Earth Systems and Resources
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An overview of the Earth's systems and resources from earth science to atmosphere to water use to soil.
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Earth's spheres
The Earth is made up of four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The atmosphere contains gases, regulates temperature, and facilitates the water cycle. The biosphere encompasses living things and food webs. The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The lithosphere is the solid portion including the crust and mantle. These spheres constantly influence each other through exchange of matter and energy, like carbon and water cycles. Changes in one sphere can impact the others, such as volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and lava onto land and forests.
The Earth System
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
Uniqueness of earth
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Solar System and its Origin)
The document summarizes key features of the solar system. It discusses that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to the nebular hypothesis. The inner terrestrial planets are rocky with thin atmospheres, while the outer gas giants are low density with thick atmospheres. Recent exploration has found evidence of liquid water on Mars' surface and geological activity on Pluto from images taken by spacecraft like Rosetta and New Horizons.
Weathering, erosion, and mass wasting
There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity. Chemical weathering transforms rocks into new compounds through reactions with water and acids. Water is the most important agent of chemical weathering, as it dissolves oxygen and carbon dioxide to form acids. These acids then react with minerals like feldspar and limestone. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, rock characteristics, and mechanical breakdown.
The Earth- A Very Basic Intro
The document provides a basic introduction to the Earth by discussing three key facts:
1) The Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is located in the solar system within the Milky Way galaxy.
2) Unlike a simple "rock," the Earth has an atmosphere, is over 70% covered in water, and has a molten interior, allowing life to exist.
3) Two factors that enable life on Earth are its rotation on an axis, which causes day/night cycles and seasons, and its orbit around the Sun, regulating temperatures.
Biological weathering
Biological weathering is the breakdown of rocks through the action of living organisms like plants, animals, and microbes. It occurs as roots penetrate rocks to absorb water and nutrients, thereby exerting pressure that cracks rocks apart over time. Microbes and lichen also contribute through chemical reactions, secreting acids or chelating compounds that dissolve rock minerals. While the forces are small, continual effects from a wide variety of organisms gradually cause mechanical and chemical weathering of surface rocks.
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Earth's spheres
The Earth is made up of four interacting spheres: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. The atmosphere contains gases, regulates temperature, and facilitates the water cycle. The biosphere encompasses living things and food webs. The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. The lithosphere is the solid portion including the crust and mantle. These spheres constantly influence each other through exchange of matter and energy, like carbon and water cycles. Changes in one sphere can impact the others, such as volcanic eruptions releasing gases into the air and lava onto land and forests.
The Earth System
Earth as a system is composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystem. Earth system science attempts to integrate the knowledge from traditional sciences, geology, atmospheric science, chemistry, biology and so on. Earth is just a small part of larger system known as the solar system.
Earth system has nearly endless array of subsystems in which matter is recycled over and over again.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Weathering breaks rocks down into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes when exposed to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Physical weathering breaks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like frost wedging and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation. The products of weathering accumulate as soil and are further eroded by agents such as water, wind, and ice. Erosion transports eroded material which is eventually deposited elsewhere, usually in bodies of water, based on factors like particle size, shape, density, and transport velocity.
Uniqueness of earth
The document discusses the unique features of Earth that make it suitable for life. It notes that scientists have been searching for extraterrestrial life by discovering exoplanets but that Earth has specific attributes that enable life, including being the right distance from the sun for liquid water, having an atmosphere, molecular oxygen, water, and internal heat generation, as well as a magnetosphere and lightning. These characteristics work together to protect life and provide the essential ingredients and energy needed to support life on Earth.
Solar System and its Origin)
The document summarizes key features of the solar system. It discusses that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust according to the nebular hypothesis. The inner terrestrial planets are rocky with thin atmospheres, while the outer gas giants are low density with thick atmospheres. Recent exploration has found evidence of liquid water on Mars' surface and geological activity on Pluto from images taken by spacecraft like Rosetta and New Horizons.
