Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwari

SOCIAL PHARMACY PRACTICAL MANUAL BY SUMIT TIWARI
2021
ASHOK SINGH PHARMACY COLLEGE MAHROOPUR JAUNPUR Page 1
EXPERIMENT NO:- 01
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT CHILD IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE.
REFERENCE :- https://www.slideshare.net/BrijeshTyagi/immunization-schedule
THEORY :-
WHY IMMUNISATION ?
 KEY STRATEGY TO CHILD SURVIVAL.
 PROTECTING INFANT FROM DISEASE.
 LOWER MORBIDITY & MORTALITY RATE.
 INDICATOR OF A STRONG PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTRES.
IMMUNISATION :-
 PROCESS OF INUCING IMMUNITY BY STIMULATING IMMUNE SYSTEM THROUGH ANTIGENS.
 THE FACT OR PROCESS OF BECOMING , AS AGAINTS A DISEASE.
VACCINE :-
 ANY PREPRATION OF WEAK OR KILLED BACTERIA OR VIRUSES INTRODUCE INTO THE BODY
TO PREVENT A DISEASE BY STIMULATING ANTIBODIES AGAINTS IT.
VACCINATION :-
 ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIGENIC MATERIAL (THE VACCINE ) TO PRODUCE IMMUNITY TO A
DISEASE.
RESULT :- IN DETAIL CHILDREN IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE WAS STUDIED.

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EXPERIMENT NO :-02
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT NATIONAL IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
 SOME ADULTS WERE NEVER VACCINATES AS CHILDREN.
 NEWER VACCINES WERE NOT AVAILABLE WHEN ADULT WERE CHILDREN.
 IMMUNITY CAN BEGIN TO FADE OVER TIME.
RECOMMENDED ADULT IMMUNISATION SCHEDULE BY VACCINE WITH THEIR AGE GROUP:-
SEE FIG.1
RESULT :- ADULT VACCINATION SCHEDULE WAS STUDIED.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :-03
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT FAMILY PLANNING DEVICES.
REFERENCES :-
THEORY :-
FAMILY PLANNING :-
 Family planning is "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their
desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through
use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility.
METHODS :-
1. CONDOM :-
Condoms are a "barrier" method of contraception. They are made of very thin latex (rubber),
polyurethane or polyisoprene and are designed to prevent pregnancy by stopping sperm
from meeting an egg. They can also protect against STIs if used correctly during vaginal,
anal and oral sex.
2. PILLS :- Hormones in birth control pills prevent pregnancy by: Stopping or reducing
ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary). Thickening cervical mucus to keep sperm
from entering the uterus. Thinning the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg is less likely
to attach.
3. SPERMICIDES :- Spermicides block the cervix (the opening to the uterus) and slow
sperm down to make it harder for them to swim to an egg. In order to work, the spermicide

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must be placed deep in the vagina close to the cervix. Creams, gels, and foams are squirted
into the vagina using an applicator.
4. DIAPHARAGM :- A diaphragm or cap is a barrier method of contraception. It fits inside
your vagina and prevents sperm passing through the cervix (the entrance of your womb).
You need to use it with a gel that kills sperm (spermicide).
5. IMPLANTS :- The contraceptive implant is inserted beneath the skin of the upper
arm. The implant releases a progestational hormone to prevent sperm from reaching the
egg. The implant typically suppresses ovulation as well. You can have a contraceptive
implant inserted during a visit to your health care provider's office.
6. BREAST FEEDING :- Breastfeeding naturally suppresses the hormones that are
necessary for ovulation (release of an egg from the ovary), in turn, prevents conception.
Baby's continuous sucking can stimulate the hormones that suppress the process of
ovulation. If there is no egg production in the body, then there is no pregnancy.
7. IUD’S :- The copper-coated IUD prevents pregnancy by not allowing the sperm to fertilize
the egg. It may also make it harder for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus. An IUD
coated with progestin works in a similar way, but also thickens the cervical mucus and thins
the uterine lining.
RESULT :- FAMILY PLANNING DEVICES WAS STUDIED.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO:-04
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABIUT ORAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
1. COMMON ORAL PROBLEMS.
 Dental caries tooth decay.
 Peridontal disease.
a.Causes of Dental caries.
 Poor oral hygiene.
 Sweet and sticky food,drinks.
 Bad or worn out filling.
2. HOW DO YOU GET TO KNOW ABOUT TOOTH DECAY.
 Food getting struck in b/w teeth.
 Bad breath
 Tooth ache.
 Tooth sensitivity.
3. Prevention of tooth caries.
 Good oral hygiene habits.
 Fluoride application.
 Home care & Proffesional application.
 Scaling
 Pits & fissures sealants.
 Fluoride tray application.
a. Scaling.
 when your dentist removes all the plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) above and
below the Gum-line.
b. Pits & fissures sealants.
 can be used as part of primary prevention, Ante-ceding the development of dental
caries, or as a secondary prevention measure stopping the disease progress.

