This document discusses Earth's natural resources. It defines resources as anything organisms use from the environment, categorizing them as renewable or non-renewable. Earth's main natural resources are discussed as atmospheric (air, wind, temperature), lithospheric (soil, minerals, rocks), hydrospheric (water in oceans, rivers, lakes), and biospheric (plants, animals). Atmospheric resources like air and solar energy are essential to life. Lithospheric resources include soil, minerals extracted for usage, and building materials. Hydrospheric resources encompass water in oceans, rivers, lakes used for life, agriculture and industry. Biospheric resources are plants and animals providing food, medicines and more.
sustainable development & the water, energy food security nexus is discussed. The content throws light on sustainable development : Effects on the livelihood of common man.
sustainable development & the water, energy food security nexus is discussed. The content throws light on sustainable development : Effects on the livelihood of common man.
Education is a process of development which includes the three major
activities, teaching, training and instruction. Teaching is social as well as
a professional activity. It is science as well as art. Modern education is not
in a sphere but it has a long and large area of study. Now a days most part
of the world population is facing different problems related with the nature
and they are studying the solutions to save the nature and global problems,
but on the second hand we even today do not try to understand our local
problems related to the nature. So for the awareness of the problems of
nature and pollution the higher education commission has suggested to
add the Environmental Science in the course of different levels.
Environmental Science is also well known as Environmental Studies in
the Indian Colleges and Universities. Before that it was the part of the
science but now a days it is a very common subject and higher education
commission has suggested including it as a general paper in all the courses.
Education is a process of development which includes the three major
activities, teaching, training and instruction. Teaching is social as well as
a professional activity. It is science as well as art. Modern education is not
in a sphere but it has a long and large area of study. Now a days most part
of the world population is facing different problems related with the nature
and they are studying the solutions to save the nature and global problems,
but on the second hand we even today do not try to understand our local
problems related to the nature. So for the awareness of the problems of
nature and pollution the higher education commission has suggested to
add the Environmental Science in the course of different levels.
Environmental Science is also well known as Environmental Studies in
the Indian Colleges and Universities. Before that it was the part of the
science but now a days it is a very common subject and higher education
commission has suggested including it as a general paper in all the courses.
Exists without actions of humankind in the form of matter/energy which is available in the earth and get used by living thing.
Or exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, air and as well as a living organism such as a fish.
Or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, petroleum, and most forms of energy.
Resources are defined as matter, space and time utilized for the wellbeing of mankind is called as resources. The natural resources are materials, which living organisms can take from nature for sustaining their life or any components of the natural environment that can be utilized by man to promote his welfare is considered to be natural resources.
Soil is considered to be the “skin of the earth". Soil is capable of supporting plant life and all life on earth. Soils are complex mixtures of 5 major components. The importance of soils as natural resource are highlighted in this module.
E-content is a Comprehensive package of teaching material put into hypermedia format. Hypermedia is multimedia with internet deplorability. E-content can not be created by a teaching faculty alone . It needs the role of teacher, Video editor, production assistants, web developers (HTML 5 or Adobe captivate, etc). Analyze the learner needs and goals of the instructional material development, development of a delivery system and content, pilot study of the material developed, implementation, evaluating, refining the materials etc. In designing and development of E-content we have to adopt one of the instructional design models based on our requirements.
Pedagogy is the most commonly understood approach to teaching. It refers to the theory and practice of learning. Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching. Pedagogy has little variations between traditional teaching and online teaching. Online teaching pedagogy is a method of effective teaching practice specifically developed for teaching via the internet. It has a set of prescribed methods, strategies, and practices for teaching academic subjects in an online (or blended) environment, where students are in a physical location separate from the faculty member.
Technology has changed the possibilities within teaching and learning. Classes, which prior to the digital era were restricted to lectures, talks, and physical objects, no longer have to be designed in that manner. Training in a synchronous virtual classroom can only be successful with the active participation and engagement of the learners. Explore the Virtual Classroom’s features and see how they can support and enhance your tutoring style.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA. The pros and cons of this process are also highlighted. Academic and Administrative Audit is the process of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative procedure. It includes assessment of policies, strategies & functions of the various administrative departments, control of the overall administrative system, etc. This checklist gives an overview what the audit committee members may look into while visiting an institution for this purpose. It invariably follows the Quality Indicators Framework prescribed by Accreditation Council in India.
