The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.

1. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

8. SOLAR CELL CLASSIFICATION On Basis of thickness of active material On Basis of type of junction structure On basis of type of active material used in its fabrication

12. A typical panel: Series-Parallel Connection of modules.

15. MPPT using a Buck-Boost Converter

18. A general stand-alone solar PV system

19. A general Grid-Interactive solar PV system

21. A 200 KW Grid-Interactive plant at punjab Solar Lighting Water Pumping Solar Lantern