2021
c. Fluoride tray application.
 Fluoride trays are custom-fitted soft plastic trays that are used to apply fluoride.
Fluoride is used to help prevent the formation of cavities.
4. Peridontal disease.
 Peridontitis.
 Gringivitis.
a. Symptoms.
 Bleeding gums
 Gums peelings away from teeth
 Swallowen Red gums.
4. Treatment of caries.
 Filling Silver-Amalgam & composite.
 Root canal treatment.
 Extraction.
5. Prevention & Treatment of gum disease.
 Good oral & hygiene Practices.
 Scaling & Root planning
 Peridontal surgery.
6. Prevention & Treatment of Bad Breath.
 Proper Oral Hygiene Maintenance.
 Treatment of underlying Problem.
 Dental Treatment
 Smoking cessation
 Avoid Certain foods
 Keeps the mouth Hydrated.
Result :- Detail study of oral health & hygiene was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO:-05
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT HAND WASHING TECHNIQUE
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
1. Why wash your hands.
 Hand washing is the single most effective way to Prevent the spread of
communicable disease.
2. Hand Transimission.
 Hand are the most common vehicle to transmit Healthcare assosiated pathogen.
 Transmission of healthcare assosiateed pathogens from one patient to another via
healthcare workers.
3. How to clean your hands.
 Hand rubbing with alcohol based handrub is the prefferd routine method of hand
hygiene if hands anr not visible soiled.
 Hand washing with soap and water essential when hands are visibly dirty or visibly
soiled.
4. How to hand rub.
 To effectively reduce the growth of germs on hands handrubbing must be perfomed
by following all of illustrated steps.
 This takes only 20-30 seconds.
5. Alcohol hand rubs.
 Require less time.
 Can be Strategically placed.
 Readily accessible.
 Multiple sites.
 All patients care areas.
Results :- About hand washing technique was studies.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 06
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL SNEEZ ETTIQUETTES.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
1. What is respiratory hygiene/SNEEZ etiquette?
These are infection prevention measures designed to limit the transmission of respiratory
pathogens spread by droplet or airborne routes. The strategies target primarily patients and
individuals accompanying patients to the dental setting who may have undiagnosed
respiratory infections but also apply to anyone (including dental health care personnel
(DHCP)) with signs and symptoms of illness. They were added to Standard Precautions in
2007 and emphasize two key elements:
a. Implement measures to prevent the spread of respiratory infections from anyone in a
health care setting with signs or symptoms.
 Post signs at entrances asking patients with symptoms of respiratory infection to:
o Cover your mouth and nose when SNEEZING or sneezing.
o Use tissues and throw them away.
o Wash your hands or use a hand sanitizer every time you touch your mouth or
nose.
 Provide tissues and no-touch receptacles for their disposal.
 Provide resources for performing hand hygiene in or near waiting areas.
 Offer masks to symptomatic patients when they enter the dental setting.
 Provide space and encourage symptomatic patients to sit as far away from others as
possible. Facilities may wish to place these patients in a separate area, if available,
while waiting for care.
2. Educate DHCP on the importance of prevention measures when examining and
caring for patients with signs and symptoms of a respiratory infection.
RESULTS :- Deatil about SNEEZ Etiquttes was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 07
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL SNEEZE ETTIQUETTES.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
1. Sneezes and keeping hands clean can help prevent the spread of serious respiratory
illnesses like influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), whooping SNEEZ, and COVID-19.
Germs can be easily spread by:
 SNEEZING, sneezing, or talking
 Touching your face with unwashed hands after touching contaminated surfaces or
objects
 Touching surfaces or objects that may be frequently touched by other people
To help stop the spread of germs:
 Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you SNEEZ or sneeze
 Throw used tissues in the trash
 If you don’t have a tissue, SNEEZ or sneeze into your elbow, not your hands
Remember to immediately wash your hands after blowing your nose, SNEEZING or
sneezing.
Washing your hands is one of the most effective ways to prevent yourself and your loved
ones from getting sick, especially at key times when you are likely to get and spread germs.