• The monitoring and evaluation of the institutional processes require a carefully structured system of internal and external review. The NAAC expects the Institutions to undertake continuous Academic and Administrative Audits (AAA). This presentation is intended to serve as advisory to all accredited HEIs who volunteer to undertake AAA.
Chemical analysis data of water samples can not be used directly for understanding. They are to be used for various calculations in order to determine the quality parameters that have a lot of significances. A. Balasubramanian and D. Nagaraju, of the Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, Karnataka, India have recently brought out a software and its application manual as a good book for reference and execution. The Name of the software is WATCHIT meaning Water Chemistry Interpretation Techniques. This software computes more than 100 parameters pertaining to water quality interpretations. The software follows its own method of approach to determine the required results. Systems International Units are used. Limited input parameters are required. This is suitable for all scientific research, government water quality data interpretations and for understanding the quality of water before using it.
Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of water and recycling of waste water for different purposes like domestic usage, industries, agriculture etc. This technical article highlights most of the popular methods of water conservation. A special note on rainwater harvesting is also provided.
This module gives an overview of general applications of current hydrogeological aspects. It is for the basic understanding of students and research scholars.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
In broad terms, cultural geography examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions and artefacts of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of society.
It also emphasizes on how cultures are distributed over space, how places and identities are produced, how people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate knowledge and meaning.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Soils are complex mixers forming the skin of the earth's surface. Soil is a dynamic layer in which many complex chemical, physical and biological activities are going on constantly. Soils become adjusted to conditions of climate, landform and vegetation, and will change internally when those controlling conditions change. Soils are products of weathering. Soils play a dominant role in earth's geomorphic processes in a cyclic manner. The characteristics of soils are very essential for several reasons. This module highlights these characteristics.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
The present forest and tree cover of the country is 78.37 million ha in 2007 which is 23.84% of the geographical areas and it includes 2.82% tree cover. This becomes 25.25%, if the areas above tree line i.e., 4000m are excluded from the total geographical area. The forest cover is classified into 3 canopy density classes.
1. Very Dense Forest (VDF) with canopy density more than 70%
2. Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) with Canopy density between 40-70% and
3. Open Forest (OF) with Canopy density between 10-40%
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. 2
Introduction:
The environment includes all biotic and
abiotic factors that affect the life of an
organism or a plant or human beings. All
life on earth needs food and energy for
survival, growth and reproduction.
Energy is a basic requirement for growth,
based on which the biomass is produced.
3. 3
The growth of vegetation needs fertile soil,
essential nutrients, water and sunlight.
Human life requires air, food, water and
other materials for shelter, transport and
varieties of socio-economic and life-support
activities.
Most of the required materials are available
in raw or convertible forms on earth. These
are the natural resources of the planet earth.
4. 4
In this episode, the following modules are
discussed:
1. Definition and types of resources
2. Earth’s Atmospheric natural resources
3. Earth’s Lithospheric natural resources-
4. Earth’s Hydrospheric natural Resources
5. Earth’s Bisospheric Natural resources
5. 5
1. Definition and types of resources
A resource is anything that an organism uses
and consumes from the environment.
Some resources are directly available for
use, while the other resources must be
extracted at some cost to the organism.
6. 6
Normally, the extraction of a resource by an
organism has an effect on the environment.
The type of effect which is negative versus
positive and its magnitude is determined by
a number of factors.
In human societies, cultural beliefs can
determine what is classified as a resource.
7. 7
Current human societies on the Earth use
many non-essential resources in their daily
lives.
Resources are to be used only for essential
activities, since they have a value in life.
Resources are classified into many types.
Throughout human time scale, resources like
Solar energy, wind energy and tidal energy
are expected to be available.
8. 8
These are virtually inexhaustible resources
for human consumption.
