This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with a brief history of waste management from pre-modern to modern times. It then defines key terms related to solid waste and classifications of different types of solid waste. The document discusses the public health importance of solid waste management and factors to consider for solid waste disposal methods. It also covers topics like waste storage, collection, transportation, and different disposal methods including compositing, incineration, and landfilling.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Solid waste management is responsibility of us all. Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting and treating and recycling solid wastes. Some of the common solid wastes obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes. Solid waste refers to any unwanted product in our environment or from our daily items that is not a liquid or gas. The solid wastes on improper disposal affects the environment in many different ways such as the pollution in air, water and soil and the spread of diseases like dysentery, dengue yellow fevers and so on. Vulnerable groups such as children are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Poor waste collection leads to environmental and marine pollution and can block water drains. Resulting flooding and other standing waters in waste items favour cholera and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. We can significantly reduce the amount of solid waste by following some basic principles of reducing the amount of waste that is created, reusing materials that would otherwise be discarded, by recycling materials and by using recycled materials.
1.Introduction
2.Definition
3.Classification
a) based on source or origin
b) based on nature of waste
#Non hazardous or solid waste
#Hazardous waste
4. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste
Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as waste
Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Solid waste management is responsibility of us all. Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting and treating and recycling solid wastes. Some of the common solid wastes obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes. Solid waste refers to any unwanted product in our environment or from our daily items that is not a liquid or gas. The solid wastes on improper disposal affects the environment in many different ways such as the pollution in air, water and soil and the spread of diseases like dysentery, dengue yellow fevers and so on. Vulnerable groups such as children are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Poor waste collection leads to environmental and marine pollution and can block water drains. Resulting flooding and other standing waters in waste items favour cholera and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. We can significantly reduce the amount of solid waste by following some basic principles of reducing the amount of waste that is created, reusing materials that would otherwise be discarded, by recycling materials and by using recycled materials.
1.Introduction
2.Definition
3.Classification
a) based on source or origin
b) based on nature of waste
#Non hazardous or solid waste
#Hazardous waste
4. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste
Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as waste
Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. Presentation Outline
Introduction
History of waste management
Background
Classification of different waste solid wastes
PHI significance of Solid Waste
Factor influencing SWM
Collection and transportation SW
SW Disposal and Management
Benefits of SWM
Challenges during SWM
2
3. History of Waste management
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste
generated by humans was insignificant due to low
population density and low societal levels of the
exploitation of natural resources.
Common waste produced during pre-modern times
was mainly ashes and human biodegradable
waste, and these were released back into the
ground locally, with minimum environmental
impact.
3
4. Modern Era
onset of industrialisation and the sustained urban growth of large
population centre the build-up of waste in the cities caused a
rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of
urban life.
The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste
clearance regulations
Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with waste
removal powers occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in
London proposed that "...as the preservation of the health of the
people is of great importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of
this city, should be put under one uniform public management,
4
5. Introduction
Operation Definition;
waste :Any item or substance for which the immediate owner can
find no particular use and of which disposal is necessary.
Solid waste: Includes refuse, garbage, sludge e.t.c generated from
waste or water or water treatment plant or air pollution control
facility.
Leachate: Liquid resulting from precipitation that percolates
through landfill and contains H2O, decomposed waste matter,
bacteria and chemical substances.
5
6. Con’t Intro….
Refuse: All biodegradable and non-biodegradable material that is
discarded or rejected and includes but not limited to garbage,
rubbish, ash, sweepings, dead animals etc.
Garbage: Biodegradable waste of both animal and vegetable
matter which results from where food is stored, prepared or served.
Biodegradable Materials: Waste material capable of being broken
down, usually by bacteria into basic elements e.g. food remains,
paper e.t.c.
6
7. Con’t… Intro….
Infectious waste: Waste generated by health units, pharmacies,
labs, and drug shops; these include surgical, obstetric
gynecological and biological wastes from patients, isolation,
serum, drugs that can be infectious to humans.
Municipal solid waste: Non hazardous waste generated in
houses, commercial areas, industries & institution excluding
wastes from industrial processing plants, agricultural wastes,
mining & sewage sludge.
7
8. Con’t Intro
Definition of SWM
Is processes undertaken from solid waste generation, storage,
transportation and disposal.
8
9. BACKGROUND OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN KAMPALA
Each household in Uganda generates approximately 1 tonne of Domestic Waste
per year.
In Kampala city alone Domestic waste generation rates range between o.5 -1.1
Kgs per day. With a population estimates at 1.5 million,
The estimate of waste per capita generation per day is 0.5kg giving us 750 Tonnes
generated per day.
Solid waste generation is higher among high income earner population.
Average collection is 45-50% of this and so on daily basis collection amounts to
375 tones.
In composition, plastics underwhich polythene falls account for 1.6% with the
highest being 73.8% for vegetable matter with the rest being tree cuttings, glass,
metals, paper.etc. Kampala city A. generates ~800tones of domestic waste per
day
9
10. Classification of SW
Solid waste can be classified under the following categories
Domestic wastes, wastes generated from household
E-Waste, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their
"useful life."
