Ecosystem
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An ecosystem includes both living and non-living components that interact with each other. Living things in an ecosystem include producers like plants, primary consumers like herbivores, secondary consumers like carnivores, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. These organisms are organized into food chains and interconnected food webs. Some major ecosystems include forests, grasslands, deserts, marine ecosystems like coral reefs, and urban ecosystems created by human activity.
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3. Within an ecosystem, producers like plants use photosynthesis to make their own food, while consumers eat other organisms for energy as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or decomposers. Organisms engage in symbiotic relationships of
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Energy flow in ecosystem
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
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The document discusses the functions of the nervous system. It states that the nervous system sends messages from the brain to different parts of the body to allow responses to stimuli from the senses. It also controls internal systems like digestion and respiration. The brain is the most important organ as it controls the nervous system and processes information from the senses. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem which control cognitive thinking, movement and involuntary functions respectively. The spinal cord runs from the brain down the spine and controls reflex actions.
The examples of ways of separaing substances
This document discusses several methods for separating substances:
Magnetic separation uses magnetic properties to separate magnetic and non-magnetic materials. Decantation involves allowing substances of different densities to separate, then pouring off the lighter material. Filtration removes solids from liquids by passing the mixture through a permeable barrier. Evaporation and distillation both remove liquids from mixtures, with distillation collecting the evaporated liquid through condensation.
Chemical reactions and energy
Oxidation occurs when metals react with oxygen in the air, changing their atoms and forming rust on iron. Apples and potatoes also oxidize when cut or peeled as they combine with oxygen and turn brown.
Fermentation is a chemical reaction where fungi or bacteria change organic substances, producing alcohol or lactic acid without oxygen. It is used to make foods like cheese and bread, and drinks like wine. Fermentation also helps decompose fruits and vegetables and can preserve foods.
Combustion is a chemical reaction that produces energy in the form of heat and light through the reaction of oxygen with fuels like wood, gas, or oil. During wood combustion, fuel turns to heat, ash, and smoke, while petrol
Spain today
The document provides information about Spain's constitution and government. It establishes that Spain is a parliamentary monarchy with a hereditary monarch as head of state. The king does not pass laws but is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The constitution was approved in 1978 by referendum and defines citizens' rights and responsibilities. Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, each with their own statutes and local governments.
The state
The document summarizes the three branches of government in Spain: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is made up of the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the lower Congress of Deputies and upper Senate. The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister and comprises 22 government ministries. The judicial branch is led by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court, which ensure laws are constitutional.
Chemical reaction experiment
This document discusses physical and chemical changes in materials. It describes how physical changes alter the form of a material but not its chemical composition, while chemical changes alter the molecular structure. An experiment is proposed to mix vinegar and baking soda to observe whether physical or chemical changes occur. The document provides instructions for conducting the experiment, forming a hypothesis about the expected changes, observing the results, and analyzing the findings. The goal is to explore how materials can be manipulated and changed through different types of reactions.
Matters
Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states and undergo physical changes between these states with the addition or removal of heat. Matter is composed of either pure substances that have consistent properties, or mixtures that are combinations of substances that can be separated. Chemical changes alter the composition of matter and create new substances through reactions like combustion, oxidation, and fermentation.
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The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when General Francisco Franco led a military coup against the Spanish Republic. Spain was divided between Franco's Nationalists and the Republicans who supported the Republic. The Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. Under Franco, Spain experienced repression, lack of freedoms, and economic struggles until the 1960s. In 1969 Franco chose Prince Juan Carlos as his successor. After Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos oversaw Spain's transition to democracy, which was solidified with a new constitution approved in 1978.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system allows us to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. When we inhale, air enters through the nose and mouth into the trachea and bronchi, which divide into smaller bronchioles ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and passes back through the bronchioles and trachea when we exhale. Inhalation is driven by the diaphragm and ribs expanding the lungs, and exhalation occurs as they relax and the lungs contract.
Spain in the late 19th century II
During the Restoration period in Spain from 1875-1923:
- King Alfonso XII ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1875-1885 and brought greater stability, though political parties disliked the system of electoral fraud.
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo organized a new political system called the turno pacífico based on two dominant political parties, but it relied on pre-determining election results.
- Economic prosperity occurred but Basque and Catalan nationalism grew in opposition to the unfair political arrangements.
The circulatory system
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood received from the lungs through arteries and delivers it to tissues via capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins to repeat circulation. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that aid circulation and defense.
English grammar 10 past tense
This document discusses the different verb tenses in English grammar. There are 3 main tenses - present, past, and future. Each tense has 4 aspects - simple, perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous. In total there are 12 verb tenses in English used to talk about events and situations at different points in time. Examples are provided to illustrate the past tenses, including the past simple, past perfect, past continuous, and past perfect continuous.
English grammar 9 prepositional phrases adjectives
The document discusses how prepositional phrases can act as adjectives in sentences. It provides the example sentence "The birds were singing in the old oak tree" and rewrites it as "The birds in the old oak tree were singing." This shows that the prepositional phrase "in the old oak tree" is no longer describing the verb but instead describing the subject "birds" by specifying which birds were singing. Similarly, a phrase like "with blue spots" tells us what kind of birds were singing. The document concludes by listing words containing the suffix "/cious/".
