SOLID WASTE Management System

1. SOLID WASTE,
SOLID WASTE,
A Management System
A Management System
Military Technical College
Military Technical College
Civil Engineering Department
Civil Engineering Department
By:
Dr. NABIL AMER
Feb. 2018

2. Research Hypothesis
The collection and disposal of solid wastes is a
rapidly developing area of environmental engineering.
As land becomes more limited and regulations increase,
the solid waste generator must employ improved and
new technology. Furthermore, recovery and reuse are
important new elements of solid waste management.

3. Research Objective
This research supplies detailed engineering data for
the study, design and construction of modern solid
waste management system.

4. Solid Wastes: Definition
Solid Wastes are by definition those wastes
other than liquids or gases which are deemed by their
owner to no longer posses value and are thus discarded.

5. Solid Wastes Sources
•Solid waste generation can be subdivided into
residential and non-residential, depending on its
source.
•Residential wastes are generally considered to be
household-type waste, while non-residential
includes commerical, light industrial, and other
wastes.

6. Solid Waste
Management System

7. Solid Waste
Management System
Activities in which
materials are identified
as no longer being of
value
Waste Generation

8. Solid Waste
Management System
Storage
Waste Generation
Activities associated
with handling, storage,
and processing of solid
wastes at or near point
of generation.

9. Solid Waste
Management System
Collection
Waste Generation
Storage
Activities associated
with the gathering of
solid wastes and
handling of wastes to
transfer stations

10. Solid Waste
Management System
Transfer & Transport
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection
I- Activities associated with the
transfer of wastes from smaller
collection sites to larger transport
equipement
II- Transfer of wastes
to disposal sites
Disposal
Processing & Recovery

11. Solid Waste
Management System
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection
Processing & Recovery
Transfer & Transport
Disposal
Techniques, equipment, and
facilities to recover usable
materials, conversion products or
energy from solid wastes.

12. Solid Waste
Management System
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection
Processing & Recovery
Transfer & Transport
Disposal
Activities associated with ultimate disposal of
solid wastes, sludge from wastewater
treatment plants, incinerators, residues of
composts.

13. Complete Solid Waste
Management System
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection
Processing & Recovery
Transfer & Transport
Disposal
Inter-relationship of functional elements comprising a
solid-waste management system

14. Municipal Solid Wastes
Cairo Statistics
Type Source Percent
Paper Packaging 21.2%
Organic Food wastes 46%
Metals Cans 2.4%
Plastics Containers 3.8%
Textiles Clothes, rags, etc
.. 2.4%
Glass Bottles 1.7%
Others Bones, dirt, soil, etc
.. 22.5%

15. Waste Generation
Cairo Districts (kg/d/capita)
District Amount (kg/d/capita)
Bulaq 0.416
Embaba 0.426
El-Agouza 0.487
El-Dokki 0.506
El-Giza 0.538
El-Haram 0.461
Average 0.444

16. Waste Generation
Foreign Countries (kg/d/capita)
Country Waste Generation
Canada 1.7
Australia 1.6
U.S.A. 1.6
West Germany 1.4
Switzerland 1.3
Netherlands 1.1
United Kingdom 0.9
Japan 0.9
Sweden 0.8
China 0.5

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTES
 Hazardous wastes means waste that
require special precautions in its storage ,
collection , transportation , treatment or
disposal or prevent damage to persons or
property , and includes explosives ,
flammable ,volatile ,radioactive , toxic and
pathological wastes.

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 1.Physical Properties .
 2.Chemical properties.
 3.Biological properties.

19. Physical Properties
 Including the specific weight ;moisture
content , particle size ,field capacity
and permeability consideration

20. CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
 We consider proximate and ultimate
analysis . the first property which
determines the amount of surrogate in
place in real chemical contents .

21. BIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
 Medicinal waste belong to this category .
they contain pathogens , bacteria or virus
leading to some disease . they pose great
hazards to public and once must handle
them with care .

22. Introduction
The major problem of nuclear waste is
what to do with it.
there are several ways in which nuclear
waste is stored.
In most cases a viable long-term solution
for waste storage has yet to be found.
This is because the time period for storage
is so incredibly long, on the order of
thousands of years.

23. Classification of
nuclear waste
The use of radioactivity generates radioactive
waste, classified according to two criteria:
the intensity of radioactivity, which determines
the levels of protection required to manage the
waste effectively
,
the "lifetime" of most of the radio elements
present, defining how long the waste will
remain potentially harmful
.
Each type of waste calls for specific management

24. Medical Wastes
 Medical waste is defined as waste
consisting of:
 a) a needle, syringe with needle, surgical
instrument
 b) human tissue, bone, organ, body part or
foetus
 c) a vessel, bag or tube containing a liquid
body substance;

25. Classification of Medical
Waste
We group them into several groups
:
1-HUMAN BLOOD AND ITS PRODUCTS
2-CULTURE AND STOCKS AGENTS
3-PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
4-CONTAMINATED SHARPS
5-CONTAMINATED LABORATORY WASTE
6-DISCARDED BIOLOGICAL WASTE
7-CONTAMINED INSTRUMENT, BEDDING
SETTS

26. Collection & Transfer Operations
• The most costly element of refuse service is collection
and transfer 75-80% of the solid waste budget is spent on
collection and transfer costs.
• Routing:
The steps involved in establishing a collection route are:
1. Define the collection area
2. Assign disposal sites
3. Establish daily zones
4. Balance daily vehicle assignments
5. Route vehicles within daily district

27. Transfer & Transport
The functional element of transfer and transport
refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances used
to affect the transfer of wastes from relatively small
collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport
them over extended distances to either processing
centers or disposal sites.
Transfer and transport operations become a necessity
when haul distances to available disposal sites or
processing centers increase to the point that direct
hauling is no longer economically feasible.

