The document discusses soil and its properties. It is defined as the thin layer of material on Earth's surface where plants grow roots. Soil is made up of weathered rocks and decayed organic matter. It then describes the different soil horizons from O horizon at the surface to the B horizon below consisting of subsoil and the C horizon of bedrock. The factors that influence soil formation such as parent material, climate, topography, and biology are also mentioned. Different types of soils like sandy, clay, silt, loamy, peat, and chalky soils and their characteristics are defined. Key properties of soil including texture, structure, chemistry, color and classification systems are outlined. The role of soil in ecosystems