Such types are called as perpetual resources.
We can say that these are the everlasting
resources of the earth.
Whereas, coal, oil and mineral deposits are
non-renewable or exhaustible resources.
9. 9
Once used such materials will not come
back again.
These are available in a fixed amount.
Out of which, some nonrenewable resources
can be recycled or reused to meet certain
requirements.
A renewable resource is one that is available
over a period of time and space. These can
be used and produced by human
involvement.
10. 10
Even if they are depleted in the short run
they can be replaced through natural
processes.
Forest wealth, marine food, energy for
water, wind, biogas, timber, herbs and cattle
are all considered to be under this category.
One can use these resources under an
optimum level.
Over use of these may create shortage.
Over production may increase pollution on
the environment.
11. 11
The highest rate at which a renewable
resource can be used without decreasing its
potential for renewal is called its sustained
yield.
Exceeding the sustained yield can cause a
resource to become nonrenewable or
nonexistent. This will induce a resource
crunch and depletion. This is called as
environmental degradation.
12. 12
Typical examples are:
a) Oil crisis due to shortage of oil resources
b) Fuel for domestic use, due to shortage of
coal and natural gas
c) Over grazing of land and its impact on
cattle population
d) The reduction in the nutrient level of soils
due to intense agricultural production
e) Over-exploitation of groundwater and
declining water tables in aquifers
13. 13
The Concept of Carrying Capacity
The population size of most organisms is
usually controlled by the availability of a
few key resources that limit its ability to
survive and reproduce. When resources are
abundant, the population of the species grow
without damage.
When population grows, the demand
supersedes the supply.
14. 14
If the resources are over-consumed, the
population of the species will experience a
decline census and resource crunch. The
scarcity of resources leads to starvation and
death.
The population size of most species reaches
a steady state equilibrium that is defined by
the availability of the limiting resources in
its habitat. This equilibrium is also called the
carrying capacity.
15. 15
Human populations are also influenced by a
habitat's carrying capacity.
Earth’s natural resources are of several kinds
like land resources, soil resources, water
resources, forest resources, marine
resources, mineral resources, animals and
human resources.
These are in addition to the Solar radiation
and atmospheric wind.
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2. Earth’s Atmospheric natural resources
Air present in the atmosphere, is a mixture
of gases, smokes and dust.
Atmosphere contains 5000 million tones of
gases. Nitrogen amounts to 78%, oxygen to
21%, carbon-dioxide to 0.33% and argon to
0.93%.
17. 17
Almost all of these gases are needed in one
way or the other, for the life to survive and
to maintain the balance of these in the
atmosphere.
The water vapour present in the atmosphere
is a major contributor for condensation and
cloud formation.
It ultimately leads to precipitation.
18. 18
Of the eleven gases present in the
atmosphere, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and
ozone are extremely important to the health
of the Earth's biosphere.
Nitrogen and oxygen have very important
associations with life. The addition of
nitrogen to the Earth's surface soils and
various water bodies supplies much needed
nutrition for plant growth.
19. 19
Sun’s Solar radiation is a major source of
energy for all life support activities.
Air has to be in circulation for maintaining
an equilibrium. The distribution of heat in
the atmosphere is responsible for the
difference in pressure and also for the
movement of the air. Wind is a major agent
for a set of natural processes.
20. 20
It has the potential to help in producing wind
energy also. Trade winds are responsible for
the monsoons and the convection currents.
Weather and climatic depends on the flow
of winds.
Temperature of the atmosphere is a major
asset to the natural processes.
Some gases present in the atmosphere can
change the heating rates.
21. 21
The amount of moisture present in the air is
known as the humidity.
The more moisture there is in the air, the
higher is the humidity.
The humidity of the air depends on
temperature and location. Humidity controls
the weather conditions. Monsoons are
generated by the difference in the heating
and cooling of air over land and sea.
22. 22
The global hydrologic resources are
dependant on the atmospheric clouds.
Condesning clouds provide the much needed
rain and snow. Rainfall is the ultimate
source of all life on earth.
Global climate and atmospheric conditions
form the basis for monsoons.
