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Social Differentiation and Social Change:
From Preindustrial to Industrial Societies
History of Civilization = History of Stratification
Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions
of History
Material Conditions
What can also be called the material infrastructure
consists of the basic raw materials and social forms
pertinent to human survival and adaptation. A
society’s material infrastructure is its most basic
component in the sense that without it, physical
survival is literally impossible (or highly improbable).
Consists of:
Technology, Economy, Ecology, Demography
Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions
of History
Ideological Conditions
Involves the patterned ways in which the members of a
society think, conceptualize, evaluate, and feel, as
opposed to what they actually do. It refers to thought,
ideas, etc.
It has five components: General Ideology, Religion,
Science, Art, and Literature
Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions
of History
Relationship between material and ideological
structures:
      The material conditions of society is what
drives sociocultural phenomena, e.g. social change
and stratification.
      Ideas are important, but the types and kinds of
ideas people have are rooted in the material
conditions.
Mode of production = A society’s combined level of
technological development combined with the overall
organization of its economy, including the division of labor.
How does social change occur? Societies change by resolving
their “internal contradictions.”
  Mode of Production  
Type of Society Means Form of
Ownership
Degree of
Inequality
1.  Primitive    
Communism
H/G Collective Low
2.  Ancient Society Agriculture Private High
3.  Feudalism Agriculture Private High
4.  Capitalism Industrial Private High
5.  Socialism Industrial Collective Low
Marx and Social Change
Lenski’s (1966) Theory of Stratification: ECONOMIC SURPLUS
Scarce and valued goods are distributed according to need and
power.
In subsistence-only conditions, need prevails. In surplus conditions,
power prevails.
Power is exercised in many ways and according to the abilities of the
power-holders. Violent force is the most effective and dominant
form.
When societies began to produce an economic surplus, i.e. the
economic goods above and beyond subsistence level, stratification
began.
The origins can be traced to the beginnings of larger scale social
systems above hunter gatherer, and can be directly observable in
agrarian societies.
Types of Societies
Hunter-
Gatherer
Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian
Spatial
Territory
Nomadic
X
Semi-Nomadic
X
Nomadic with 
Crop Rotation X
Non-Nomadic
X
Types of Societies
Hunter-
Gatherer
Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian
Size of
Community
12 – 100
X
100 – 300
X X
300 +
X
Types of Societies
Hunter-
Gatherer
Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian
Political
Organization
Communal
X
Specialized Part-
Time Politicians
X
(varies)
X X
Specialized Full-
Time Politicians
X (varies) X
Male Dominance
of…
X X X X
Types of Societies
Hunter-
Gatherer
Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian
Economic
Surplus Level
(see Lenski 1966)
None X
Low X
Moderate X
High X
(early)
Very High X (late)
Types of Societies
Hunter-
Gatherer
Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian
Type of
Stratification
System
Primitive
Communal X
Slavery
X
Caste
X
Empire
X
Transition to Stratification
Neolithic revolution = a name for the transition from hunter
gatherer societies to the beginnings of horticultural and
agricultural societies. Not so much a revolution as a slow,
gradual change.
Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution that
led to social stratification
 
Dramatic population increase
 Development of complex human organizations, 
including separate institutions for political, 
economic, military, and religion
Development of slavery
Decline in the status of women
Agrarian Empires
Early Middle Late
Mesopotamia Islamic Spain
Babylonia Maya Portugal
China Aztec England
Egypt   France
Nubia   Ottoman
Greece    
First Appeared…
Rome    
Transition to Industrialization
-- Fall of feudalism
-- Rise of the merchant class
-- Legitimation of stratification 
system changed from of “tradition” 
of hereditary nobility and religious 
authority to economic advantage. 
Social Inequality from Preindustrial to Industrial Society

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Social Inequality from Preindustrial to Industrial Society

  • 1. Social Differentiation and Social Change: From Preindustrial to Industrial Societies History of Civilization = History of Stratification
  • 2.
  • 3. Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions of History Material Conditions What can also be called the material infrastructure consists of the basic raw materials and social forms pertinent to human survival and adaptation. A society’s material infrastructure is its most basic component in the sense that without it, physical survival is literally impossible (or highly improbable). Consists of: Technology, Economy, Ecology, Demography
  • 4. Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions of History Ideological Conditions Involves the patterned ways in which the members of a society think, conceptualize, evaluate, and feel, as opposed to what they actually do. It refers to thought, ideas, etc. It has five components: General Ideology, Religion, Science, Art, and Literature
  • 5. Materialist vs. Ideological Conceptions of History Relationship between material and ideological structures:       The material conditions of society is what drives sociocultural phenomena, e.g. social change and stratification.       Ideas are important, but the types and kinds of ideas people have are rooted in the material conditions.
  • 6.
  • 7. Mode of production = A society’s combined level of technological development combined with the overall organization of its economy, including the division of labor. How does social change occur? Societies change by resolving their “internal contradictions.”   Mode of Production   Type of Society Means Form of Ownership Degree of Inequality 1.  Primitive     Communism H/G Collective Low 2.  Ancient Society Agriculture Private High 3.  Feudalism Agriculture Private High 4.  Capitalism Industrial Private High 5.  Socialism Industrial Collective Low Marx and Social Change
  • 8. Lenski’s (1966) Theory of Stratification: ECONOMIC SURPLUS Scarce and valued goods are distributed according to need and power. In subsistence-only conditions, need prevails. In surplus conditions, power prevails. Power is exercised in many ways and according to the abilities of the power-holders. Violent force is the most effective and dominant form. When societies began to produce an economic surplus, i.e. the economic goods above and beyond subsistence level, stratification began. The origins can be traced to the beginnings of larger scale social systems above hunter gatherer, and can be directly observable in agrarian societies.
  • 9. Types of Societies Hunter- Gatherer Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian Spatial Territory Nomadic X Semi-Nomadic X Nomadic with  Crop Rotation X Non-Nomadic X
  • 10. Types of Societies Hunter- Gatherer Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian Size of Community 12 – 100 X 100 – 300 X X 300 + X
  • 11. Types of Societies Hunter- Gatherer Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian Political Organization Communal X Specialized Part- Time Politicians X (varies) X X Specialized Full- Time Politicians X (varies) X Male Dominance of… X X X X
  • 12. Types of Societies Hunter- Gatherer Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian Economic Surplus Level (see Lenski 1966) None X Low X Moderate X High X (early) Very High X (late)
  • 13. Types of Societies Hunter- Gatherer Pastoralists Horticulturalists Agrarian Type of Stratification System Primitive Communal X Slavery X Caste X Empire X
  • 14.
  • 15. Transition to Stratification Neolithic revolution = a name for the transition from hunter gatherer societies to the beginnings of horticultural and agricultural societies. Not so much a revolution as a slow, gradual change.
  • 16. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution that led to social stratification   Dramatic population increase  Development of complex human organizations,  including separate institutions for political,  economic, military, and religion Development of slavery Decline in the status of women
  • 17. Agrarian Empires Early Middle Late Mesopotamia Islamic Spain Babylonia Maya Portugal China Aztec England Egypt   France Nubia   Ottoman Greece     First Appeared… Rome    
  • 18. Transition to Industrialization -- Fall of feudalism -- Rise of the merchant class -- Legitimation of stratification  system changed from of “tradition”  of hereditary nobility and religious  authority to economic advantage.