Industrialization and its effects on economic development are complex processes with many factors to consider. The document discusses key concepts like the theories of modernization, dependency, and world systems in explaining industrialization. It also examines the historical diffusion of industry from 18th century Britain and how economic cores and peripheries evolved. Contemporary patterns are shaped by globalization and infrastructure development in primary regions like Europe, East Asia, and North America, as well as secondary regions in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Both more and less developed countries face ongoing challenges from these shifts.

1. Unit 6: Industrialization and Development
1

2. Key Concepts
Industrialization Growth and
and the Diffusion of
Environment Industry
Industrialization
The Evolution of
Global
Economic Cores
Inequalities
and Peripheries
Contemporary
Patterns
2

3. Part One: Key Concepts
3

4. A) Introduction
4

5. What is economic geography?
5

6. Economic Geography studies
the impact of economic
activities on the landscape
and investigates reasons
behind the locations of
economic activities.
6

7. Agriculture
Others Industry
Economic
Geography
Transport and International
Communication Trade
Resources
7

8. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1553?
8

9. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1893?
9

10. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 1973?
10

11. A Day in the Life
What might an average worker be doing on an
average day in the Spring of 2012?
11

12. What is industrialization?
12

13. Industrialization is the
process by which economic
activities evolved from
producing primary goods to
factories that mass-produce
goods.
13

14. Agriculture
Primary Economic Activity
VS.
Secondary Economic Activity
Industry
14

15. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Sector Sector Sector Sector
15

16. •Agriculture
•Services
•Animals •Petroleum
Primary Secondary Tertiary •Post-Industry Quaternary •Research
•Fishing •Metals
Sector Sector Sector •Late 20th Sector •Administration
•Forestry •18th Century
Century
•10,000 Years
16

17. Societies
Pre- Post
Industrial
Industrial Industrial
Most Countries Some Countries Few Countries
17

18. What is the difference between an LDC and
MDC?
18

19. Less Developed Countries
have not developed industry.
More Developed Countries
are often post-industrial
countries.
19

20. 20

21. B) Economic Indicators of Development
21

22. What is Gross Domestic Product?
22

23. Gross Domestic Product is
the value of the total output
of goods and services
produced in a year.
23

24. US GDP: 14,526,550 Million Dollars
24

25. Per Capita GDP
GDP / Total Population
US Per Capita: $48,800
25

26. How MDCs and LDCs Differ:
Consumer
GDP Types of Jobs Productivity Raw Materials
Goods
• $20,000 in • MDC – Fewer • Value Added • MDCs have • MDCs can
MDC Primary Per worker is greater afford
• $1000 in LDC Sector higher in access to Raw Consumer
• LDC – More MDCs Materials goods and
Primary have more
Sector access to
them.
Economic development is often
accompanied by social development.
26

27. C) Theories of Economic Development
27

28. What is the Modernization Model
28

29. The Modernization Model says
that the Industrial Revolution
was spurred by a combination
of prosperity, trade
connections, inventions, and
natural resources.
29

30. Western
European
Nations and
the US
Britain followed
Industrializes Britain
Wealth
became a sign
of virtue
instead of
kinship.
30

31. A few key points:
• According to the M.M., any country can reap
the benefits of modernization.
• Tradition is the greatest barrier to economic
development.
31

32. A few key points:
• Culture can discourage people from adopting
new technologies that would raise standards
of living.
• High-Income countries can help poorer
countries by encouraging them to control
population, increase food production, and
take advantage of industrial technology.
32

33. Rostow’s Stages of Development
33

34. • Industry expands.
High Mass • Luxury items become necessities.
Consumption • High Incomes, a majority of workers involved in the service
sector.
• Economic growth is widely accepted.
Drive to • The economy diversifies.
• Poverty is greatly reduced and material goods much
Technological more common.
Maturity • Cities grow, and modernization is evident in the core.
• International trade expands.
• People begin to experiment with producing
goods for trade with others for profit.
Take-Off Stage • A state industrial revolution takes place.
• Urbanization, technology, and production
increases.
• Life is built around families.
Traditional Stage • Very Limited Wealth.
• Subsistence Farmers.
34

35. Rich nations
often block
the path of
poor.
Poorer nations
A justification
have to
for capitalism
to exploit non- Criticisms develop from
a position of
capitalism.
weakness.
Suggesting
that poverty is
the fault of the
victims is
wrong.
35

36. What is Dependency Theory
36

37. Dependency Theory says that
the economic development of
many countries is blocked by
industrialized nations that
exploit them.
37