Weathering, erosion, and mass wasting
There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity. Chemical weathering transforms rocks into new compounds through reactions with water and acids. Water is the most important agent of chemical weathering, as it dissolves oxygen and carbon dioxide to form acids. These acids then react with minerals like feldspar and limestone. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, rock characteristics, and mechanical breakdown.
The Earth- A Very Basic Intro
The document provides a basic introduction to the Earth by discussing three key facts:
1) The Earth is the third planet from the Sun and is located in the solar system within the Milky Way galaxy.
2) Unlike a simple "rock," the Earth has an atmosphere, is over 70% covered in water, and has a molten interior, allowing life to exist.
3) Two factors that enable life on Earth are its rotation on an axis, which causes day/night cycles and seasons, and its orbit around the Sun, regulating temperatures.
Biological weathering
Biological weathering is the breakdown of rocks through the action of living organisms like plants, animals, and microbes. It occurs as roots penetrate rocks to absorb water and nutrients, thereby exerting pressure that cracks rocks apart over time. Microbes and lichen also contribute through chemical reactions, secreting acids or chelating compounds that dissolve rock minerals. While the forces are small, continual effects from a wide variety of organisms gradually cause mechanical and chemical weathering of surface rocks.
Seismic waves
Deep underground, rocks are under constant pressure until the strain becomes too great and the rocks suddenly break, releasing seismic waves. These waves travel outward from the hypocenter in three types - P waves which push and pull, S waves which move sides to side, and L waves which cause surfaces to bob up and down. When recorded by a seismograph, the first indication of an earthquake is typically the P waves, followed by larger S waves, with surface L waves arriving last.
Erosion
Erosion is the process by which earth's surface is worn away by agents such as water, wind, and ice. There are several types of erosion. Water erosion includes splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion caused by rain and moving water. Streams erode their banks through hydraulic action, corrosion, and impact of particles. Coastal erosion is caused by the pounding of ocean waves, which carve out sea caves, arches, and sea stacks. Wind erosion occurs in deserts and polishes rocks. Glacial erosion processes include abrasion, plucking, and thrusting, which carve out valleys and leave behind moraines. Human activities like agriculture and defore
Meteor, meteoroid and meteorites
This document discusses meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It begins by asking readers if they have seen a shooting star and clarifying that a shooting star is actually a meteor. It then defines meteoroids as broken up rocks and dust from comets, asteroids, the Moon or Mars. When meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it heats up and burns, creating a meteor. Any fragment that survives this entry and reaches the ground is called a meteorite. The document differentiates these terms and shows where meteoroid, meteor and meteorite would be located. It includes a daily checkup quiz and assignment to research superstitious beliefs about space objects.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
The relative age of rocks
Geologists use the law of superposition and index fossils to determine the relative ages of rock layers. The law of superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, older layers will be below younger layers. Index fossils, like the popular Silly Bandz toy, can be used to correlate rock layers of the same age across different locations. By determining the relative ages of rock layers, geologists gain insights into Earth's geologic history without needing exact dates.
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
Minerals
This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
Folding and faulting
The document discusses endogenetic forces that cause folding and faulting within the Earth's crust. It describes several types of folds that occur due to compression, such as anticlines where rock layers bend upwards and synclines where they bend downwards. It also details different fault types like normal faults where rocks move apart and reverse faults where they move together. In total, the document outlines seven fold types and five fault types that shape the Earth's surface over millions of years through horizontal and vertical crustal movements.
Crustal Deformation and Orogeny
The document discusses the formation and types of mountains. It begins by explaining the general model of mountain formation, which involves accumulation of sediments, deformation and uplift during plate convergence, and isostatic rebound after erosion. It then describes the five main types of mountains: folded mountains from plate collisions, volcanic mountains from magma erupting, fault-block mountains from faults vertically displacing crustal blocks, erosion volcanic mountains formed by erosion, and dome mountains pushed up from underground magma. Finally, it compares characteristics of young, mature, and old mountains.
