Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
An Overview of Photovoltaic Systems or PV Systems. This PPT outlines what a solar systems is and what it is consisted of. From solar panels to charge controller to deep cycle batteries to the inverter.
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
Here, is the first presentation on slideshare on how to make a working model of a hydroelectric and solar power plant and present your model through the presentation. It will provide you enough information on the model when you are going to present it from school. It will prove to be very helpful for your science projects.
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NIKHIL MEHTA
A review on the paper "The study of bio-electricity in plants and their application as power sources" by Yifan Xu, Danqin Feng, Jiangsu Tianyi High School
concentrated solar power technology - cspSANTHOSHRAJ60
From these slides, you can able to view the diverse application of concentrated solar power technology. And the thriving global market statistics of CSP technology. The future goals and current technology of CSP operation in India and globally.
SOLAR ENERGY - The Future Requirement Arjun Martin
A Power Point Presentation on THE SUN, SOLAR ENERGY, IT'S ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, VARIOUS SOLAR MISSIONS, SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTERS and IT'S MECHANISM along with other FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.....
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Contents
1. Solar power-The scientific power parameters.
2. Need of Solar Energy
3. Available solar energy.
4. Capturing the solar energy- Concentrators.
5. Solar power generation(thermal).
6. Stirling Engine
7. Solar Power Generation voltaic.
8. Solar cell types
9. Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)
10. Performance of Solar Power Plants.
11. Global short term and long term forecast.
12. India and the solar power
13. Engineering Challenges
14. References
3. Solar power
(The scientific power parameters)
• The earth receives more energy from the Sun in just one
hour than the world's population uses in a whole year.
• The total solar energy flux intercepted by the earth on any
particular day = 4.2 X 1018 Watthours or 1.5 X 1022 Joules
(or 6.26 X 1020 Joules per hour ).
• This is equivalent to burning 360 billion tons of oil ( toe )
per day or 15 Billion toe per hour.
• In fact the world's total energy consumption of all forms in
the year 2000 was only 4.24 X 1020 Joules. In year 2005 it
was 10,537 Mtoe.
4. Need of Solar Energy
• Solar power generation has emerged as one of
the most rapidly growing renewable sources of
electricity.
• Solar power generation has several advantages
over other forms of electricity generation:-
1. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels.
2. Environmental Advantages.
3. Matching Peak Time Output with Peak Time
Demand.
4. Modularity and Scalability.
5. Flexible Locations
5. Available solar energy
• Earth's cross sectional area is 127,400,000 km², the total Sun's power
intercepted by the Earth is 1.740×1017 Watts.
• But as it rotates, no energy is received during the night and the Sun's
energy is distributed across the Earth's entire surface area, most of
which is not normal to the Sun's rays for most of the day, so that the
average insolation is only 1/4th of the solar constant or about 342
Watts per square meter
• Thus the average power intercepted at any time by the earth's surface
is around 127.4 X 106 X 106 X 200 = 25.4 X 1015 Watts or 25,400
TeraWatts.
• Integrating this power over the whole year the total solar energy
received by the earth will be:
25,400 TW X 24 X 365 = 222,504,000 TeraWatthours(TWh)
6.
7. Capturing Solar Energy
Solar energy can be captured in two forms, either as heat or as
electrical energy.
• Thermal Systems
Thermal systems capture the Sun's heat energy (infra red radiation)
in some form of solar collector and use it to mostly to provide hot
water or for space heating, but the heat can also used to generate
electricity by heating the working fluid in heat engine which in turn
drives a generator.
• Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic systems capture the sun's higher frequency radiation
(visible and ultra violet) in an array of semiconductor, photovoltaic
cells which convert the radiant energy directly into electricity.
8. Concentrators
Typical concentrators are constructed from parabolic mirrors which reflect
the Sun's parallel rays on to a single spot at the focus of the mirror.
1. Parabolic Dish
2. Parabolic Trough
9. 3. Power Tower
An alternative concentrator arrangement is the Power Tower which uses a large array
of parabolic mirrors focused on a solar furnace mounted on the top of a tower.
Because of the long focal length, the mirrors are almost flat.
4. Heliostats
These are sun tracking mirrors which are used to reflect the sun onto the top of a
solar power tower.
10. Solar Power Generation (Thermal)
• A solar thermal power plant usually has a system of mirrors to concentrate
the sunlight on to an absorber, the absorbed energy then being used to
power a heat engine which in turn drives a rotary generator.
• In large scale systems, the heat engine is usually a turbine driven by steam
or other vaporous working fluid. In small scale systems the heat engine
may be a Stirling engine.
11. Stirling Engine
• A heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and
expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different
temperatures.
• there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
• The Stirling engine is noted for:-
high efficiency compared to steam engines
quiet operation
ability to use almost any heat source.
12. Electrical Energy Storage
• Batteries are normally used as a buffer to provide the necessary
storage to guarantee short term continuity of supply
• By storing surplus energy during the day for use during the night
and during periods of overcast skies.
• Unfortunately it is not practical to store the summer's surplus
energy for use during the winter
• Hence to overcome this Thermal Energy Storage is used.