2021
Covering SNEEZs and sneezes and washing hands are especially important for infection
control measures in healthcare settings, such as emergency departments, doctor’s offices,
and clinics.
 Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds
 If soap and water are not readily available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that
contains at least 60% alcohol to clean hands.
RESULT :- Detail about Sneeze Etiquette was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 08
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN DISASTER MANAGMENT.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
1. THE ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Emergency and disaster pharmacy serves to ensure the best possible
pharmaceutical care for the population during major incidents and disasters, as well
as in other exceptional situations.
 With all the expertise of pharmacists, emergency and disaster pharmacy plays a
fundamental role in medical care.
 All over the world, pharmacists experienced disasters such as train accidents,
earthquakes, flooding or other natural disasters, where hospitals were suddenly
faced with large numbers of patients in these events of a mass casualty.
 Besides, hospital pharmacists have to be prepared for the treatment of patients in
NBC emergencies (nuclear, biological or chemical hazards).
 The preparedness for various sorts of emergencies justifies different concepts and
several specific ranges of medicinal products to care for patients who suffered either
severe injuries or harms from NBC emergencies.
 The hospital pharmacists should be able to provide concepts and quality standards
for the supply of medicines and medical supplies not only for their hospital, but also
for rescue services.
 The main tasks usually are emergency drug supply and participation to crisis
management at hospital level. Besides, the manufacturing capacity of a hospital
pharmacy may play an important role.
RESULT :- Detail about role of pharmacist during disaster managment was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 09
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT PRODUCT USED DURING MENSTURAL USED.
REFERENCE :- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784630/
THEORY :-
1. How do I use tampons, pads, period underwear, and menstrual cups?
 Pads, tampons, period underwear, and cups-sometimes called “feminine hygiene
products”
 absorb or collect the blood and tissue that comes out of your vagina during your
period.
2. What are pads, tampons, period underwear, and menstrual cups?
 Pads, tampons, period underwear, and cups let you go about your normal life during
your period, without getting blood on your clothes or sheets.
 Tampons and cups go inside your vagina, pads are worn in your underwear, and you
can wear period underwear instead of regular underwear on the days you have your
period.
 Pads (sometimes called sanitary pads) are narrow pieces of material that you stick to
your underwear.
 Some have “wings” or flaps that fold over the sides of your underwear to protect
against leaks and stains.
 Some pads are made out of disposable materials-you use them once and throw them
away. Other pads are made from fabric, and can be washed and reused.
 Tampons are little plugs made of cotton that fit inside your vagina and soak up
menstrual blood.
 Some tampons come with an applicator that helps you put in the tampon.
 Tampons have a string attached to the end, so you can easily pull them out.
 Period-underwear (AKA period panties) are just like regular underwear, except they
have extra layers of fabric that absorb your menstrual blood during your period.
 There are different kinds of period underwear for light, medium, or heavy flow days.
 You can wear period panties on their own, or with a tampon or menstrual cup.
 Menstrual cups are shaped like little bells or bowls, and they’re made of rubber,
silicone, or soft plastic.

