Georg Simmel was a German sociologist and philosopher in the late 19th/early 20th century. He was one of the first generation of German sociologists and helped establish sociological antipositivism. Simmel studied how social forms and structures emerge from human interaction and focused on topics like conflict, social types, and the effects of urbanization and money on social life. He viewed society as a dynamic web of relationships between individuals.
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
Max Weber Verstehen ( Intepretative Understanding)Deep Gurung
This slide contains the philosophy of Max Weber about 'Verstehen' or 'Interpretative Understanding' of Social Reality. Max Weber suggests a method to gain knowledge about society through 'Verstehen'. This method is very popular in Social Science Research.
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
Born in Berlin on March 1, 1858 Germany.
Received his PHD from the university of Berlin
German Sociologist, Author, and philosopher. Best known as a micro sociologist
Close acquaintance of Max Weber (1864-1920).
Despite being a popular lecturer and being supported by Weber, he was consider an outsider academically.
Only in 1914 did Simmel obtain a regular academic appointment, and this appointment was in Strasbourg, far from Berlin
Died on September 28, 1918.
Max Weber Verstehen ( Intepretative Understanding)Deep Gurung
This slide contains the philosophy of Max Weber about 'Verstehen' or 'Interpretative Understanding' of Social Reality. Max Weber suggests a method to gain knowledge about society through 'Verstehen'. This method is very popular in Social Science Research.
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
This presentation provides the definition of the term alienation, the four (4) types of alienation, the historical background of the 19th century and economic forces that may promoted the development of Marx Alienation Theory.
For more of the Presentation, see the Youtube presentation: https://youtu.be/w54ghJ0QWn8
LIKE. COMMENT. SUBSCRIBE. Click the NOTIFICATION BELL and Click ALL.
The Sociological Perspective
What is sociology?
Subject Matter of Sociology
Sociology and the Other Sciences
The Historical Development of Sociology
Sexual discrimination in Early Sociology
Sociology in North America
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Applied Sociology and Clinical Sociology
For sociology papers, visit cutewriters.com
Muhammad Saud Kharal PhD in Social Science, Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
This presentation provides the definition of the term alienation, the four (4) types of alienation, the historical background of the 19th century and economic forces that may promoted the development of Marx Alienation Theory.
For more of the Presentation, see the Youtube presentation: https://youtu.be/w54ghJ0QWn8
LIKE. COMMENT. SUBSCRIBE. Click the NOTIFICATION BELL and Click ALL.
The Sociological Perspective
What is sociology?
Subject Matter of Sociology
Sociology and the Other Sciences
The Historical Development of Sociology
Sexual discrimination in Early Sociology
Sociology in North America
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Applied Sociology and Clinical Sociology
For sociology papers, visit cutewriters.com
Cultural Geographies of the Modern WorldPrivate and Publi.docxdorishigh
Cultural Geographies of the Modern World
Private and Public Places
The Public-Private
Binary
• “Binary distinctions are an analytic
procedure, but their usefulness does
not guarantee that existence divides
like that. We should look with
suspicion on anyone who declared
that there are two kinds of people, or
two kinds of reality or processes.” -
Mary Douglas (anthropologist) “Judgments on
James Frazier”
• Public/private binary has been
asserted long before modernity. It is a
“grand dichotomy” of Western
thought
• Not only across eras but within eras,
public/private have been thought of in
very different ways
The Public-Private
Binary
• Public: From Latin publicus (the
people or pertaining to the people or
community)
• Private: From Latin privatus (set apart,
belonging to oneself), from Old Latin
privus (one’s own)
The Public-Private
Binary
• Most modern definitions refer to one
of two kinds of imagery:
A) What is hidden or withdrawn
versus what is open, revealed, or
accessible
B) What is individual, or pertains to
an individual, versus what is
collective, or affects the interests
of a collectivity of individuals. This
individual/collective distinction
can, by extension, take the form
of a distinction between part and
whole (of some social collectivity)
Weintraub, p. 15
The Public-Private
Binary
• What different kinds of modern human action are implied in these
dichotomies?