Module 1 origin and systems of earth
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
Earth science pptx
This document provides an overview of Earth science and the solar system. It describes the four branches of Earth science: geology, meteorology, astronomy, and oceanography. It then explains the importance of studying Earth science, including understanding natural resources and hazards. The document continues by defining the solar system and describing how it formed based on the planetesimal and nebular theories. It outlines the layers of the Sun and solar activities like sunspots and solar flares. Finally, it characterizes the eight major planets, grouping the inner terrestrial planets and outer gas giants, and provides key details about each planetary body.
The earth system
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
History of earth
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the formation of the solar system to the present. It describes the origin of life beginning with simple prokaryotes over 3 billion years ago. The first complex eukaryotic cells emerged around 1.7 billion years ago, followed by multicellular organisms over 700 million years ago. The development of land plants and animals is outlined through the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, along with changing climates and configurations of the Earth's continents and oceans. Absolute and relative dating methods are also summarized that are used to determine the age of geological features and fossils.
Ecological Relationship
There are two types of ecological relationships: symbiotic and oppositional. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism, where species interact with varying levels of benefit and harm. Oppositional relationships involve predation, where one organism eats another for nutrients, and competition, where organisms compete for the same resources like lions and hyenas competing for prey. Ecological communities consist of interacting species that have relationships that can benefit, harm, or oppose each other in various ways within a shared environment.
Weathering and erosion
The earth is continuously changing. Many factors cause these changes. View this powerpoint to learn more about the earth and these factors.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Properties of minerals can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, acid test, crystals, and special properties. Color is not always reliable since many minerals can be the same color or a mineral can come in different colors. A mineral's luster refers to how it shines and can be metallic, non-metallic, vitreous, or pearly. Hardness is measured on Mohs scale from 1 to 10 based on which materials can scratch the mineral. Special properties include traits like magnetism, radioactivity, or fluorescence under UV light that are unique to certain minerals.
Weathering & it's types
This document defines and describes the main types of weathering processes that occur at the Earth's surface: mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering involves physical breakdown through processes like frost wedging and abrasion without changing the rock's chemical composition. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through reactions with substances like carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen. Biological weathering disintegrates rocks through organism activities like plant roots, lichen/algae growth, and burrowing. Different rock types and climates result in variable weathering rates.
Human Impact on Ecosystems
This slideshow is intended for students in Mr. Hildebrandt's biology classes.
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES ON EARTH
Exogenous processes involve the breakdown and movement of earth's surface materials by external forces like weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Erosion wears away earth's surface by wind, water, or ice. Mass wasting involves large masses of materials moving down slopes due to gravity, such as debris flows, mudflows, and slumps. Sedimentation is the accumulation of eroded materials. Endogenous processes occur inside Earth and involve magmatism, volcanism, and metamorphism which change the composition of rocks.
Earth Materials Jess And Heather
This document provides information about different types of earth materials including soils, rocks, and minerals. It discusses the three basic types of soils - sand, silt, and clay - and gives properties of each. It also outlines the three basic rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and provides two examples for each type along with their properties. Finally, it discusses five basic minerals - quartz, calcite, copper, gold, and silver - and gives their key properties including hardness, color, shine, and crystal structure.
Time the calendar
The document discusses time and calendars. It explains how to tell time using both analog and digital clocks, how to add and subtract times, and how to convert between 12-hour and 24-hour time. It also discusses leap years on the calendar and the main time units like seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries and millennia. There are examples and practice problems provided about calculating times, converting between time formats, and identifying leap years.
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Seismic waves
Deep underground, rocks are under constant pressure until the strain becomes too great and the rocks suddenly break, releasing seismic waves. These waves travel outward from the hypocenter in three types - P waves which push and pull, S waves which move sides to side, and L waves which cause surfaces to bob up and down. When recorded by a seismograph, the first indication of an earthquake is typically the P waves, followed by larger S waves, with surface L waves arriving last.