2021
 You wear the cup inside your vagina, and it collects menstrual blood.
 Most cups are reusable — you just empty it when you need to, wash it, and use it
again.
 Other menstrual cups are disposable-you throw it away after one use or one period
cycle.
 If you have an IUD, don’t use a menstrual cup. Using a menstrual cup can cause
your IUD to move out of place.
 Tampons and cups can’t get stuck, get lost inside you, or move to another part of
your body. The muscles in your vagina hold them in place (without you even
knowing!), and they stay inside your body until you take them out. Most people can’t
feel tampons or cups at all when they’re in the right spot. You can wear tampons and
cups in the water, and during all kinds of sports and activities.
RESULTS :- Detail about product used during menstrual used.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 10
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT PRODUCT USED DURING MENSTURAL USED.
REFERENCE :- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784630/
THEORY :-
 Menstruation is a naturally occurring physiological phenomenon in adolescent girls
and pre-menopausal women.
 Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is defined as ‘Women and adolescent girls
using a clean menstrual management material to absorb or collect blood that can be
changed in privacy as often as necessary for the duration of the menstruation period,
using soap and water for washing the body as required, and having access to
facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials’.
 Menstruation necessitates the availability of material resources to absorb or collect
menstrual blood, facilitate personal hygiene and dispose of waste, ideally with
adequate privacy.
 Menstrual hygiene, a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections, is a
vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls.
 Educational television programmes, trained school nurses/health personnel,
motivated school teachers and knowledgeable parents can play a very important role
in transmitting the vital message of correct menstrual hygiene to the adolescent girl
of today.
 Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural
restrictions resulting in adolescent girls remaining ignorant of the scientific facts and
hygienic health practices, which sometimes result into adverse health outcomes.
RESULT :- Deatil about menstrual hygienge was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 11
AIM :- TO STUDY IN DETAIL ABOUT WATER PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES.
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
There are several methods used in the water purification process, which include:
(1) Physical processes :- such as filtration, sedimentation, or distillation.
(2) Biological processes :- such as sand filters, active carbon.
(3) Chemical processes :- such as flocculation, chlorination, the use of ultraviolet light
1. Boiling :-
 Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification. Water sources
and or channels of distribution may render your water unsafe. For example, parasites
and germs are things you may not see by bare eyes, but their effects can be life
threatening.
 In this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for 1-3
minutes. For people living in high altitude areas, it is recommended to boil your water
for longer than water boiled at lower altitudes.
 This is because water boils at lower temperatures in higher altitudes.
 Boiled water should be covered and left to cool before drinking. For water drawn from
wells, leave it for compounds to settle before you filter out clean water for use.
2. Filtration:-
 Filtration is one of the effective ways of purifying water and when using the right
multimedia filters it’s effective in ridding water of the compounds.
 This method uses chemical and physical processes to purify water and make it safe
for human consumption.Filtration eliminates both large compounds and small,
dangerous contaminants that cause diseases with a simple and quick filtration
process.
 Since filtration does not deplete all the mineral salts, water that has been filtered is
considered healthier compared to water purified using other methods.

2021
 It’s one of the effective water purification methods that utilize chemical absorption
process that effectively removes unwanted compounds from water.
3. Distillation :-
 Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure water in the
form of vapor.
 This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than
other contaminants and diseasecausing elements found in water.
 Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its boiling point. It is then left at the
boiling point until it vaporizes.
 This vapor is directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapor is reversed into
liquid water that is clean and safe for drinking.
 Other substances that have a higher boiling point are left as sediments in the
container.
 This method is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy metals
such as lead, mercury and arsenic.
4. Chlorination :-
 Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water for
home consumption.
 Chlorine is an effective water purification method that kills germs, parasites and other
disease-causing organisms found in ground or tap water.
 Water can be purified using chlorine tablets or liquid chlorine.
 As an off-the-shelf water purification product, chlorine is cheap and effective.
 However, caution should be taken when using chlorine liquid or tablets to treat
drinking water.
 For example, people suffering from thyroid problems should talk to a medical
practitioner before using this product.
 When using chlorine tablets, it is important to apply them in heated water, as they
dissolve well in water that is at 21 degree Celsius or higher.

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 Chlorine tablets kill all bacteria leaving your water clean and safe.
 Reverse osmosis is the best option, whereas filtering is good for basic water tasks
such as sediment and chlorine removal.
 Reverse osmosis covers a larger spectrum of contaminant removal.
RESULT :- DETAIL ABOUT WATER PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES WAS STUDIED.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 12
AIM :- To study in detail about use of water testing kit..
REFERENCE :-
THEORY :-
 Water is tested in laboratories to find out the minerals present in it along with
parameters like pH, conductivity, colour and turbidity.
 The tests help establish the presence of any parameter and the extent to which it is
present in a particular water.
 The first level is the industrial level which is usually done by the water utility or the
water supplier. This testing is either done by very sophisticated and expensive
devices or through a long, involved process in which the water is tested for different
types of contaminants.
 Lead, arsenic, cadmium and other heavy metals are tested with a mass
spectrometer. A mass spectrometer is a massive device that can cost millions of
dollars and they are mostly found in big water laboratories. This water testing gives
accurate results and each test costs a few dollars per test.
 E. coli, salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria are tested by plating samples of
water and waiting to see if there are colonies of bacteria growing in the sampled
water. This test is performed routinely, even on a daily basis in almost any city or
neighborhood and it takes usually 24 hours to know if there is something in the water.
RESULT :- Detail about use of water testing kit was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 13
AIM :- To study in detail about Marketed Prepration of Disinfectants.
REFERENCE :- https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-
methods/chemical.html
THEORY :-
1. Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds :-
 Hypo-chlorites, the most widely used of the chlorine disinfectants, are available as
liquid (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) or solid (e.g., calcium hypochlorite).
 The most prevalent chlorine products in the United States are aqueous solutions of
5.25%–6.15% sodium hypochlorite (see glossary), usually called household bleach.
 They have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, do not leave toxic residues, are
unaffected by water hardness, are inexpensive and fast acting, remove dried or fixed
organisms and biofilms from surfaces, and have a low incidence of serious toxicity.
 Sodium hypochlorite at the concentration used in household bleach (5.25-6.15%) can
produce ocular irritation oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastric burns.
 Alternative compounds that release chlorine and are used in the health-care setting
include demand-release chlorine dioxide, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and
chloramine-T. The advantage of these compounds over the hypochlorites is that they
retain chlorine longer and so exert a more prolonged bactericidal effect.
2. Formaldehyde
 Formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant and sterilant in both its liquid and gaseous
states.
 Liquid formaldehyde will be considered briefly in this section, and the gaseous form is
reviewed elsewhere.
 Formaldehyde is sold and used principally as a water-based solution called formalin,
which is 37% formaldehyde by weight.
 The aqueous solution is a bactericide, tuberculocide, fungicide, virucide and
sporicide.