1. Nation-state administration vs. market economy (liberal-economistic
model)
2. Political community vs. market and state (republican-virtue model)
3. Sociability vs. individual and familial privacy (dramaturgic model)
4. Market and state vs. family (feminist model)
Each model has its own political and social
philosophies and its own image of public and
private space
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Neo-classical economic
thought divides the social world
into “public sector” and
“private sector”
• The private sector is the
economic relations of free
individuals and the public
sector is composed of the
organizations that regulate
individuals
• Key questions revolve around
the balance between free
individuals and coercive-
collective organizations
John Locke
John Stuart Mill
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Public space = areas controlled
by the administrative state
- Government buildings
- Public schools
- Public roads
- Public sidewalks
- Public parks
- Government owned land
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Private space = areas owned
and controlled by non-
governmental entities
(individuals and corporations)
- Residential homes
- Individual human bodies
- Shopping malls
- Automobiles
- Workplaces
Liberal-Economistic
Model
• Key controversies:
- Symbolic: what kind of
symbolic gestures can be
made in collectively owned
(public) space?
- Religious symbolism
(Salazar v. Buono, McCreary
County v. ACLU)
Cross commemorating WWI veterans on
public.
Sociology in a Nutshell A Brief Introduction to the Discipl.docxjensgosney
Sociology in a Nutshell:
A Brief Introduction to the Discipline of Sociology
Alan Barton, Ph.D.
As an independent discipline, Sociology dates back to the end of the 19
th
century, although
Sociology has influences from various other disciplines, including Philosophy, Political Economy
and Statistics. The first practitioners of Sociology were in France and Germany, as the effects of
the industrial revolution were being felt across Europe, and early sociologists were primarily
concerned with understanding the nature of industrial society (Levine, 1995). The first theories
that emerged contrasted community structures, common in agrarian societies, with societal
structures, common in industrial settings (Tönnies, 1887/2002; Durkheim, 1893/1997; Redfield,
1953). Community systems are rooted in personal emotional attachments, a desire for
homogeneity, strict normative (informal) controls, and a rudimentary division of labor (e.g., by
gender, within the household), while societal systems are based on professional rational
attachments, valuing diversity, legal (formal) controls, and a complex division of labor (e.g., by
occupation, at workplaces). As industrialization develops, systems of social organization move
from community to society, and states and markets take central roles in the operation of society
(Polanyi, 1944).
Sociology came to America in the early twentieth century, and was first established at the
University of Chicago (Collins, 1994). American sociologists developed a new approach to the
study of modern (industrial) society, by appropriating ecological theories from Biology and
applying them to urban settings. American sociologists also highlighted interaction as the root of
social structures (Mead, 1934; Goffman, 1959; Blumer, 1969). As Sociology spread, other
perspectives grew as well, including Functionalist Sociology, which emphasizes social order and
the “social glue” that holds society together, and Conflict Sociology, which emphasizes social
hierarchies and the differing levels of status accorded to different groups (Collins, 1994).
At its core, Sociology is the study of the relationship between individuals and their social
contexts. This is sometimes known as the Sociological Perspective (or the Sociological
Imagination) , because in order to understand the social causes of human behavior, sociologists
typically must adopt a way of thinking that differs from how most people see the world (Mills,
1959). Humans are by nature social beings; we cannot survive unless we interact with other
humans. But our interactions are not random, they are shaped by our relationships with others,
by our cultural values and beliefs, by the rules of institutions we participate in, and by our
experiences in previous interactions, among other influences (Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler
& Tipton, 1991). Through interaction, we create the terms of these social structures―the
r.