Thermal Energy Storage
• The use of molten salts to provide the capture, storage and
release of solar energy has recently been demonstrated.
• The Solana concentrating solar thermal plant in Arizona which
uses molten salt storage can keep delivering power for six hours
after sunset.
13. Solar Power Generation (Voltaic)
Solar voltaic power generation is the direct conversion of solar
energy into electricity.
How Solar Cells Work
• A photon with sufficient energy impinges upon a semiconductor
• It can transfer enough energy to a electron to free it from the
bonds of the semiconductor's valence band
• Hence it is free to move and thus carry an electric current.
• The junction in a semiconductor diode provides the necessary
electric field to cause the current to flow in an external circuit
14. Conversion Efficiencies
•The typical output voltage of a PV cell is between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts and the
energy conversion efficiency ranges from less than 10% to over 20%.
•An array of cells can therefore generate
200 Watts of electrical power per square metre when illuminated by solar
radiation of 1000 Watts per square metre.
The corresponding current density
400 Amps/m2.
Because of climatic conditions the intensity of the insolation rarely reaches
1000 W/m2.
15. Solar Cell Types
Several types of solar cells have been developed with the aims of
reducing costs and improving efficiencies.
1. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
2. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
3. Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells
4. Organic PV Solar Cells
5. Multi Layer (Tandem) Solar Cells
6. Exotic Materials
7. Electrochemical Solar Cells - Dye Sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC
or Grätzel Cells)
16. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
• Power source will deliver its maximum power to a load when load has
the same impedance as the internal impedance of the power
source(Jacobi's Law).
• Unfortunately, batteries are far from the ideal load for a solar array and
the mismatch results in major efficiency losses.
• In its simplest form, charging is carried out by connecting the PV array
directly across the battery.
• The battery however is a power source itself and presents an
opposing voltage to the PV array.
• This pulls the operating voltage of the array down to the voltage of
the discharged battery and this is far from the optimum operating
point of the array.
17. •The diagram shows the basic building blocks of a small stand-alone off-grid PV
power generating system.
• A grid connected system would not need the battery and MPPT power tracking
system.
• They do however need alternative capacity to come on stream to carry the load
during the hours of darkness.
18. Performance of solar power plants
• The performance of solar power plants is best defined by the
Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) , which is the ratio of the actual
electricity output from the plant, to the maximum possible output
during the year.
The following factors are considered key performance indicators:
1. Radiation at the site
2. Losses in PV systems
3. Temperature and climatic conditions
4. Design parameters of the plant
5. Inverter efficiency
6. Module Degradation due to aging
19. • Solar Photovoltaic is a key technology option to realize the
shift to a decarbonised energy supply.
• Globally, the solar PV grid connected capacity has increased
from 15.2 GW in 2008 to 56.3 GW in 2014 and was 72.1 GW at
the beginning of 2015.
• The growth trend is continuing and is likely to explode once
the grid parity is achieved.
20. Global Short term forecast
• The European Photovoltaic Industry Association(EPIA) expects the
fastest PV growth to continue in China, South-East Asia, Latin
America, the Middle-East, North Africa, and India.
• By 2018, worldwide capacity is projected to reach between 321
GW (low scenario) and 430 GW (high scenario). This corresponds to
a doubling or tripling of installed capacity within five years.
Global Long Term Forecast
• IEA's long-term scenario for 2050 describes worldwide solar
photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal (CSP) capacity to reach
4,600 GW and 1,000 GW, respectively.
• In order to achieve IEA's projection, PV deployment of 124 GW and
investments of $225 billion are required annually (about three and
two times of current levels).
• Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generated by solar PV would
cost between 4 to 16 US-cents per kilowatt-hour by 2050 which
would be much more lower than even the parity levels.
21.
22. India and the solar power
• The Indian government has launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) with a target of achieving 20000 MW by 2022.
• The scheme also aims at strengthening indigenous manufacturing
capability, and achieving 15 million sq. meters solar thermal collector area
by 2017 and 20 million by 2022.
• One of the steps to achieve this will be to make solar heaters mandatory
by incorporating byelaws in the National Building Code. Deployment of 20
million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022 is also part of the
scheme.
• At 750MW, Madhya Pradesh to get world’s largest solar
power plant by next year August.
• The expected cost of power production is pegged at Rs 5 per/unit which
would be lower than production costs in any solar project in the country,
including the one at Neemuch in MP and Mehsana and Patan in Gujarat.
23. Engineering challenges
• Current standard cells have a theoretical maximum efficiency of 31
percent because of the electronic properties of the silicon material. But
new materials, arranged in novel ways, have exceeded 40 percent
efficiency which need to be employed.
• Another idea for enhancing efficiency involves developments in
nanotechnology.
• To eliminate the storage problem, a possible solution could mimic the
biological capture of sunshine by photosynthesis in plants, which stores
the sun’s energy in the chemical bonds of molecules that can be used as
food. The plant’s way of using sunlight to produce food could be
duplicated by people to produce fuel.