Fresh air is a blessed gift of nature for every
life.
23. 23
When the air inside the house is warm and
polluted with smokes and dusts, people
come out of the house for breathing fresh
air. Human beings can never survive
without the air.
Hence, air is considered to be the primary
natural resource of life on earth.
Air will take on the shape of whatever thing
it gets a chance to go into.
24. 24
Air has weight. Air goes in and out of our
lungs every day.
The unique properties of air are used for
many industrial applications.
The compressibility, pressure and dynamics
of air are useful in running pistons, ginning
of soft and friable materials, cooling and
controlling equipment.
The movement of air as wind blow is also
used to dry objects and cleaning floors.
25. 25
3. Earth’s Lithospheric natural resources-
Land resources include all the terrestrial
ecosystems including mountains, forests,
grasslands, range lands, mangroves,
floodplains, meadows and deltas. Earth’s
lithosphere is the storehouse of various
rocks and innumerable mineral resources,
groundwater and fossil fuels.
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The Heat of the Earth’s interior is a good
source for geothermal energy.
Soil is the primary natural resource of the
ecosystems helpful to grow all vegetation.
Soil is the home for all microbes.
Soil fertility encourages agricultural
productivity.
Soils, their physical and chemical properties
are more helpful in many human activities.
27. 27
Soils are used for making bricks, pottery and
in earthen structures.
Productivity from agriculture depends on
soil resources.
Man has first started to use minerals and
rocks for his needs far back in ancient times.
Stone has played a large role in the primitive
society.
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The stone age man used stones and clays to
prepare things which were necessary for his
defense, hunting and household articles as
well as ornaments.
People used soil, mud and rocks for
construction.
Valuable metallic ores, non-metallic
substances and gemstones were identified
for various works.
29. 29
Aristotle was the first naturalist to classify
the stones.
Mining for copper, lead and silver began in
the sixth and seventh centuries.
Large mining enterprises were started during
the fifteenth century.
Utilization of mineral resources greatly
increased during the eighteenth century.
30. 30
Due to the progress in industrial growth
more and more natural resources are being
used in one way or the other.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic
substances having a set of definite physical
properties and chemical composition.
Many minerals are of very high practical
and economic value.
31. 31
They are classified into
A. Metallic Minerals which include both
ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
B. Non-metallic minerals support on various
activities.
C. Atomic Minerals are helpful in
generating atomic energy and also in nuclear
studies.
32. 32
Extraction of various metals are done from
the ore minerals of metallic category.
Much of the minerals are used in many of
the industries today.
They are all classified as industrial minerals.
Minerals form the raw materials in many
industries.
They are the backbones of modern industrial
society and life.
33. 33
The list of minerals used in different
industries are:
1. Mineral Fuels like Coal, Petroleum and
Natural gas.
2. Refractories using Fire clay, Kaolin and
magnesite
3. Abrasives using diamond, corundum,
emery, garnet
4. Paints from Ochres and orpiments and
plasters from gypsum
5. Cement from Limestone and dolomites.
34. 34
6. Glass from Quartz and Feldspar
7. Ceramics from Kaolin (china clay) and
Feldspar
8. Insulators from asbestos, Mica and
Fire clay
9. Paper and pulp industries using Kaolin,
barite and gypsum
10. Optical and scientific instruments using
calcite, Fluorite, Gypsum, agate, Quartz,
mica and tourmaline.
35. 35
11. Radioactive minerals : Pitchblende,
monazite, etc.
Slates, Talc, asbestos, salt, mica and many
minerals are used directly or indirectly in
industries.
In addition to these, lithosphere contains a
good number of building and ornamental
stones.
36. 36
Rock type, color, Grain size, texture,
hardness, durability, porosity, density,
strength, sonic velocity and permeability are
the characteristics determining the suitability
of a stone (or) a rock for construction
purposes.
Granite family of rocks are available in
plenty in the region of India. They have
been used in the construction of most of the
temples and public edifies.
37. 37
Charnockite which is the black variety of
granite and dolerites exported to other
countries from India.