Understanding Culture
Culture & Communication, Classical Dominant Approaches of Communication & Culture
Imperialism, Which Motives Caused Imperialism, Cultural Imperialism, Media & Cultural Imperialism, Two Models of Cultural Imperialism, Contributions to Cultural Imperialism, Defense of Cultural Imperialism by Response Theorists, Post Structuralism Approach of Cultural Imperialism, Theory of Globalization, Critics of U.S Cultural Imperialism Revised Their Earlier Reproaches (World System Theory), New Face of Imperialism, The Media Monopoly by Ben Bagdikian , Cultural Imperialism in Pakistan by Abid Zafar
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. Philosopher/Sociologist
Georg Simmel was a German
sociologist, philosopher, and critic.
Simmel was one of the first
generation of German sociologists:
his neo-Kantian approach laid the
foundations for sociological
antipositivism.
GEORG SIMMEL
(1858-1918)
2. GEORG SIMMEL
1858 – 1918
The Person
Introduction
The Academic Outsider
A Virtuoso on the Platform
Simmel's Writing Career
A Summary of Ideas
Introduction
Formal Sociology
Social Types
The Dialectical Method in Simmel's Sociology
The Significance of Numbers for Social Life
Simmel's Ambivalent View of Modern Culture
A Note on the Philosophy of Money
The Original Work
The Stranger
Conflict as Sociation
3. GEORG SIMMEL
1858-1918
• Born in Berlin, Germany (an area similar to New York City’s Times Square)
• His family was business-oriented, prosperous, and Jewish
• His father converted to Christianity--died in Simmel’s youth
• Earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy, 1881
• Denied a regular academic position he taught as an adjunct, 1885-1914
• During this period he was a popular public lecturer
• Appointed Assistant Professor in 1914 at age 56
• Career interrupted by WWI, during which he served as a hospital
administrator
A modern urban man--without roots in traditional folk culture
4. How is Society Possible? (American Journal of Sociology, vol. 16,
1910-11)
A Chapter in the Philosophy of Value (American Journal of
Sociology vol. 5, 1900)
Superiority and Subordination as Subject-matter of Sociology
(American Journal of Sociology 2 1896: 167-189).
The Persistence of Social Groups (American Journal of Sociology
3 1897: 662-698).
The Number of Members as Determining the Sociological Form
of the Group. (American Journal of Sociology 8 1902: 1-46).
The Sociology of Conflict: (American Journal of Sociology 9
1903) 490-525).
A Contribution to the Sociology of Religion" (American Journal
of Sociology : 10 1904 359-376.)
The Metropolis and Mental Life (adapted by D. Weinstein from
Kurt Wolff (Trans.) The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York:
Free Press, 1950, pp.409-424)
The Stranger (From Kurt Wolff (Trans.) The Sociology of Georg
Simmel. New York: Free Press, 1950, pp. 402 - 408)
The Sociology of Secrecy and Secret Societies (American Journal
of Sociology 11, 1906: 441-498.)
Simmel
Texts in
English
Translation
5. GEORG SIMMEL
SOCIAL RELATIONS:
• super-ordinate/sub-ordinate
• conflict/cooperation
• distance/intimacy
• social/individual
SOCIAL TYPES:
• competitor
• miser
• adventurer
• coquette
• stranger
6. GEORG SIMMEL
SOCIETY=
THE INTRICATE WEB OF PATTERNED, MULTIPLE RELATIONS
BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS IN CONSTANT INTERACTION.
THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE GROUP ARE MUTUALLY
CONSTITUTIVE VIA SOCIAL FORMS, I.E., CRYSTALLIZED
PATTERNED INTERACTIONS.
SOCIATION
ASSOCIATION DISSOCIATION
(cooperation) (conflict)
(both functional)
7. Dialectical & Paradoxical Dynamic Tension
between Individual and Group/Society
• Incorporated Within – Standing Against
• Product of Society – Self-Determined
• Dependent – Autonomous
• Acted Upon – Self-Activating
• Incorporated into Social Membership –
Reacting out of Unique Individuality
8. In each social relation there are two forces at work: one pushing us to bind ourselves to
others through imitation, and another pushing us to unbind ourselves from others, to
undo the social network, through distinction. But social life changes in so far as the
balance between the socialising force and the de-socialising force is always unstable and
provisional.