28. Break-Even Analysis

29. Solid Waste Vehicle

30. Direct Charge Transfer Station

31. Storage-Discharge
System

32. Processing
Describes the application of:
 Shredding: Solid wastes are typically subjected to
shredding prior to its introduction to any separation
operation using flat mills, hammer mills or impactors.
 Separation methods: Magnetic ferrous separation,
Air classification
 Balling: Compression process for the significant
reduction of volume occupied by the solid waste

33. Recovery & Reuse
Composting
Biodegradation of organic constituents in wastes (solid
wastes & waste water sludge)
An ancient practice whereby farmers convert organic
wastes into soil amendments. These amendments were
used to stabilize soils from erosion, provide nutrients.

34. Composting System
The selection of composting system and design
facilities depends on:
1. Site
2. Climate
3. Sludge characteristics
4. Solid waste characteristics
5. Bulking materials

35. Composting Methods
Windrow methods
Static Pile
Vertical Systems
Mixing sludge with a bulking
material and periodically turning
the mass
Most widely used, mixing sludge
with bulking materials and placing
the mixture over perforated pipes
(aerating system through blowers)
Using round or square bins, silos or
towers. Materials enter the top of the
unit and extracted at bottom after
composting. Air is forced from
bottom.

36. Energy from Solid Waste
 Energy recovered offers a direct economic benefit
and less demands on treatment and disposal
requirements.
Solid wastes are used to produce steam and
electricity.

37. Heating Values
 The quantity of heat generated by complete
combustion of a fuel is known as the heating value,
heat of combustion or calorific value.
The heating value (or energy content) of most solid
wastes is roughly by 1/3rd
to ½ the heating value of
coal.

38. Heating Values
 Heating values are usually expressed in units of:
1. Kilocalories per cubic meter.
2. BTU per cubic foot
3. BTU per pound
 Heating value of all solid waste fuels may be
reported in four ways:
1. As-received
2. Dry
3. Ash-free
4. Dry and ash free

39. Heating Values
Paper 7.750 Btu/1b 4.300 kcal/kg
Plastic 18.000 Btu/1b 10.000 kcal/kg
Wood 8.000 Btu/1b 4.400 kcal/kg
Other organics 2.000 Btu/1b 1,100 kcal/kg

40. ASTM Classification
Category Description
RDF-1
Municipal solid wastes (MSW) used as a fuel in as-discarded form
(without oversize bulky waste)
RDF-2
MSW processed to coarse particle size with or without ferrous metal
separation. (The particle size of this material is such that 95 weight
percent passes through a 6-in (15-cm) square mesh screen)
RDF-3
Shredded fuel derived from MSW that has been processed to remove
metal, glass, and other inorganic. This material has a article size such that
95 weight percent passes through a 2-in (50-mm) square mesh screen.
RDF-4
Combustible waste-processed into powdered form-95 weight percent
passing 10-mesh screening (0.035 in or 0.89 mm).
RDF-5
Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the form of pellets, slugs,
cubettes, or briquettes.
RDF-6 Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel
RDF-7 Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel

41. Energy Recovery Technologies
 Waterfall incinerator
 Modular incinerator
 Refuse-derived fuels
 Pyrolysis
 Anaerobic digestion
 Landfill gas recovery

42. Incineration
A process prior to land disposal, and when properly
designed and operated:
1. Volume reduction of the solid wastes.
2. The residue will be free from putrescible organic
materials.
3. Reduce the potential for ground water pollution
from organic and hazardous constituents.

43. Incinerator

44. Reuse

45. Sanitary Landfilling
 Process that concern with the baring of the solid
wastes with compaction and in engineering way.
Landfill is applied widely with big differences in the
quality (design, management) in the different
countries, reflecting the economic and social
development.

46. Municipal Solid Waste
The rate of the national production of MSW which is
directly landfill:
Switzerland, Japan, France, Denmark,
Netherlands
30-50%
Italy, Germany, Canada, UK, Austria 70-95%
Rest of world 95-100%

47. Scheme of ISWM
(Integrated Solid Waste Management)

48. Landfill Life Cycle
Landfill has different phases in its life cycle:
 Planning Phase
 Construction Phase
 Operation Phase
 Completed Phase
 Final Storage Phase

49. Leachate
Factors governing the formation of leachate:
 Water availability
Rainfall, surface water,
sludge water content,
irrigation of final cover
Types of soil, slopes
Density, tipping method,
moisture content
Soil properties in site
 Characteristics of final cover
 Characteristics of tipped
waste
 Method of impermeabilization

50. Liner System

51. Liner & Cover

52. Containment of landfill
leachate with clay liners
Criteria that should be considered for liner design:
1. Efficiency
2. Damage resistance
3. Long term performance
4. Availability

53. Leachate Collection &
Removal Systems (LCRS)
Collect leachate and discharge it to defined sites
outside the landfill avoiding leachate build up at
landfill bottom

54. Base lining system
configuration

55. Cover lining system

56. Gas Production
The total gas production from municipal solid waste
produced in West Germany is approximately 120-150
m3
per ton of dry solids.
The methane content of landfill gas is somewhere
55 to 65% with the rest mainly CO2

57. Gas Production
The most important influencing factors concerning
planning and construction of landfill gas extraction
systems are:
-Settling
-Water tables in landfills
-Condensate
-Gas quality

58. Gas Plant

59. Gas Production