After the September 11th terrorist attacks, there were reports of hate crimes targeting Muslims, Arabs, and South Asians in the United States. These included death threats to a Palestinian American student, rocks and eggs being thrown at an Islamic center, and bottles being thrown at a Sikh taxi driver. In response, President Bush visited an Islamic center to condemn the acts of violence and reaffirm that Islam teaches peace. However, some Americans still supported increased surveillance of Arab and Muslim Americans in the period after 9/11.

2. Detroit, MI: A 14-year-old daughter of Palestinian immigrants received death threats from her fellow high school students. (Toronto Star, 9/15/01) Starkville, MI: The Islamic Center of Mississippi in Starkville was pelted with eggs, tomatoes and rocks. (AP, 9/16/01) New York, NY: A Sikh taxi driver reported that people threw bottles at his car. (Newsday, 9/16/01)

3. On September 17, 2001, President Bush visited the Islamic Center of Washington, DC, where he met with Muslim leaders. He said: “ These acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith. And it’s important for my fellow Americans to understand that. The face of terror is not the true faith of Islam. That’s not what Islam is all about. Islam is peace. These terrorists don’t represent peace. They represent evil and war… Women who cover their heads in this country must feel comfortable going outside their homes. Moms who wear cover must not be intimidated in America. That’s not the America I know. That’s not the America I value.”

4. October 22, 2001 - Orlando International Airport, FL: Four Hispanic businessmen were escorted off a Delta flight after passengers alerted airline staff that the men appeared to be Middle Eastern. The men were checked against the FBI watch list and cleared. They were able to board a later flight. (The Orlando Sentinel, 10/23/01)

5. Civil Liberties and Arabs and Muslims in the US Shortly After 9/11: PSRA/Newsweek: In response to the terrorist attacks (on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, September 11, 2001), do you think the United States should put Arabs and Arab-Americans in this country under special surveillance, or that it would be a mistake to target a nationality group, as was done with Japanese-Americans after Pearl Harbor? 9/01 11/01 Should increase surveillance 27 30 Would be a mistake 68 62 Don't know 5 8 N 1,005 1,002

6. At a November 19, 2001 meeting with local Georgia officials, Congressman (now Senator) Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) said that, in order to combat terrorism, a Georgia sheriff should be turned loose to “ arrest every Muslim that comes across the state line .” He has since apologized for that remark. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2011798-3,00.html

7. PSRA: Is your overall opinion of ... Muslim Americans, very favorable, mostly favorable, unfavorable, or very unfavorable? How Do People Feel about Arabs and Muslims? Pre-9/11 Post-9/11 August 2000 November 2001 June 2003 Very to Mostly Favorable 50 59 51 Mostly to very Unfavorable 21 17 24 Never heard of them 2 1 1

8. ABC: Do you think mainstream Islam encourages violence against non-Muslims, or is it a peaceful religion? 1/02 10/02 9/03 3/06 Encourages violence 14 23 34 33 Peaceful religion 5 7 53 46 54 No opinion 29 25 20 13 N 1,023 1,018 1,004 1,003 What Do People Think about Islamic Religion?

9. Collins (2004): Rituals are symbolic events designed to produce solidarity. Types of rituals include : displays of flags, concerts, sports, memorials for the dead (on YouTube and in public spaces). Solidarity rituals are not done by everyone and of equal intensity. ‘ For those of us who are raised to the left, I thought, 'Hmm, are we patriotic?' ‘ said Jessica Skintges, 32, a self-described leftist from the District who was giving blood. ‘Well, yes, we are.’ Skintges, an equal opportunity officer at the Department of Justice, said she had ‘a lot of friends who are peaceniks, who protest the death penalty, who never felt patriotic. And now they want to paint a flag on their cars.’ -- The Washington Post , September 13, 2001 ‘ The warden's office at Centinela State Prison got a letter last week from an inmate serving a three-year sentence for selling drugs. The inmate was horrified by the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks and asked officials to withdraw $100 from his personal account and donate the money to families of the victims in New York. ‘Many inmates on their very own, from the moment this happened, wanted to do something,’ said Deavonne Long, a spokeswoman at the Imperial County prison. ‘These inmates,’ he said, ‘are Americans, too.’ -- The San Diego Union-Tribune , September 25, 2001

12. “ I f we don’t [insert activity here], the terrorists will have won.”

13. Source: Amazon.com Advanced Search: Printed books in english, keyword „terror” with no restrictions on condition, format, binding or reader age. Accessed June 7, 2010.