Fashion is an example of the way in which actual social life always includes in some way
its own opposite, an asocial life.
For Simmel
“... fashion represents nothing more than one of the
many forms of life by the aid of which we seek to
combine in uniform spheres of activity the tendency
towards social equalization with the desire for
individual differentiation and change.”
9. from Georg Simmel, in On Women, Sexuality, and Love:
Consider the charms of the simultaneous
For and Against, the Perhaps,
the protracted reservation of the decision
which permits a foretaste of the enjoyment
of both its aspects
which in their realization
are mutually exclusive.
(the original does not appear structured thus, but as a straightforward sentence)
And famously:
Flirtation also does no more than play with reality,
yet it is still reality with which it plays.
11. CONFLICT as a SOCIAL FORM
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT
•Conflict instinctual for humans
•Unique feature of conflict for humans: it is goal oriented
•Opens up opportunities for negotiation and
different types and levels of conflict
VARIABILITY OF VIOLENCE
•Clearly expressed with rational goals less violence
•Higher emotional involvement increased violence
•Transcendent goals greatly increased violence
12. Reciprocal Nature –
the Functions of Social Conflict
• Hostility as Helpful
• Group Binding
• Group Preserving
• Internal Cohesion
• Achieves Internal Unity
• Generates Energy, Effort, & Purpose
• Creates Satisfaction
• Binds Individuals to the Whole
• Establishes Group Identity
13. Reciprocal Nature –
the Functions of Social Conflict
• Hostility as Helpful
• Group Binding
• Group Preserving
• Defines Structure
• Achieves Stability
• Provides Baselines
• Establishes Knowledge of Power
14. Reciprocal Nature –
the Functions of Social Conflict
• Hostility as Helpful
• Group Binding
• Group Preserving
• Creates Associations & Coalitions
• Combines Antagonists against an Other
“An enemy of my enemy is my friend.”
“If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favorable
reference to the devil in the House of Commons.”
• Produces Enemies
• Produces Unity in the Other
15. • Degree: Small or Great
• Degree: Peripheral or Central
• Degree: Rational or Emotional
• Real or Perceived Difference
(Absolute or Relative)
• Procedure or Purpose
(Process or Goal)
What’s at Issue
in the Conflict…?
• Differences in:
• Material Goods
• Social Services
• Cultural Values
• Social Esteem
• Political Power
16. Historical Typology – Types of Society
GEMEINSCHAFT Ferdinand Tonnies GESELLSCHAFT
Theological
Metaphysical
August Comte
Positivist -
Scientific
Militaristic Herbert Spencer Industrial
Feudalism Karl Marx Capitalism
Mechanical
Solidarity
Emile Durkheim
Organic
Solidarity
Traditional Max Weber Rational-Legal
Subjective Culture
(more life)
Georg Simmel
Objective Culture
(more-than life)
Primary Group Chicago School Secondary Group
R E C A P I T U L A T I O N
S W E E P O F H I S T O R Y
17. SOCIALLYCREATED STRUCTURES:
from few nested concentric circles
TRIBE
CLAN individual
EXTENDED
FAMILY
FAMILY
23.5%
many
partially
intersecting
CIRCLES
Individual
to
DRIFT OF HISTORY
SUBJECTIVE CULTURE OBJECTIVE CULTURE
(more-life/species being) (more-than-life/alienating)
18. SOCIAL FORMS/ emergent web of group affiliations
• monad
• dyad
• triad
• quadrad
• etc.