Sandstones of older geological formations
have been extensively used as a building
material in several regions. Limestone,
Marble, slates and laterite are the normal
building stones.
38. 38
Lithosphere contains a good number of
gemstones.
These are commercial valuable unique
natural resources of the globe.
Most of the jewelry works based on the
available native elements like gold, silver
and copper.
39. 39
Gemstones like Diamond, Garnet, Topaz,
Ruby, saphire corundum, Beryl, Olivine,
amethyst, Jasper, Tourmaline, Agate and
Emerald are the notable gem resources of
the globe.
India is fortunate to have some basic mineral
resources for its industries. India is
considered to be more or less self-contained
in mineral resources.
40. 40
The country is rich with iron and
manganese ores, along with bauxite, mica
and fossil fuels.
4. Earth’s Hydrospheric Natural
Resources
Hydrosphere is the sphere of water.
It encompasses the global water resources
and its distribution over the land,
atmosphere, and oceans.
41. 41
The water resources of the globe include,
the major oceans and seas,
glaciers and ice on mountains and polar
regions,.
Rivers and streams with their running water
Lakes, ponds and reservoirs
Groundwater and soil moisture
And the water vapour.
The major part of the global water is saline
and is present in the oceans.
42. 42
Fresh water is very limited and is found in
rivers and in lakes. The surface water
resources are mainly used for Drinking and
sanitation, Agriculture and irrigation,
domestic consumption, industrial processes,
power generation and water transport.
Groundwater resources are mainly used for
drinking, domestic consumption and
industrial applications when the surface
water is limited.
43. 43
Water plays many complex roles in human
activities and natural systems.
Freshwater is one of the most essential of
the elements that support human life and
economic growth and development.
It is irreplaceable for the purposes of
drinking, hygiene, food production,
fisheries, industry, hydropower generation,
navigation, recreation and many other
activities.
44. 44
Water is equally critical for the healthy
functioning of nature, upon which human
society is built.
The reality is that 97.5 per cent of all water
on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5 per
cent as freshwater.
Nearly 70 per cent of that freshwater is
frozen in the ice caps of Antarctica and
Greenland.
45. 45
The remainder is present as soil moisture, or
lies in deep underground aquifers as
groundwater not accessible to human use.
Much of the approximately 110,000 cubic
kilometres of precipitation that fall on the
continents each year evaporates back into
the atmosphere, or is absorbed by plants.
46. 46
About 42,700 cubic kilometres of the water
that falls on Earth flows through the world's
rivers.
Freshwater resources are very unevenly
distributed: at one extreme are the deserts,
where almost no rain falls, and at the other
are the most humid regions, which can
receive several metres of rainfall a year.
47. 47
The oceans and seas are the storehouses of
many naturally depositing substances and
marine life.
The ocean is the earth's water reservoir.
Oceans are the heat regulators, absorbing
more heat from the atmosphere than land.
Oceans play an important role in
determining the climate of an area.
The ocean provide many things to human
population and other life.
48. 48
It is far more than a place for swimming,
sailing and other recreation.
The ocean serves as a source of food,
energy, and minerals. Ships use the ocean to
carry cargo between continents.
Above all, the global climate is regulated by
the oceans If there were no oceans, life
could not have been in existence on the
planet earth.
49. 49
Every natural element can be found in the
waters of the ocean.
But the ocean is especially known for its
salts. Sea water contains about 35000 mg/L
of salts. Six elements account for 99 per
cent of the ocean's salinity (saltiness). They
are, in order of amount, chlorine, sodium,
sulphur (as sulphate), magnesium, calcium,
and potassium. Most of the salty material in
the sea consists of the compound sodium
chloride, or ordinary table salt.
50. 50
Oceans have enormous amounts of other
resources. They include:
(1) food,
(2) energy,
(3) minerals, and
(4) medicines.
A good amount of life thrives in the oceans.
An incredible variety of living things reside
within the ocean.
51. 51
Marine life ranges in size from microscopic
one-celled organisms to the blue whale,
which may measure up to 30 metres long.