14. September 2004 "It's absolutely essential that eight weeks from today, on Nov. 2, we make the right choice, because if we make the wrong choice then the danger is that we'll get hit again and we'll be hit in a way that will be devastating from the standpoint of the United States .” -- Vice President Dick Cheney at a town-hall meeting.

15. 9/11 in the Elections 2002-2008 From Division to Unity to Division 2002 : "In this election, the determinant in my view was quite simply 9 / 11 and George Bush's popularity , and the country being in a very sensitive condition vis--vis their own security and their own safety issues," former Democrat minority leader, Dick Gephardt said during an interview in the Capitol office. 2004 : "It's absolutely essential that eight weeks from today, on Nov. 2, we make the right choice, because if we make the wrong choice then the danger is that we'll get hit again and we'll be hit in a way that will be devastating from the standpoint of the United States," Vice President Dick Cheney told supporters at a town-hall meeting Tuesday. 2006 : ''Five years after 9/11, the worst attack on the American homeland in our history, the Democrats offer nothing but criticism and obstruction and endless second-guessing,'' Mr. Bush said at a fund-raising event. ''The party of F.D.R. and the party of Harry Truman has become the party of cut and run. The Democrats are using the N.I.E. to mislead the American people and justify their policy of withdrawal from Iraq,'' the president said. ''The American people need to know what withdrawal from Iraq would mean. By withdrawing from Iraq before the job is done, we would be doing exactly what the extremists and terrorists want .''

16. Here are some excerpts from President Obama’s speech at Cairo University in 2009 that relate to 9/11: The situation in Afghanistan demonstrates America’s goals, and our need to work together. Over seven years ago, the United States pursued al Qaeda and the Taliban with broad international support. We did not go by choice, we went because of necessity. I am aware that some question or justify the events of 9/11. But let us be clear: al Qaeda killed nearly 3,000 people on that day. The victims were innocent men, women and children from America and many other nations who had done nothing to harm anybody. And yet Al Qaeda chose to ruthlessly murder these people, claimed credit for the attack, and even now states their determination to kill on a massive scale. They have affiliates in many countries and are trying to expand their reach. These are not opinions to be debated; these are facts to be dealt with… And finally, just as America can never tolerate violence by extremists, we must never alter our principles. 9/11 was an enormous trauma to our country. The fear and anger that it provoked was understandable, but in some cases, it led us to act contrary to our ideals. We are taking concrete actions to change course. I have unequivocally prohibited the use of torture by the United States, and I have ordered the prison at Guantanamo Bay closed by early next year… The sooner the extremists are isolated and unwelcome in Muslim communities, the sooner we will all be safer.

17. “ To those who scare peace-loving people with phantoms of lost liberty, my message is this: Your tactics only aid terrorists—for they erode our national unity and diminish our resolve … ” -- Former Attorney General John Ashcroft, Statement to U.S. Senate, December 2001 Civil Liberties after 9/11

18. Voluntarily Giving Up Civil Liberties: PSRA/PEW: In order to curb terrorism in this country, do you think it will be necessary for the average person to give up some civil liberties, or not? Yes/Necessary No/Not Necessary Don't Know/n.a. Pre 9/11 : 4/97 (PSRA/PEW) 29% 62% 9% Post 9/11 : 9/13-17/01 55 35 10 Difference +26 -27 +1

19. CBS/NYT: In order to reduce the threat of terrorism, would you be willing or not willing to allow government agencies to monitor the telephone calls and e-mail of ordinary Americans on a regular basis? PSRA/PEW: Would you favor or oppose the following measures to curb terrorism: allowing the U.S. government to monitor your personal telephone calls and e-mails. Approve/ Favor/ Disapprove/ Support/ Oppose/ Don't Know/ Willing Not Willing N.A. (%) (%) (%) Phone and e-mail: Sept/13-14/01 (CBS/NYT) 39 53 8 Sept /20-23/01 (CBS/NYT) 45 51 4 Dec /7-10/01 (CBS/NYT) 31 65 4 Personal phone/e-mail: Sept/13-17/01 (PSRA/PEW) 26 70 4

20. Religion : After 9/11, there does not seem to be a large impact on religious sentiment. To what extent do you consider yourself a religious person? Are you . . . 1998 2006 Very Religious 18.7 19 Moderately religious 42.9 43.7 Slightly religious 23.5 23.1 Not religious 14.9 14.2

28. Source: ISI Citation Database. Topic „September 11, 2001”