The document discusses municipal solid waste generation and estimation, providing definitions of municipal solid waste and outlining factors that influence waste generation rates. Methods for determining waste generation rates include load count analysis, weight-volume analysis, and per capita analysis. Current waste generation rates in India, Tamil Nadu, and globally are presented, with Indian cities and towns generating an estimated 100,000 metric tons of waste per day.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
The characteristics, quantities, volume and composition of solid waste generated may differ from one country to another and between urban and rural areas.
It depends mainly upon the customs, climate, living conditions and economic standard of the area. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of data, and understood clearly. This section deals about :Solid Waste Generation ; Solid Waste Handling, Storage and Processing at the Source.
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE & REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TECHNIQ...Dr. Naveen BP
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is one of the vital issues in the
contemporary urban environment, more particularly in developing countries. Municipal solid
waste generation consists of organic and inorganic waste materials generated by various
activities of the society. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pollute all vital components of the
environment (i.e., air, land and water). This paper addresses the status of waste management
practice in Bangalore city, the state capital of Karnataka (which is one of the fastest developing
cities in Asia) and a review of waste treatment technologies adopted to keep in the trends of
waste management practice over time. The Bangalore metropolitan (BBMP) area covers an area
of 1258 sq km and with a population of about 9.0 million generates around 4000 MT/day of
municipal solid waste (MSW) at an average of 0.27 kg/day/per capita. Presently, Bangalore city
faced with the problems with such high quantities of solid waste continuously and it is planning
to upgrade its management system. The major issues in Bangalore city is open dumping without
a liner and without a leachate management facility and the threat of ground water pollution, as
well as saturation of an existing landfill site are the most pressing problems for the city today.
This paper describes the current practices of waste technologies for composting. The importance
of participatory process of each sector of society to enable waste management socio
economically sustainable and ultimately provide an environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system. The major problems in MSW management at Bangalore are due to the lack
of waste segregation at source, low operational efficiency of waste transport system with old
vehicles, low collection efficiency in newly added residential and industrial areas, and an
inefficient and informal recycling system. As per the MSW Rules, the wet waste can be collected
door-to-door in an ideally bin-less city and sent for composting, while the dry waste can be left
to the informal sector like rag pickers and kabadiwalas for recycling. The MSW Rules make it
mandatory for biodegradable urban wastes for composting / vermicomposting, etc, and bans the
burning of garbage and the dry leaves. Bangalore city might need to focus for a better solution of
waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill sites. In this context a review of solid waste
techniques adopted within India and elsewhere will be reviewed and summarized with
recommendations.
Solid Waste Management System: A Study on Cox-Bazar PourashavaKazi Mahfuzur Rahman
ABSTRACT
Solid waste management becomes a great problem now-a-days. Rapidly growing population is responsible for producing large amount of solid wastes. To develop an efficient solid waste management system the existing scenario of solid waste of a city should be known which enables to find out the problems happening regarding mismanagement of solid waste within the city. Cox’s Bazar is a well-known tourist spot both in home & abroad. As a tourist spot different types of solid wastes produced everyday by the people living in the city as well as the people coming to visit it. Low collection coverage, unavailable transport services, and lack of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management, leading to water, land and air pollution, and for putting people and the environment at risk. In such a circumstance this study has intended to unfold the institutional dimensions of solid waste management including the types & amount of wastes produced in this city and to identify solid waste management problems. A field survey has conducted to identify the current scenario of solid waste management system in Cox’s Bazar. It helps to identify the problems regarding solid waste management system which helps in this study to give some recommendations to improve the solid waste management system of Cox’s Bazar.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sources, types & composition - Municipal Solid Wastes
1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
ezhilkumar@skcet.ac.in
I only feel angry when I see waste.
When I see people throwing away things
we could use. – Mother Teresa
1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.2 – Generation and Estimation
2. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
☼ Define Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
☼ MSW generation and estimation
☼ MSW – Current scenario (Local and Regional)
1.2 – Generation and Estimation
Learning Outcomes
3. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session 1
4. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 4
Video Session 2
5. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 5
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)
MSW Rules (2000)
Definition
Includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified
areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but
including treated bio-medical wastes.
Population growth and
Urbanization are the key causes
of increase in MSW
6. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 6
MSW Generation
►Wastes generation is significant due to discarding of unwanted materials away
for disposal.
►It is a continuous activity which is not very controllable.
►Huge quantities MSW are generated in all the megacities of the world.
►Rate of generation varies with the lifestyle of the people.
America 4000 times
Western Europe 1000 times
India 150 times
Average
human
body weight
62 Kg
7. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 7
MSW Generation
Material Flow through Society
Source: Worrell et al., Soild Waste Engineering, Second
Edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.
A – Raw material input
B – Material return to the environment
There are large benefits at both A and B
♦ High rate of employment
♦ Cheaper raw material
♦ Low manufacturing cost
But equal detrimental effects
♦ No sustainable practice
♦ Exploitation of natural resources
♦ Large waste generation
8. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 8
MSW Generation
Material flow chart showing the ENERGY – WASTE – RESOURCE Nexus in
each process
Source:
Tchobanoglous G and Kreith F,
Handbook of Solid Waste
Management, McGraw-Hill,
DOI: 10.1036/0071356231.
9. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 9
MSW Generation rate
► Estimation of solid waste is important to obtain data for the following,
Quantification of waste
Composition of waste
Subsequent waste management
► It is necessary to have some statistical analysis during estimation. The standard
methodology is adopted from Standard Test for Determination of the Composition of
Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM designation D 5231-92).
► Expression for generation
Domestic and Commercial – Kg per capita pre day (Kg/c/d)
Agriculture – Kg per hectare per year (Kg/ha/yr)
10. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 10
MSW Generation rate
►Methods to determine generation rate
►Load count analysis – Involves counting of individual loads over a
specified time period. Weighing the load will be significant if done.
►Weight Volume analysis – Measuring the volume of the truck and weight
of each load will given an exhaustive data.
►Per capita analysis – The product of the determined total number of
containers, their volumes, and the average density of the solid waste,
divided by the product of the determined average number of days required
to fill a container and the population of the study area, gave the per capita
generation rate.
11. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 11
MSW Generation rate
►A typical generation rate is found by conducting a large survey in
representation of a nation, state or locality (ULBs – Urban Local Bodies)
Factors affecting generation rates
☺ Geographical location
☺ Season of the year
☺ Frequency of collection
☺ Characteristics of population
☺ Extent of salvage and recycling
☺ Legislation
☺ Public attitude
12. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 12
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
►In many cities, municipal solid waste (MSW) contains human and animal
excrement as well as hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps.
►This facilitates diseases and injury who are employed / involved in handling
and management of MSW.
Indian cities and towns:
►Per capita waste generation – 0.2 to 0.6 kg/day (CPHEEO)
►1,00,000 metric tons per day or 35 million metric tons annually in 2000 urban
locations (Hanrahan, Srivastava, and Ramakrishna 2006, World Bank Publication)
13. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 13
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
Regional MSW generation rate
Region / City MSW (Mt/day)
Metros 51,402
Other cities 2,723
East India 380
North India 6,835
South India 2,343
West India 380
Overall urban India 1,30,000
Source: Sharma (2019)
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001490
14. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 14
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
Source: Central Pollution
Control Board
15. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 15
MSW Estimates Current status of Tamil Nadu)
Generation
rate of MSW
for the
Corporation
with respect to
MSW rules in
the state of
Tamil Nadu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Chennai
Coimbatore
Dindigul
Erode
Madurai
Salem
Thanjavur
Thoothukudi
Tirunelveli
Tiruppur
Trichy
Vellore
Population in Lakhs
56%
10%
1%
3% 8%
4%
1%
2%
2%
6%
5%
2%
15%
MSW Generated (TPD)
Chennai
Coimbatore
Dindigul
Erode
Madurai
Salem
Thanjavur
Thoothukudi
Tirunelveli
Tiruppur
Trichy
Vellore
Source: TNPCB-
Annual Statement
2014-2015
16. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 16
MSW Estimates (Global View)
Source: Kawai and Tasaki, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0355-1
17. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 17
MSW Estimates (Global View)
Source: Kawai and Tasaki, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0355-1
18. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 18
MSW Estimates
A residential area consisting of 1500 houses has an average of four
residents per house. For estimating the quantity of solid waste generated,
the following observations were made at disposal site for a period of one
week. Determine the unit rate of solid waste generation.
Type of Vehicle Number of trips
Volume
(m3)
Specific Weight
(kg/m3)
I 10 15 300
II 8 2 150
III 25 0.50 100
19. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 19
MSW Estimates
Answer:
Using the given data, the total weight of the solid waste generated during one
week may be calculate as,
Type of Vehicle
Number of
trips
Volume
(m3)
Specific
Weight (kg/m3)
Total Weight
(Kg)
I 10 15 300 45,000
II 8 2 150 2,400
III 25 0.50 100 1,250
Total (Kg/week) 48,650
20. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 20
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
The unit generation rate,
=
Total quantity of wastes
No. of houses X Residents per House X Days
=
48,650
1500 X 4 X 7
= 1.1583 Kg/capita/day
21. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 21
MSW Estimates
Imagine a town where 10,000 households each fill one 350 liter container of
refuse per week. What volume would this refuse occupy in a landfill?
Assume that 10% of the volume is occupied by the cover dirt. Assume the
density of the refuse when collected is 120 Kg/m3 and is 700 Kg/m3 in the
landfill.
Answer:
The problem can be solved using a mass balance concept. Imagine the landfill as
a black box, and the refuse goes from the households to the landfill.
22. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 22
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
Mass out = Mass in
VL . DL = VP . DP
Where V and D are the volume and density of the refuse, and L and P denotes
loose and packed refuse. Assume the density of the refuse when collected is 120
Kg/m3 and is 700 Kg/m3 in the landfill.
VL . DL = VP . DP
((10,000 households) (350
lit/household) (0.0245 m3/lit)) (120
Kg/m3)
= VP. (700 Kg/m3)
23. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 23
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
VP = 14,700 m3
If 10% of the total volume occupied is taken up by the cover dirt, then the total
landfill volume necessary to dispose of this waste is
T = 14,700 + 0.10T (where T is the total volume)
T = 16,170 m3.
24. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 24
Assessment Time
Review
Question Investigate and report the approximate composition of solid
waste produced at your institute? Indicate your estimates.
Make sure your answers sum to 100 percent.
Submit a table showing the fraction of each component.
25. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 25