Energy
Energy comes from various sources including the sun, coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, wind, and water. It exists in different forms such as kinetic, potential, chemical, thermal, light, sound, electrical, nuclear, and gravitational. Energy sources are either renewable, coming from sources that replenish, like solar, wind, and hydropower, or non-renewable, from finite sources like coal, oil, and natural gas. While non-renewables are widely used, they cause pollution, global warming, and acid rain, harming health and the environment. Small steps like recycling, reusing, reducing waste, and conserving electricity can help protect the planet.
English grammar 8 prepositional phrases
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and are often followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. The document provides examples of prepositions that can be turned into prepositional phrases, including at, in, above, on, after, and without. It asks the reader to identify the adverb in the sentence "Stan recently broke his arm" and how we know that "recently" is the adverb. The document also includes a spelling list featuring words containing "ci" that make the /sh/ sound.
Nutrition vol.1
The document discusses the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems and their connection to nutrition. The digestive system breaks down food, the circulatory system transports nutrients through the body, the respiratory system provides oxygen, and the excretory system removes waste. Together these systems work in harmony to keep the body healthy by providing energy and nutrients from food and removing waste.
Spain in the late 19th century vol.1
Spain experienced political instability in the late 19th century.
Isabel II was forced to abdicate in 1868, which began a period of instability. Her successor, King Amadeo I, also faced conflicts between political parties, rebellions, and problems with the army. Unable to govern effectively, he returned to Italy in 1873.
This led to the establishment of Spain's first republic, but it only lasted 11 months as the country faced three simultaneous civil wars. In 1874, General Manuel Pavia staged a coup which ended the republic and restored the monarchy under King Alfonso XII.
Pregnancy and birth
Human reproduction involves a male sperm fertilizing a female ovum. The fertilized egg then divides and multiplies, becoming an embryo that implants in the uterus and develops into a fetus over 9 weeks. The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the placenta via the umbilical cord until birth, which is signaled by contractions that push the fetus through the birth canal.
Industrial revolution
The document lists several key inventions from the Industrial Revolution in Britain in chronological order:
1. Britain's first factory was built in 1771.
2. The first steam engine was invented in 1776.
3. In 1830, the first ever passenger train took people from Liverpool to Manchester.
4. In 1838, the first ever functioning camera took its first photo.
5. In 1793, the first steam powered ship the “SS great western” crossed the Atlantic.
6. The first underground railway was built in London in 1854.
Unit 1 the spanish empire
The Spanish Empire controlled most of Central and South America as well as the Philippines in Asia at the start of the 19th century. However, between 1810 and 1825, inspired by the French Revolution, most of Spain's American colonies gained independence as Spain was weakened from fighting France. In 1898, Spain fought the Spanish-American War against the United States over its remaining colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico in America and the Philippines in Asia, which it ultimately lost, marking the end of the Spanish Empire.
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Ecosystem
- 1. z ECOSYSTEMS
- 2. z An ecosystem includes Non-living things Living things FLORA All plants life FAUNA All animal life FUNGI MICROOR GANISM PROTIST ORGANISM OF THE SAME SPECIES THAT LIVE IN THE SAME AREA ARE CALLED A POPULATION. WHEN POPULATIONS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER, THEY FORM A COMMUNITY. TEMPERA TURE WATER AIR SOIL CLIMATE SUN VIDEO!!
- 3. z PRODUCERS: Use the energy from the sun to make their own food using photosynthesis. PRIMARY CONSUMERS: Eat Producers. Herbivores and omnivores. SECONDARY CONSUMERS: Eat primary consumers. Carnivores and omnivores. Animals that hunt are called predators. The animals that predators eat are called prey. CONSUMERS: Obtain their energy by eating other living things. DESCOMPOSERS: Such as fungi and bacteria, live on the remains of other living things.
- 4. z Most living things are part of more than one food chain. In a ecosystem, there can be lots of food chains. Most of these food chains are interconnected and are part of a food web. Any change in a ecosystem can be harmful to the flora and fauna.
- 5. z DESERT ECOSYSTEM Deserts are the driest and hottest places on earth. However, at night they become very cold. The animals that live in this ecosystem are mainly nocturnal.
- 6. z FOREST ECOSYSTEM Some forest are made up of decidious trees that lose their leaves every winter. In colder areas, the forest are made up of evergreen or Coniferous trees.
- 7. z GRASSLANDS Grasslands are dominated by large areas of grass. There are two types of grasslands: savannahs (warm all year) and temperate grasslands (cold climates)
- 8. z The larger ecosystem on Earth is the ocean. Coral reefs and the shoreline are smaller ecosystems within the ocean ecosystem. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Coral reef Shoreline
- 9. z URBAN ECOSYSTEMS Humans have had an enormous impact on the planet and its ecosystem. In many cases, human activities have endangered natural ecosystems. Urban ecosystems, such as cities and towns, are man-made artificial.