Ocean plants and fishes and other sea
animals are the major resources.
Ocenas contains many natural mineral
substances like manganese nodules , oolites
and oozes.
52. 52
Under the freshwater resources, rivers,
reservoirs and lakes are of primary
importance.
The presence of large lakes in a region
greatly influences the lives of the people
living nearby.
Lakes affect weather conditions over a large
area. In summer, a lake never gets as warm
as the land that surrounds it.
53. 53
As a result, breezes blowing over the water
are cooled.
In winter, a lake does not cool off as fast as
the surrounding land, and may cause the
climate to be warmer. These water bodies
are good ecosystems and habitat for many
life. Irrigation, water supply and recreation
are the major applications of these natural
resources.
Rivers have been important to transportation
and trade for many centuries.
54. 54
They also serve as an important energy
source. Today, hydroelectricity meets about
a quarter of the world's electric power needs.
Groundwater is another natural resource
mainly derived from the rainfall that
percolates into the subsoil. It forms the
largest source of freshwater available over
the globe.
Groundwater is not uniformly distributed
throughout the earth's outer layer.
55. 55
Ground water is the source of water for
wells and many springs.
Bore wells are drilled down to aquifers to
draw ground water to the surface. The
unique features of groundwater is that it is
available everywhere.
Though it is less than 1% over globe, it
caters to the catering to the needs of 60 % of
world’s population.
Hydropshere is the major sphere supporting
life through its natural resources.
56. 56
5. Earth’s Biospheric Natural resources
The biosphere is made up of all that is living
on earth, from the smallest bacterium to the
largest whale.
It includes between 3 and 30 million species
of plants, animals, and fungi, bacteria, and
protozoans.
57. 57
The biosphere extends over the Earth's
surface in a thin layer from a few kilometers
into the atmosphere, in very cold
environments, to the deep-sea vents of the
ocean depths, in very hot environments.
The biosphere is a life-supporting global
ecosystem, where each living being
depends on each other and the environment.
58. 58
The ecosystem includes all living organisms
and the abiotic or nonliving environment on
which they depend for their energy and the
nutrients they need to live.
The natural resources of the biosphere
includes
The Forests
The Animal wealth and
The human resources.
59. 59
In addition to these, the raw materials and
produces from the activities like agriculture,
mariculture,
silviculture and aquaculture generate a huge
amount of food and other resources which
govern the life and economy of a country.
Forests and forest products are plenty of
natural resources for our use. Forest are the
gift of nature for human and animal life.
60. 60
They are the native homes and parks for
wildlife and sanctuaries for birds.
The primary and secondary resources of
forests have helped the population to sustain
for several centuries.
Forests have a variety of uses to humans,
including wood from trees, nutrition from
animals, for grazing, recreation, medicinal
and so on.
Timber and non-timber forest products are
essential materials for human use.
61. 61
Forests are air purifiers.
The complex ecological relationships
involving forests could allow humans to
benefit from them in a variety of ways.
Biomass, productivity of forests and the
biodiversity are the ultimate strengths of the
biosphere.
62. 62
Herbal medicines, animal extracts and food
items are the benefits of these resources.
All population thrives on the biospheric
reserves and resources. Farmers, Foresters
and fishermen are the major stakeholders of
many biospheric reserves.
Earth is the living planet containing a lot of
terrestrial, freshwater and marine species.
63. 63
Energy and biomass are the major factors in
the biosphere.
The natural resources of the biosphere
includes all species and populations of the
plant and animal kingdom.
Biogenic chemicals, plant and animal
extracts, herbs, fruits, nuts and roots of
plants are used in varieties of ways for
human needs.
64. 64
Though their availability is very limited, but
their usage is very essential.
Seeds and husks, ivory from elephants,
feathers of birds are valuable resources for
human use.
The natural resources of the Earth are not
uniformly distributed. The availability and
purpose of usage are also varied.
65. 65
Some are essential, strategic and critical
substances.
Some are rare items and precious
commodities.
Many of these may be renewable and non-
renewable resources. The non-renewable
resources are to be properly conserved by
the human beings.