The document discusses electric motors, including DC motors, brushless DC motors, AC induction motors, synchronous AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on their basic principles, components, types, applications, and considerations. It also covers linear motors, describing their basics, benefits, components, types including iron core, ironless, and slotless, and applications in areas like packaging and transportation.
This document provides an overview of different types of electric motors, including DC motors, stepper motors, and their operating principles. It discusses conventional brushed DC motors and how they work using commutator and brushes. Brushless DC motors are also covered, noting they use electronic commutation instead of mechanical brushes. Stepper motors are introduced as motors that rotate in discrete steps when electrical pulses are applied. Their operation and characteristics such as resolution are explained. Applications of different motor types are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types of AC motors, including induction motors and synchronous motors. Induction motors operate slightly slower than the supply frequency, while synchronous motors rotate exactly at the supply frequency. Common types of AC motors include squirrel cage motors and wound rotor motors. Squirrel cage motors have conductors in the rotor that produce torque from induced currents, while wound rotor motors have insulated windings in the rotor that allow external resistance to control starting torque and speed.
Alternating Current Machines Single PhaseeTalia Carbis
The document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors, including their key features and operation.
1. Split-phase motors use a start winding and run winding to produce a rotating magnetic field for starting. At higher speeds, the start winding is disconnected by a centrifugal switch.
2. Capacitor start motors improve starting torque over split-phase motors by introducing a phase shift between windings using a capacitor.
3. Permanent split-capacitor motors have identical windings and rely on capacitors to produce a rotating field for starting and running. They are commonly used in fans.
This document provides information about motors, including their main parts, types, maintenance, overhauling process, and safety procedures. It discusses the working principle of motors and lists common motor types like AC, DC, single phase, and squirrel cage induction motors. The overhauling process is described in steps from obtaining safety documentation to testing after reassembly. Key parts like the stator, rotor, bearings and housing are inspected. Common faults, protection devices, and safety precautions are also outlined.
1) The document discusses different methods for starting a synchronous motor, as synchronous motors are not self-starting.
2) The main methods discussed are auxiliary motor starting using a pony motor, induction motor starting using a damper winding embedded in the rotor, and synchronous induction motor starting using a wound rotor configuration.
3) Auxiliary motor starting involves using a separate motor like an induction or DC motor to bring the synchronous motor up to synchronous speed before energizing its field winding. Induction motor starting uses a damper winding in the rotor to allow the motor to start as an induction motor up to synchronous speed.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including different types of motors, their basic principles and components. It discusses induction motors, synchronous motors, and single phase motors. It also covers motor specifications, testing, storage, lubrication, and maintenance practices. The presentation was prepared by Kapil Singh for Thermax Ltd and includes topics like classification of motors, laws of electromagnetism, rotating magnetic fields, and motor applications.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
This document provides an overview of different types of electric motors, including DC motors, stepper motors, and their operating principles. It discusses conventional brushed DC motors and how they work using commutator and brushes. Brushless DC motors are also covered, noting they use electronic commutation instead of mechanical brushes. Stepper motors are introduced as motors that rotate in discrete steps when electrical pulses are applied. Their operation and characteristics such as resolution are explained. Applications of different motor types are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses different types of AC motors, including induction motors and synchronous motors. Induction motors operate slightly slower than the supply frequency, while synchronous motors rotate exactly at the supply frequency. Common types of AC motors include squirrel cage motors and wound rotor motors. Squirrel cage motors have conductors in the rotor that produce torque from induced currents, while wound rotor motors have insulated windings in the rotor that allow external resistance to control starting torque and speed.
Alternating Current Machines Single PhaseeTalia Carbis
The document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors, including their key features and operation.
1. Split-phase motors use a start winding and run winding to produce a rotating magnetic field for starting. At higher speeds, the start winding is disconnected by a centrifugal switch.
2. Capacitor start motors improve starting torque over split-phase motors by introducing a phase shift between windings using a capacitor.