38. A Few Key Points.
• Dependency theory blames MCDs that control
or who once controlled LDCs through
colonialism.
• Argues that political liberation from
colonialism has not translated into economic
health.
• Dependency theory is largely an outgrowth of
Marxism.
38

39. Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy
Model
39

40. Core Countries
• Rich nations that fuel the world’s economy.
• Take raw materials from around the world and channel them
to North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan.
Periphery Countries
• Low-Income countries brought about through colonialism.
• Support rich countries by providing inexpensive labor and a
large market for industrial products.
Semiperiphery Countries
• The rest of the world.
• More powerful than periphery, but still dominated in some
way by the core. 40

41. 41

42. Treats wealth
as a “0 Sum
Theory”
No country
Ignore
willingly
cultural issues
that affect Criticisms blocks
another from
poverty.
success.
Places blame
on countries
that have
helped
others.
42

43. Part Two: Growth and Diffusion of
Industrialization
43

44. A) Before the Industrial Revolution
44

45. Before the Industrial Revolution
There were industrial centers before the late
18th Century but it was isolated. Most industries
were cottage industries.
Examples:
Chinese Silk Factories
Metal Workshops in India
45

46. What is a cottage industry?
46

47. Cottage Industries are home-
based manufacturers where
people manufacture tools and
agriculture equipment for their
own communities.
47

48. B) The Start of the Industrial Revolution
48

49. The Early 18th Century
Early factories in Great
Britain during the 18th
Century were run by
water running down
slopes.
49

50. The Most Important Invention
In 1769, James Watt built
the first efficient steam
engine. This was the most
important invention to the
Industrial Revolution.
50

51. What is the Industrial Revolution?
51

52. The Industrial Revolution was
the process of technological
change that started in the late
1700s that transformed how
goods were produced and
obtained by the people.
52

53. Social
Changes
Effects of
Population the Economic
Changes Industrial Changes
Revolution
Political
Changes
53

54. Iron
Food
Coal
Processing
Industries affected
by the Industrial
Revolution
Chemicals Transportation
Textiles
54

55. C) Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
55

56. Diffusion of the Industrial
Great Britain
Revolution
Belgium/France (late 1700s)
Most of Europe came late to the party
The United States (1790s) because of revolution and strife (ie. French
Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden
(late 1800s)
The United States entered the IR later
than Belgium and France but
expanded more rapidly.
The Middle East and Africa Asia, Middle East and Africa (Mid 20th Century)
entered the IR because of WWI
and the need for oil.
56

57. Part Three: The Evolution of Economic Cores
and Peripheries
57

58. A) Introduction
58

59. Why do you think that some places
were affected by industrialization
while others were not?
59

60. Location Theory Locational
Independence
Theory
60

61. A) Location Theory
61

62. What is Location Theory?
62

63. Location Theory explains the
locational pattern of
economic activities by
identifying factors that
influence this pattern.
63

64. Secondary
Primary Industry
Industry
• Develops around • Develops as
natural resources. transportation
improves.
• Less dependent on
location
64

65. Variable
Costs
Secondary
Industry
Locations
Friction
Distance
of
Decay
Distance
65

66. Core
• Primary and
Secondary
Industries
Semi-Periphery
• Secondary
Industries
Periphery
• Neither
66

67. What is the Least Cost Theory?
67

68. Alfred Weber’s Least Cost
Theory is a theory that
explains the location of
industries based on
transportation, labor, and
agglomeration.
68

69. Transportation
The site chosen must entail the lowest possible
cost of A) moving raw materials to the
factory, and B) finished products to the market.
69

70. Weight (Bulk) Weight (Bulk) Losing
Gaining • Copper
• Soft Drink • Timber
Manufacturing • Most Agriculture
70

71. 71

72. Location Triangle
The location triangle is used to determine the
best place to locate a manufacturing plant based
on Weber’s Model.
Resource 2
Market Resource1
72

73. 73

74. A) Least Cost Theory Continued
74

75. I am the CEO of a A Case Study
rubber company
looking for a
place to locate my
new plant which
will purify
petroleum into
the rubber
products before
sending it on to
Houston, Texas
for further
processing. I
import petroleum
from the Middle
East.
75

76. What is the Break of Bulk Point?
76

77. The Break of Bulk Point is
where the transfer of goods
among transportation modes is
possible.
77

78. Product per Case Cost/Rail Cost/Road
Fuzzy Mice .05 .01
Concrete 1.00 2.00
Oil .50 .60
Town
10M 11M
5M
3M
6M
Resource 1
Resource 2
78