Erosion
Erosion is the process by which earth's surface is worn away by agents such as water, wind, and ice. There are several types of erosion. Water erosion includes splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion caused by rain and moving water. Streams erode their banks through hydraulic action, corrosion, and impact of particles. Coastal erosion is caused by the pounding of ocean waves, which carve out sea caves, arches, and sea stacks. Wind erosion occurs in deserts and polishes rocks. Glacial erosion processes include abrasion, plucking, and thrusting, which carve out valleys and leave behind moraines. Human activities like agriculture and defore
Meteor, meteoroid and meteorites
This document discusses meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It begins by asking readers if they have seen a shooting star and clarifying that a shooting star is actually a meteor. It then defines meteoroids as broken up rocks and dust from comets, asteroids, the Moon or Mars. When meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it heats up and burns, creating a meteor. Any fragment that survives this entry and reaches the ground is called a meteorite. The document differentiates these terms and shows where meteoroid, meteor and meteorite would be located. It includes a daily checkup quiz and assignment to research superstitious beliefs about space objects.
PLATE TECTONICS
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
The relative age of rocks
Geologists use the law of superposition and index fossils to determine the relative ages of rock layers. The law of superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, older layers will be below younger layers. Index fossils, like the popular Silly Bandz toy, can be used to correlate rock layers of the same age across different locations. By determining the relative ages of rock layers, geologists gain insights into Earth's geologic history without needing exact dates.
Volcanism
Volcanoes form when hot molten rock (magma) rises from below the Earth's surface and erupts. They consist of a vent, conduit and surrounding cone built from erupted material. Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries or hot spots. Magma rises due to lower density and pressure changes, erupting either explosively with gas-rich magma or effusively with low-viscosity magma. Eruptions produce hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows and falls. Notable examples include Vesuvius destroying Pompeii and Krakatoa's powerful 1883 eruption. Supervolcanoes are capable of much larger eruptions than normal volcanoes.
Minerals
This document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It begins by defining what constitutes a mineral and explaining the key criteria. The main mineral groups are then introduced, particularly silicate minerals which are the most common. The document outlines different silicate mineral structures and provides examples. Physical properties that can be used to identify unknown minerals are described in detail. These include habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, streak, and other properties. Common non-silicate minerals are also listed. The document concludes with links to additional mineral resources.
Folding and faulting
The document discusses endogenetic forces that cause folding and faulting within the Earth's crust. It describes several types of folds that occur due to compression, such as anticlines where rock layers bend upwards and synclines where they bend downwards. It also details different fault types like normal faults where rocks move apart and reverse faults where they move together. In total, the document outlines seven fold types and five fault types that shape the Earth's surface over millions of years through horizontal and vertical crustal movements.
Crustal Deformation and Orogeny
The document discusses the formation and types of mountains. It begins by explaining the general model of mountain formation, which involves accumulation of sediments, deformation and uplift during plate convergence, and isostatic rebound after erosion. It then describes the five main types of mountains: folded mountains from plate collisions, volcanic mountains from magma erupting, fault-block mountains from faults vertically displacing crustal blocks, erosion volcanic mountains formed by erosion, and dome mountains pushed up from underground magma. Finally, it compares characteristics of young, mature, and old mountains.
Module 1 origin and systems of earth
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
Earth science pptx
This document provides an overview of Earth science and the solar system. It describes the four branches of Earth science: geology, meteorology, astronomy, and oceanography. It then explains the importance of studying Earth science, including understanding natural resources and hazards. The document continues by defining the solar system and describing how it formed based on the planetesimal and nebular theories. It outlines the layers of the Sun and solar activities like sunspots and solar flares. Finally, it characterizes the eight major planets, grouping the inner terrestrial planets and outer gas giants, and provides key details about each planetary body.