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3. Glutaraldehyde
 Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that has gained wide acceptance as a high-
level disinfectant and chemical sterilant .
 Aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde are acidic and generally in this state are not
sporicidal.
 Only when the solution is “activated” (made alkaline) by use of alkalinating agents to
pH 7.5–8.5 does the solution become sporicidal.
 Once activated, these solutions have a shelf-life of minimally 14 days because of the
polymerization of the glutaraldehyde molecules at alkaline pH levels.
4. Hydrogen Peroxide
 The literature contains several accounts of the properties, germicidal effectiveness,
and potential uses for stabilized hydrogen peroxide in the health-care setting.
Published reports ascribe good germicidal activity to hydrogen peroxide and attest to
its bactericidal, virucidal, sporicidal, and fungicidal properties.
RESULT :- detail about Marketed Prepration of Disinfectants was studied.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 14
AIM :- To study in detail about marketed Prepration of Antiseptic .
REFERENCE :- https://dermnetnz.org/topics/antiseptic
THEORY :-
1. Types of antiseptic
 Antiseptics can be classified according to their chemical structure.
 Commonly used antiseptic groups include alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds,
chlorhexidine and other diguanides, antibacterial dyes, chlorine and hypochlorites,
inorganic iodine compounds, metals, peroxides and permanganates, halogenated phenol
derivatives and quinolone derivatives.
 The following table lists some of the agents within these groups.
a. Alcohol
 Ethyl alcohol 70%
 Isopropyl alcohol 70%
 Used as a skin disinfectant
b. Quaternary ammonium compound
 Benzalkonium chloride
 Cetrimide
 Methylbenzethonium chloride
 Benzethonium chloride
 Cetalkonium chloride
 Cetylpyridinium chloride
 Dofanium chloride
 Domiphen bromide
 Used as skin disinfectant, irrigation, and to preserve eye drops
c. Chlorhexidine and other diguanide
 Chlorhexidine gluconate
 Chlorhexidine acetate
 Used as pre-operative skin disinfectant, to treat wounds, and for bladder irrigation

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Miscellaneous
 Burow's solution (aqueous solution of aluminium acetate)
 Bleach baths
4. Uses of antiseptic
Antiseptic is mainly used to reduce levels of microorganisms on the skin
and mucous membranes. The skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose,
and vagina are home to a large number of micro-organisms (which are normally harmless).
 When the skin or mucous membranes are damaged or breached in surgery,
antiseptic is used to disinfect the area and reduce the chances of infection.
 People who are treating patients with wounds or burns should wash their hands with
an antiseptic solution to minimise the risk of cross infection.
RESULT :- Detailed about marketed prepration of antiseptic.

2021
EXPERIMENT NO :- 14
AIM :- To study in detail about Mosquito repellent's. .
REFERENCE :- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent
THEORY :-
 An insect repellent (also commonly called "bug spray") is a substance applied to skin,
clothing, or other surfaces to discourage insects (and arthropods in general) from
landing or climbing on that surface.
 Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne (and
other arthropod-bourne) diseases such as malaria, Lyme disease, dengue
fever, bubonic plague, river blindness, and West Nile fever.
 Pest animals commonly serving as vectors for disease include insects such
as flea, fly, and mosquito; and ticks (arachnids)
 Mosquitoes can sense your presence from far away.
 When you breathe out, you emit a plume of carbon dioxide that carries on the breeze,
and CO2 also seeps from your skin.
EFFECTIVNESS
 Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural"
repellents.
RESULT :- Detailed about mosquitoes repllent was studied.

Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwari

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