Industrial wastes(can be processing or manufacturing)
Street wastes and litter(dust, litter, motor parts, fallen leaves, waste
papers, plastic bags, maize cobs)
Commercial wastes from big establishments like bookshops,
supermarkets, hotels, hostels, training institutions and shops
Garden/ agricultural wastes; town e.g cut grass, maize cobs, leaves of
trees, twigs from trimmed flowers, fallen twigs from trees e.t.c
Hospital wastes, HFs,pharm, labs, and drug shops; e.g. biological
wastes from patients, isolation, serum, drugs that can be infectious to
humans
10
11. PHI significance of SWM
High Disease Burden e.g. Diarrhoeal illnesses injuries e.t.c
Open burning of solid waste poses a potential risk to air pollution
Occupational Hazards especially those working at the waste
management departments
Environmental Pollution
Increased costs of Solid waste management
Contamination of underground water
SW can provide breeding grounds for vectors and rodents such as
flies, cockroaches, rats, mosquitoes e.t.c
11
12. Factors to consider when choosing
a disposal Method
Considerations for selection of a disposal method;
Climatic conditions.
Social cultural perceptions and benefits.
The economic status of the community.
Availability of land.
Potential use of the by-products.
Cost and consequences of method.
Health of the working community.
Quality and quantity of the Solid Waste generated.
12
13. WASTE Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in
terms of waste minimisation
The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimisation
strategies.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical
benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste
The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic
premise is for policy to take action first and prevent the generation of
waste
The next step of action is to reduce the generation of waste i.e. by re-use,
recycling which would include composting. Following this step is material
recovery and waste-to-energy. Energy can be recovered from processes
i.e. landfill and combustion, at this level of the hierarchy. The final action is
disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery
13
15. Storage of Solid waste
Is the responsibility of those that generate the waste.
Methods involved in storage are dependant on the nature
and quantity of the waste generated, method of collection
and transportation.
Periods of storage needs to be in a dry season wet refuse is
offensive and difficult to handle and good breeding environment
for vectors-flies, rats, mosquitoes e.t.c.
15
16. Storage of Solid waste
16
Moulded plastic, wheeled waste
bin in Berkshire, England
17. Storage con’t (storage
facilities)MSW
Standard metal dustbins usually galvanized iron or steel: (H2O
tight, rust, fire resistant, and fitted with tight fitting cover).
Plastic sacks/bags/ containers: Generally not recommended for
SW storage because its not environmentally friendly.
Litter bins : Small receptacles used in streets, parks vary btn 5-20L
Skips or metal containers: Usually made from fabricated steel
sheets.
17
18. Con’t … storage
Refuse chutes: Used in multiple storied buildings for storage and
collection of solid waste; chute terminates into a specially
constructed closed chamber on the ground floor, which has a
container to receive the waste.
Depots or refuse Bankers: Are usually sited where populations are
dense e.g. markets. Have a durable concrete floor.
Garchey System: A devise from French origin in which waste water
from the kitchen sinks is utilized to propel refuse from flats by
gravitation and flushing (H2O carriage) to the lower levels of the
building.
Garbage Grinder: A provision in the kitchen sink where waste is fed
in to an apparatus containing grinder or cutters that is housed
under the sink
18
19. Collection SW
Most problematic phase; due to its cost in terms of labor,
equipment thus more expensive.
Needs trained staff and planned collection routes
Components of refuse collection:
Travel requirements; i.e. from source to disposal sites.
Collection process i.e. transfer from sites to tracks,
travel to disposal sites & delivery at the disposal site
19
20. Collection of solid waste
20
Waste management in Stockholm, Sweden Waste management in Kathmandu,
Nepal
21. Major focus of SWM disposal
methods
The method selected should be able to;
Reduce the solid wasted generated
Prevent diseases from the waste.
Properly manage and separate hazardous materials.
Possibility of energy generation and recycling.
The disposal mechanism should be in a sanitary manner.
21
22. Methods of Disposal of Solid
waste
Decomposition.
Incineration.
Sanitary Land filling / Controlled tipping
Recycling
Burial of the dead
Human Excreta disposal
Energy recovery
22
23. Compositing
Involves breakdown of biodegradable waste through natural
processes of decay to produce humus.
Factors to consider before compositing;
Composition of solid waste,
Demand for the composite/salvaged non biodegradable
material,
production of nuisances to neighboring settlements
Public acceptance of use of the sludge/excreta.
Disposal of biodegradable material.
23
24. Steps involved in compositing
Separation of materials i.e. bio and non bio-
degradable items.
Shredding or Grinding; Increases the surface area
for bacterial to work.
Blending or proportioning of materials
24
25. An active Compost
25
An active composit heap.
Recoverable materials that are
organic in nature, such as plant
material, food peeling, and paper
products, can be recovered through
composting and digestion
processes to decompose the organic
matter
26. Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are
subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous
products
This process reduces the volumes of solid waste with a purpose is to
destroy pathogens.