• small group
• large group
Emergence of “society”
formula: X = y2
– y/ 2
where y = # of group members
& X = # of relationships/ emergent web
19. IF TWO’S COMPANY,
AND THREE’S A CROWD, THEN
FOUR’S THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIETY
FORMULA:
(where R is the number of relationships and
M is the number of group members)
M2 – M
2
R =
21. Members Relationships*
(dyad, extremely fragile) 2 = 1
(triad, still fragile) 3 = 3
(first emergence of society) 4 = 6
(upper limit of span of control) 8 = 28
(max size of small group) 12 = 66
25 = 300
(approx size of this class) 50 = 1,225
(considered ideal community size) 200 = 19,900
(approx size of PSU) 30,000 = 449,985,000
*not including any coalition or sub-group relationships
22. • Dyad – fragile, no supra-personal level
• Triad – first suggestions of social structure, the supra-
personal possibility of coalitions, combinations
• Quadrad – first real emergence of social structure
• Small Group –
• total involvement of the individual
• personal valuation
• intense, frequent interaction
• highly personal
• emotional, subjective
Significance of Numbers for Social Structure
23. Significance of Numbers for Social Structure
• Large Group –
• greater social distance
• reduced intimacy
• greater freedom
• increase in delegation, formality, formal offices
• increase in inequality
• segmental involvement
• greater resilience to internal conflict
• power alien and/or distant
24. SIMMEL’S DYNAMIC OF SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT
the Drift of History
urbanization-money markets-commodification
SUBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE
CULTURE CULTURE
Personalistic Impersonal
Organic Rational
Subjective Objective
Involved Blasé
GREAT TRANSFORMATIONS
RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS – POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS – INDUSTRIALIZATION – SCIENTIFIC PROCESS – DIGITAL REVOLUTION
EVER INCREASING
SIZE
DENSITY
DIVERSITY
COMPLEXITY
SPECIALIZATION
SOPHISTICATION
TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
29. $ MONEY $:
• UNIVERSAL AND ABSTRACT NATURE EFFECTS:
- INCREASES INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
- FOSTERS TENUOUS AND OBJECTIVE CONNECTIONS
- DISCOURAGES INTIMATE TIES WITH PEOPLE
- DECREASES MORAL CONSTRAINT, INCREASES ANOMIE
• SOCIAL EFFECTS:
- CREATES EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIPS OVER DISTANCE
AND TIME
- INCREASES SIMILARITY/CONTINUITY AMONG GROUPS
- STRENGTHENS LEVEL OF SOCIAL TRUST
- INCREASES CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY
30. • CREATES DISTANCE FROM OBJECTS WHICH THEN
• BECOMES THE MEANS TO OVERCOME THAT DISTANCE
• CREATES THE FINANCIAL MARKET WHICH THEN
• ACQUIRES A LIVE OF ITS OWN
• ENCOURAGES ABSTRACT OF RATIONALIZATION WHICH THEN
• EXPANDS THE CAPACITY FOR INTELLECTUAL PROCESS
• ACTS AS A TOOL OR A MEANS WHICH THEN
• BECOMES AN END ITSELF
• ACTS AS AN EXTERNAL IMPOSITION WHICH THEN
• IMMEASURABLY INCREASES FREEDOM
• CREATES A REIFIED WORLD BUT THEN
• PROVIDES THE MEANS TO NEGOTIATE THAT WORLD
• INTRODUCES A VALUELESS DIMENSION WHICH THEN
• BECOMES THE ULTIMATE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS
31. Administered by Special Master of the U.S.
government's September 11th Victim Compensation
Fund, Kenneth Feinberg (subsequently Special
Master for TARP Executive Compensation) who
had sole authority in applying the calculus.
To participate in this process and receive
compensation, each survivor had to agree to waive
any rights to pursue further compensation for their
loss through legal procedures.
THE 9/11 VICTIM COMPENSATION CALCULUS
• First, the government will estimate how much a victim would have
earned over his or her lifetime had the planes never crashed. (That
means a broker’s wife will qualify for a vastly higher award than a
window washer’s wife.)
• To estimate this amount, each family was handed an easy-to-read
chart: find your loved one’s age and income and follow your finger
to the magic number.
• Each estimate of lifetime earnings was boosted by a flat $250,000 for
“pain and suffering” (non-economic loss).
• Add an extra $50,000 in pain and suffering for a spouse and each child.
•Then subtract all the money survivors received from other sources
except charities: deduct life insurance, pensions, Social Security death
benefits, and worker’s compensation.
The result – the total award the government offers for the loss of a life.
