Laxatives Pharmacognosy chapter 5th notes.pdf Biological source, chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of the following categories of crude drugs. Laxatives Aloe, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna

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Laxatives
1. Aloevera
Aloe is a genus of succulent plants with over 500 species. They are known for their
fleshy leaves that store water, making them drought-resistant.
Aloe vera, in particular, is popular for its medicinal properties, including soothing skin
irritations and burns.
Biological source :-
Aloe vera, commonly referred to as aloe, is the most well-known species of the Aloe
genus. Its biological source is the succulent leaves of the Aloe vera plant. These leaves
contain a gel-like substance, which is where most of its therapeutic properties originate.
Chemical constituents of aloe vera gel include:
1. Polysaccharides: Mainly acemannan, which is believed to have immunostimulant
and wound-healing properties.
2. Anthraquinones: Such as aloin and emodin, which have laxative effects.
3. Enzymes: Including amylase and lipase, which aid in digestion.
4. Vitamins: Such as vitamins A, C, and E, which have antioxidant properties.
5. Minerals: Including calcium, magnesium, and zinc, essential for various bodily
functions.
Therapeutically, aloe vera is used for:
1. Skin conditions: It is widely used to soothe sunburns, minor burns, cuts, and
abrasions due to its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties.
2. Digestive health: Aloe vera juice or gel is used to relieve constipation and
promote digestive health, attributed to its laxative effects.
3. Oral health: Some toothpaste and mouthwash products contain aloe vera for its
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, which may help in treating gum
disease and mouth ulcers.
Notes by Sumit Tiwari

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Laxatives
4. Immune system support: Some studies suggest that aloe vera polysaccharides
may help stimulate the immune system, although further research is needed to
confirm its efficacy in this regard.
2. Castor oil
Biological Source: Castor oil is derived from the seeds of the castor plant (*Ricinus
communis*), which is native to tropical Africa and widely cultivated for its seeds.
Chemical Constituents :- Castor oil contains various compounds, but its main
component is ricinoleic acid, which makes up about 90% of its fatty acid content. Other
constituents include oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. It also
contains small amounts of glycerides of dihydroxystearic acid, as well as other minor
constituents such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and phytosterols.
**Therapeutic Efficacy**: Castor oil has been used for centuries for its therapeutic
properties, including:
1. Laxative : It is commonly used as a natural laxative due to its ability to stimulate
bowel movements.
2. Anti-inflammatory : Ricinoleic acid, the main component of castor oil, has
anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce inflammation when applied
topically.
3. Moisturizing : Castor oil is often used in skincare products for its moisturizing
properties, helping to hydrate and soften the skin.
4. Hair Care : It is also used in hair care products to promote hair growth, moisturize the
scalp, and prevent dandruff.
Notes by Sumit Tiwari

3. Pharmacognosy Diploma 1st year
Laxatives
5. Antimicrobial: Some studies suggest that castor oil may have antimicrobial
properties, which could help fight off certain infections when applied topically.
3. Isapghula
Biological sources:- also known as psyllium husk, is derived from the seeds of the
plant Plantago ovata.
chemical constituents:- include soluble fiber (such as mucilage, hemicellulose, and
cellulose), insoluble fiber, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Therapeutical activity:-
● laxative effects due to its high soluble fiber content, which absorbs water in the
gut and forms a gel-like substance, thereby softening stool and promoting bowel
movements.
● It is commonly used to relieve constipation and improve bowel regularity.
● Additionally, it can help lower cholesterol levels, manage blood sugar levels in
diabetes, and promote a feeling of fullness, aiding in weight management.
Notes by Sumit Tiwari

4. Pharmacognosy Diploma 1st year
Laxatives
4. Senna
Biological sources :- The Senna plant, which belongs to the genus Senna, is
primarily sourced from various species within the Fabaceae family. Common species
include Senna alexandrina, Senna occidentalis, Senna tora, and Senna siamea.
Chemical constituents :- Senna contains several chemical constituents, primarily
sennosides A and B, which are responsible for its laxative effects. Other compounds
found in senna include flavonoids, mucilage, anthraquinones, and volatile oils.
Therapeutic activity :- Senna is primarily used as a laxative due to its ability to
stimulate bowel movements. Its therapeutic activity is attributed to compounds called
sennosides, which act as irritants on the colon, increasing the rhythmic contractions that
propel fecal matter through the intestines. This effect helps relieve constipation.
Notes by Sumit Tiwari