Best way to reduce the weight and volume of the waste in the shortest
time possible.
Different from open Burning of the waste (done at a small scale and
depends on location and nature of waste).
It requires a careful control of the 3 Ts i.e. time, temperature 750-1000c
and turbulence to achieve complete combustion.
3 progress stages of incineration; Dry stage, combustion stage and burnt
out stage (ash/cinder)
26
28. Sanitary Land filling
Landfilling is the primary means of disposal of both residual
municipal solid waste and many hazardous wastes.
Landfilling describes the act of disposing of waste materials to
land by;
◦ Infilling quarries or depressions on the land.
◦ Raising the level of land by landfilling over the land surface.
28
29. Con’t Landfills
Choosing a site for a landfill, the following should be considered;
Minimum distance from the city should be 10-15 miles
Site must be structurally sound and free from potential problems
such as landslides and flooding
Should be >200 feet from water source, 500feet from human
habitation.
Projection of amount of waste to be generated aids size of land
required
29
30. Con’t …..
Landfill technology is the only available safe
technology for final disposal of waste worldwide
Method of MSW disposal with reduced impact on
PH and sanitation.
Intermediate stages such as incineration are used to
reduce volumes of waste going to landfills to extend
landfill life.
Transfer stations are used to reduce waste
transportation cost to landfills in distant places.
30
31. Controlled tipping
Controlled tipping involves pouring of solid wastes in layers,
compacting each layer and then covering it with a layer of inert
material e.g soil.
This is to prevent flies, mosquitoes and rats from breeding and to
avoid smell nuisance, contamination of ground and other water
sources, fire hazards and scavengers.
The solid wastes are dumped in layers not more than 2m deep and
then covered with a layer of earth to a depth of 225mm or 150 mm
Vehicles should move in the direction of the tipping in order to
compact the waste
31
32. Works in a landfill
32
Landfill Compactor Mpererwe
sanitary Landfill
33. Leachate
The liquid has a high Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD), hence can affect aquatic and plant life.
AIM: Is to reduce leachate production through
diversion of rain wash off.
33
34. Leachate Treatment processes
Collection via collection points in the landfill.
Equalization; equalizes the flow thru a constant unit of treatment.
Lagoon can be formed in case of excessive flow. PH neutralization is
done.
Pre-settling: of heavy solids.
Aeration: Add O2 to oxidize metals with production of inert oxide
precipitates. Can also involve biological treatment, sedimentation of
heavy solids and removal of metals by bio-sorption & precipitation.
Clarification; Removal of light suspended solids that give the color to
leachate
34
35. Other Disposal Method
Earth burial
Burning or cremation
Some methods practiced but not hygienic
Barging into the sea . Sewing up a corpse in canvas and then
dropping it into the sea with some weight to ensure it sinks. Osama
Bin Laden
Leaving dead bodies in open isolated places to be eaten by
animals and birds of prey like in cultures, Bathing and sleeping with
the dead, e.t.c
35
36. Management of Human
Excreta
Human excreta can be both dangerous and useful.
Man produces around 100-200g of fecal matter and
2litres of urine daily.
It contains N2, Phosphorous, Sulphur and other
inorganic compounds &H2O.
36
37. Disposal Methods for Human
Excreta
On-site disposal: it remains where it is deposited.
Off site disposal: transported to a treatment plant for
final disposal.
37
38. On-site disposal of human
excreta
Pit Latrine.
VIP pit
Pour Flush Toilet
Aqua Privy
Ecological Sanitation Latrine
Ecosan Toilet
Septic Tank
38
39. Off site disposal
Waste is transported to distant larger sewage treatment centres
away from the area of generation; e.g. at Bugolobi.
39
40. Recycling
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers
to the collection and reuse of waste materials such
as empty beverage containers and other materials.
The materials from which the items are made can
be reprocessed into new products.
Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside
collection
40
42. Energy recovery
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable
waste materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety
of processes, including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion,
and landfill gas recovery.
This process is often called waste-to-Energy
Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste
management hierarchy energy.
Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management.
Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into
electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can
reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil
sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills.
42
44. Benefits of Solid Waste
Management
Waste is not something that should be discarded or disposed of
with no regard for future use.
It can be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through
policy and practice. With rational and consistent waste
management practices there is an opportunity to reap a range of
benefits. Those benefits include:
Economic: (valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the
potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.)
Social: By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste
management practices.
Environmental: can provide improved air and water quality and
help in the reduction of greenhouse emissions.
Inter-generational Equity: generations a more robust economy, a
fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.
44
45. Challenges in SWM
many struggle due to weak institutions, chronic under-
resourcing and rapid urbanization.
Problems with governance also complicate the situation.
Inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites and the
problems are worsening
45
46. References:
1. Eawang, Zurbrugg (2003); Solid waste management in
developing countries
2. Waste Management (2013). "Editorial Board/Aims & Scopes".
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