The earth system
The document discusses the interconnected nature of Earth's four main spheres: the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It explains that the geosphere, made up of Earth's solid interior and surface, interacts with the other spheres through volcanism, rock weathering, and nutrient cycling. The atmosphere exchanges gases with the hydrosphere and biosphere and affects climate. The hydrosphere connects the other spheres via the water cycle and influences rock weathering. The biosphere interacts with all spheres through life processes like photosynthesis and nutrient transport. Appreciating these interconnected systems is important for understanding fields like medical geology and forensic geology.
History of earth
The document summarizes key events in Earth's history from the formation of the solar system to the present. It describes the origin of life beginning with simple prokaryotes over 3 billion years ago. The first complex eukaryotic cells emerged around 1.7 billion years ago, followed by multicellular organisms over 700 million years ago. The development of land plants and animals is outlined through the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, along with changing climates and configurations of the Earth's continents and oceans. Absolute and relative dating methods are also summarized that are used to determine the age of geological features and fossils.
Ecological Relationship
There are two types of ecological relationships: symbiotic and oppositional. Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, and parasitism, where species interact with varying levels of benefit and harm. Oppositional relationships involve predation, where one organism eats another for nutrients, and competition, where organisms compete for the same resources like lions and hyenas competing for prey. Ecological communities consist of interacting species that have relationships that can benefit, harm, or oppose each other in various ways within a shared environment.
Weathering and erosion
The earth is continuously changing. Many factors cause these changes. View this powerpoint to learn more about the earth and these factors.
Physical Properties of Minerals
Properties of minerals can be used to identify them, including color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, acid test, crystals, and special properties. Color is not always reliable since many minerals can be the same color or a mineral can come in different colors. A mineral's luster refers to how it shines and can be metallic, non-metallic, vitreous, or pearly. Hardness is measured on Mohs scale from 1 to 10 based on which materials can scratch the mineral. Special properties include traits like magnetism, radioactivity, or fluorescence under UV light that are unique to certain minerals.
Weathering & it's types
This document defines and describes the main types of weathering processes that occur at the Earth's surface: mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mechanical weathering involves physical breakdown through processes like frost wedging and abrasion without changing the rock's chemical composition. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through reactions with substances like carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen. Biological weathering disintegrates rocks through organism activities like plant roots, lichen/algae growth, and burrowing. Different rock types and climates result in variable weathering rates.
Human Impact on Ecosystems
This slideshow is intended for students in Mr. Hildebrandt's biology classes.
GEOLOGIC PROCESSES ON EARTH
Exogenous processes involve the breakdown and movement of earth's surface materials by external forces like weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Erosion wears away earth's surface by wind, water, or ice. Mass wasting involves large masses of materials moving down slopes due to gravity, such as debris flows, mudflows, and slumps. Sedimentation is the accumulation of eroded materials. Endogenous processes occur inside Earth and involve magmatism, volcanism, and metamorphism which change the composition of rocks.
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This document provides information about different types of earth materials including soils, rocks, and minerals. It discusses the three basic types of soils - sand, silt, and clay - and gives properties of each. It also outlines the three basic rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and provides two examples for each type along with their properties. Finally, it discusses five basic minerals - quartz, calcite, copper, gold, and silver - and gives their key properties including hardness, color, shine, and crystal structure.
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The document discusses time and calendars. It explains how to tell time using both analog and digital clocks, how to add and subtract times, and how to convert between 12-hour and 24-hour time. It also discusses leap years on the calendar and the main time units like seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries and millennia. There are examples and practice problems provided about calculating times, converting between time formats, and identifying leap years.
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Latitude and longitude are used to locate places on maps. Lines of latitude run horizontally around the Earth and are measured in degrees from the equator (0 degrees) to the poles (90 degrees North and South). Lines of longitude run vertically and are also called meridians, measured in degrees East and West from the prime meridian in Greenwich, England (0 degrees). The intersection of lines of latitude and longitude create a grid that can be used to specify any location on Earth. Time zones, which shift in 15 degree widths, use latitude and longitude to demarcate one hour of time difference between each zone.