3. Permanent split-capacitor motors have identical windings and rely on capacitors to produce a rotating field for starting and running. They are commonly used in fans.
This document provides information about motors, including their main parts, types, maintenance, overhauling process, and safety procedures. It discusses the working principle of motors and lists common motor types like AC, DC, single phase, and squirrel cage induction motors. The overhauling process is described in steps from obtaining safety documentation to testing after reassembly. Key parts like the stator, rotor, bearings and housing are inspected. Common faults, protection devices, and safety precautions are also outlined.
1) The document discusses different methods for starting a synchronous motor, as synchronous motors are not self-starting.
2) The main methods discussed are auxiliary motor starting using a pony motor, induction motor starting using a damper winding embedded in the rotor, and synchronous induction motor starting using a wound rotor configuration.
3) Auxiliary motor starting involves using a separate motor like an induction or DC motor to bring the synchronous motor up to synchronous speed before energizing its field winding. Induction motor starting uses a damper winding in the rotor to allow the motor to start as an induction motor up to synchronous speed.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including different types of motors, their basic principles and components. It discusses induction motors, synchronous motors, and single phase motors. It also covers motor specifications, testing, storage, lubrication, and maintenance practices. The presentation was prepared by Kapil Singh for Thermax Ltd and includes topics like classification of motors, laws of electromagnetism, rotating magnetic fields, and motor applications.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
The document discusses AC motor drives and induction motor drives. It provides details on:
1. AC motor drives are commonly used in industrial and domestic applications due to their light weight, low cost, and low maintenance requirements. Their power control is relatively complex.
2. There are two main types of AC motor drives - induction motor drives and synchronous motor drives. Induction motors are commonly used in adjustable speed drives.
3. Speed control of induction motors can be achieved by varying the stator voltage and frequency. Rotor resistance control using an external resistor is also described for wound rotor induction motors.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stepper motors. It describes the basic components and operating principles of stepper motors, including the different types (permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid). It also discusses identifying motor wires, the differences between full-step and half-step motors, provides an example of stepper motor specifications, and lists some common applications of stepper motors.
This document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors and how they are made self-starting. It describes the construction and working of a basic single-phase induction motor. Such a motor is not self-starting because it produces an alternating flux that cannot cause rotation on its own. The document then explains various methods used to make single-phase motors self-starting, including split-phase, capacitor-start, and shaded-pole designs. It provides details on how split-phase and capacitor-start motors introduce a phase difference between windings using a starting winding and capacitor, producing a revolving magnetic field that can start the motor.
The document discusses three-phase induction motors. It covers the motor's construction, basic concepts, equivalent circuit model, power and torque characteristics, and speed control. The key learning objectives are understanding the motor's construction, slip concept, equivalent circuit model, torque-speed curve variations, and speed control techniques. The motor has a stationary stator and a rotating squirrel cage or wound rotor. Voltage induced in the rotor from the rotating stator magnetic field causes current flow and torque production. The motor runs at sub-synchronous speed due to slip between the rotor and field speeds.
This document presents a seminar presentation on 3-phase induction motors. It covers the introduction, construction, parts, rotor types, rotating magnetic field principle, operation, equivalent circuit, losses, power flow, torque-speed characteristics, speed control, advantages, and applications. The key points are that induction motors transform electrical energy to mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction between a rotating magnetic field in the stator and currents induced in the rotor. They have a simple and robust squirrel cage rotor design and can operate at a nearly constant speed from no load to full load.
Journey of finding electromagnet in jyoti automation cnckrunal103
This document summarizes a student group's journey to learn about electromagnets in CNC machines at Jyoti Automation. They started by learning the basic mechanisms of CNC machines. They then learned about how the CNC panel is connected and the importance of components like connectors, relays, triacs, and servo motors. Induction motors were used for job works and rotating drilling arms, while electromagnetic clutches engaged and disengaged the job piece. Finally, servo motors were used for position control of jobs and arms in a closed-loop feedback system. The students' journey provided hands-on learning of key components in CNC machines like motors, clutches, and position control systems.
