accumulations and
unsanitary conditions
 Require only one truck and
driver to complete the
collection cycle
Cons
 Each container requires a round
trip to the disposal site (or
transfer point)
 Container size and utilisation
are of great economic
importance
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57. 10/9/2014 SWM 57

58. Personnel Requirements for HCS
 Usually, a single collector-driver is used
 A driver and helper should be used, in
some cases, for safety reasons or where
hazardous wastes are to be handled
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59. SCS
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60. Stationary Container Systems (SCS)
 Can be used for the collection of all types of wastes
 There are two main types: mechanically loaded and
manually loaded
 Internal compaction mechanisms are widely use thanks
to their economical advantages
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61. Transfer Operations
Can be economical when;
1. Small, manually loaded collection vehicles are
used for residential wastes and long haul
distances are involved
2. Extremely large quantities of wastes must be
hauled over long distances
3. One transfer station can be used by a number of
collection vehicles
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62. Personnel Requirements for SCS
Mechanically
 The same as for HCS
 A driver and two helpers
are used if the containers
are at the inaccessible
locations, e.g. congested
downtown commercial
area
Manually
 The number of collectors
varies from 1 to 3
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63. Separation and Processing
and Transformation of Solid
Waste
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64. Uses for recovered materials
 Direct reuse
 Raw materials for remanufacturing and
reprocessing
 Feedstock for biological and chemical
conversion products
 Fuel source
 Land reclamation
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65. Unit Operations Used For The
Separation and Processing of Waste
Materials
 To modify the physical characteristics of the
waste
 To remove specific components and
contaminants
 To process and prepare the separated materials
for subsequent uses
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66. Shredders (a) hammermill (b) fail mill (c) shear shredder
Trommel
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67. Magnetic Separators
Baler
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68. Facilities for Handling, Moving, and Storing Waste Materials
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69. 10/9/2014 SWM 69

70. 10/9/2014 SWM 70

71. 10/9/2014 SWM 71

72. Waste Transformation Through
Combustion
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73. Waste Transformation through
Aerobic Composting
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74. Objectives of Composting
1. To stabilise the biodegradable organic
materials
2. To destroy pathogens, insect eggs, etc.
3. To retain the maximum nutrient (N,P,K)
4. To produce fertilizer
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75. Windrow
Composting
Static Pile
Composting
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76. Transfer and Transport
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77. The Need for Transfer Operations
 Direct hauling is not feasible
 Illegal dumping due to the excessive haul
distances
 Disposal sites are far from the collection
routes more than 10 mi
 Use of small-capacity collection vehicles
(< 20 yd3)
 Low-density residential service area
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78. The Need for Transfer
Operations (continued)
 The use of HCS with small containers for
commercial sources waste
 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic
collection systems
 Transfer operation is an integral part of
the operation of a MRF
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79. Types of Transfer Station
Direct-load
Storage-load
Combined direct-and
discharge-load
Storing
capacity
1-3 days
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80. Disposal of Solid Wastes
and Residual Matter
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81. 10/9/2014 SWM 81

82. Development and completion
of a landfill
Preparation of the
site for landfilling
The placement of
wastes
Postclosure
management
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83. Concerns with the Landfilling
of Solid Wastes
 The uncontrolled release of landfill gases
 The impact of landfill gases as the greenhouse
gases
 The uncontrolled release of leachate
 The breeding and harbouring of disease
vectors
 The adverse effects of the trace gases arising
from the hazardous materials
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84. “The goal for the design and
operation of a modern landfill
is to eliminate or minimize the
impacts associated with these
concerns.”
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85. 10/9/2014 SWM 85

86. 10/9/2014 SWM 86

87. 10/9/2014 SWM 87

88. 10/9/2014 SWM 88

89. 10/9/2014 SWM 89

90. 10/9/2014 SWM 90

91. 10/9/2014 SWM 91