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Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night. It also revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, completing one revolution in 365.25 days. Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, resulting in seasons. Earth's rotation causes it to bulge at the equator and precess slowly over thousands of years.
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This document describes the typical weather patterns associated with each season around the world. Summer is described as hot, sunny, and humid. Fall is characterized as windy, cool, and cloudy. Winter brings snow or rain and cold temperatures. Springtime weather is noted as being warm.
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Earth Systems and Resources
- 2. Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE Time scales, Earth structure, Tectonic Plate Theory
- 3. Earth Science Geologic Time Scale Two time scales Radiometric Based on natural radioactivity of chemicals in rocks Relative Based on sequence of layering of rocks and evolution of life.
- 4. Earth Science Time Eons Eras Periods Epochs Stage
- 5. Earth Science Earth Structure 4.6billion years ago. 3 Sections Biosphere – All forms of life Hydrosphere – All forms of water Internal Structure – Crust, mantle, core
- 7. Earth Science Tectonic Plate Theory Continental Drift Continents were once Pangaea Similar rock layers with similar fossils Seafloor Spreading Magnetic rock patterns found on either side of ocean ridges Explains mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes
- 10. Atmosphere Atmospheric Components Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% CO2 .035% Other >1%
- 11. Atmosphere Zones Troposphere Closest to Earth Convection Currents Stratosphere Less dense Contains most Ozone Mesophere Thermosphere Heated by solar and cosmic radiation
- 13. Atmosphere Rain Shadow Effect Clouds release moisture as they rise, windward side of mountains receive rainfall, leeward side does not and becomes desert. Places with high level of precipitation also have high levels of atmospheric circulation. Includes regions with colliding air masses, windward side mountains, around equator
- 14. Atmosphere Kyoto Protocol 1997 160 countries agree to reduce greenhouse gas levels by 2012 to below 1990 levels Has been signed by all industrialized countries except Monaco, Liechtenstein, Australia, and United States Poor countries are exempt to encourage development
- 15. Atmosphere Coriolis Effect Deflection of objects in a rotating frame Wind patterns Ocean currents
- 16. Earth’s Water Resource Use
- 17. Water Distribution 97.6% of all water is oceanic saltwater Freshwater is not easily found 87.2% of freshwater is in glaciers/ice caps 12% is groundwater .8% is surface water 45.7% is in lakes/reservoirs 23.8% in soil moisture 23.8% in plants and animals 4.8% in atmosphere 1.3% in wetlands .6% in rivers and streams
- 18. Water
- 19. Water Usage 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Water Use 30% 20% 10% 0% Agriculture Industry
- 20. Water Shortages 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water 2.6 billion people don’t adequate sanitation Future wars will be fought over water rather than oil.
- 21. Water Dams Pros Stores water Generates renewable power Cons Structure failure is disastrous Displaces people and wildlife Kills fish Sediment limits reservoir life
- 22. Water Increasing Water Supplies Desalination Conservation Recycling Policies which encourage conservation
- 23. Soil Soil
- 24. Soil Soil Characteristics Thintop layer of the Earth’s surface Basic natural resource Holds nutrients and water for plants and animals Water is filtered and cleansed as it flows through soil
- 25. Soil Soil Composition Three main ingredients Minerals of different sizes (sand, silt and clay) Organic materials from dead organisms Open space Good soil has 45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 25% air, and 25% water.
- 26. Soil Soil Development Soildevelops in response to several factors: Parent Material Climate Living Organisms Topography
- 28. Soil Rock Cycle Three main categories of rock include: Metamorphic Slate and marble Igneous Granite and basalt Sedimentary Sandstone, shale, and limestone
- 29. Soil