79. What is the
Location Interdependence Theory?
79

80. Location Interdependence
Theory is a theory that
explains the location of
industries based on the
location of their competition.
80

81. Variable Revenue Analysis
The ability of a firm to capture a market that will
earn it more money and customers than the
competition.
81

82. The Beach
How would Locational Inderdependence Theory play a part in where A and C
would choose to locate?
82

83. Situation Factors
•Transportation Issues
•Bulk-Gaining, Bulk Losing
Site Factors
•The cost of Land, Labor, and Capital
•Climate
•Access to Amenities 83

84. Part Four: Contemporary Patterns in
Industrialization
84

85. A) Globalization and Infrastructure
85

86. How Does Globalization Affect
Industrialization?
• Every country’s development is dependent on
the rest of the world.
– With the increase of Space-Time Compression, it
is possible to locate businesses in places not
before considered.
– The Internet has made it possible for markets to
exist where they have not before.
– In order to accommodate global industrialization a
country must develop infrastructure.
86

87. What is infrastructure?
87

88. Infrastructure includes services
that support economic
activities. It provides for
transportation, communication
, education, and other external
needs of a company.
88

89. B) Primary Industrial Regions
89

90. Western
and
Central
Europe
Primary Eastern
Eastern
North
Asia Regions America
Russia and
the
Ukraine
90

91. Western and Eastern Europe
• Expanded greatly after WWI.
• Was largest in Germany until WWII.
• Rebuilt with the help of America after WWII.
North America
• The North American Manufacturing Belt extends from
Boston and New York through Philadelphia and Baltimore.
• The Southeastern District: Birmingham, Alabama to
Richmond, Va.
• Another: Oklahoma to Dallas, Houston, and New Orleans.
• Northern California: San-Fransisco
• Southern California: Los Angeles to San-Diego
• Pacific Northwest: Portland, Oregon through
Seattle, Washington and Vancouver in Canada. 91

92. 92

93. Russia and the Other Soviet Republics
• Much manufacturing up through the 1930s
followed the Volga River.
• Other regions followed the Trans-Siberian
Railroad.
93

94. 94

95. Asia
The Four Tigers (Export
Japan Oriented China
Industrialization)
• The Kanto Plain • South Korea • Northeast District in
• Tokyo • Taiwan Manchuria
• Hong Kong • Beijing, Shanghai, Hon
• Singapore g Kong
• The Pacific Rim
95

96. C) Secondary Industrial Regions
96

97. Southeast
Asia
Northern
Africa
Secondary
Industrial
Regions
Mexico
Brazil
97

98. What is the maquiladora?
98

99. The Maquiladora is a
manufacturing zone created
in the 1960s in Mexico that
mostly produces American
products.
99

100. What is the NAFTA?
100

101. NAFTA is the North American
Free Trade Agreement which
eliminated barriers to free
trade in North America.
101

102. Part Five: Global Inequalities
102

103. A) Challenges for More Developed Countries
103

104. Protection of Markets
MDCs are having to work to protect their
markets from newly developing countries. They
often do this by establishing Trading Blocs.
104

105. What is a trading bloc?
105

106. A Trading Bloc is a
conglomeration of trade
between regions.
106

107. Little to
No
Taxes
Benefits
of Trading
Blocs
Ease in
Cooperation
Encouraged crossing
borders
107

108. NAFTA
3
Important
Blocs
European
East Asia
Union
108

109. Most cooperation and competition between
trading blocs take place between transnational
corporations which are also conglomerate
corporations
109

110. Deindustrialization
In many MDC economies, tertiary development
is replacing secondary development.
Growth of LDC
industry is taking
This is a natural progress
jobs away from
of society. Service jobs is
MDCs.
the mark of a developed
society.
110

111. B) Challenges for Less Developed Countries
111

112. Distance from
Market
Challenges
of LDCs
Competition
Inadequate
with Existing
Infrastructure
Manufacturers
112

113. The New International Division of
Labor
The selective transfer of some jobs to
LDCs.
113

114. Part Five: Globalization and the Environment
114

115. Industrialization and Fossil Fuels
As more and more countries become
revolutionized, the need for fossil fuels grows
exponentially.
While we know how many proven reserves we
have, we do not know how many potential reserves
we have.
¼ of the world’s population consumes ¾ of the
world’s fossil fuels.
115

116. Environmental Impact Concerns
Global
Acid Rain
Warming
116

117. Prevention
Technological
Compensation Solutions Change
Mitigation
117

118. The End.
118