This document contains a question bank for the course EE 6703 Special Electrical Machines. It covers three units: synchronous reluctance motors, stepper motors, and switched reluctance motors. For each unit, it provides questions to test students' understanding of the construction, operating principles, characteristics, and applications of these motor types. It includes questions that require explaining concepts, deriving equations, drawing diagrams, and calculating values based on motor specifications.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTING METHODS, START करने के METHODS|DAMPER WINDING, AUX...Prasant Kumar
This document discusses different starting methods for synchronous motors. It describes using an auxiliary induction motor or DC motor to bring the synchronous motor rotor up to synchronous speed before excitation. It also covers on-load starting methods like using damper windings to start the motor as an induction motor initially or using a variable frequency drive to gradually increase frequency and avoid high starting torque.
An AC motor operates using a rotating magnetic field produced by an alternating current to generate torque and turn the rotor shaft. There are two main types - synchronous motors where the rotor rotates at the exact supply frequency, and induction motors where the rotor rotates slightly slower. Induction motors are the most common and operate using electromagnetic induction to induce currents in the rotor and generate torque. Squirrel cage rotors are the most widely used type and consist of conductive bars in the rotor that induce currents to generate a magnetic field and turn the shaft.
Induction generator and synchronous induction motor Pavithran Selvam
The document discusses induction generators and synchronous induction motors. It defines an induction generator as an AC generator that uses the induction motor principle to produce power. It operates when the induction motor's slip is negative, meaning it runs faster than synchronous speed. An induction generator must be connected to an AC supply and cannot self-excite. It is often used in parallel with synchronous generators. A synchronous motor's rotor rotates at the same speed as the stator's rotating magnetic field.
An induction motor is described with the following specifications:
- 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, 3-phase
- Drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging
- Stator copper losses of 2 kW
- Rotor copper losses of 700 W
To determine the rotor frequency at full load, the slip is calculated using the given power rating, current, and power factor. The slip is then used to calculate the rotor frequency.
This document summarizes three types of single-phase induction motors: split-phase induction motors, capacitor-type single-phase induction motors, and shaded-pole motors. It describes the basic construction and working principles of each type of motor. Split-phase motors use an auxiliary winding to provide starting torque. Capacitor motors add a capacitor, either temporarily or permanently, to improve starting torque. Shaded-pole motors produce a rotating magnetic field through the use of shaded poles on the stator. The document provides examples of applications for each type and includes diagrams of their electrical configurations and torque-speed characteristics.
Three-phase induction motors are commonly used in industry due to their simple and rugged design. They operate by creating a rotating magnetic field from the three-phase stator windings which induces a voltage and current in the rotor windings. This induced current creates a torque from the interaction between the rotor and stator magnetic fields, causing the rotor to turn at a slightly lower speed than the synchronous speed set by the stator frequency. The difference between the synchronous and actual motor speeds is called the slip. Induction motors can operate at variable speeds by adjusting the frequency of the power supply using a variable frequency drive.
Unit 5-ACTUATORS AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN-ME6702– MECHATRONICS Mohanumar S
The document discusses different types of electrical motors. It describes DC motors, including brushed and brushless types. It also covers AC motors like synchronous and induction motors. Stepper motors are also summarized, including permanent magnet and variable reluctance types. The key properties and applications of each motor type are highlighted at a high level.
Induction machines operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. There are two main types of induction motor rotors: squirrel cage and slipring. The squirrel cage rotor is more common and consists of bars shorted together at the ends. The slipring rotor uses an external resistance that can be adjusted. Induction motors operate slightly slower than synchronous speed due to slip. Slip affects rotor parameters like frequency, voltage, reactance, current and power factor. Torque in an induction motor depends on flux, rotor current, and rotor power factor.
Practical Motor Protection, Control and Maintenance TechnologiesLiving Online
It is estimated that electrical drives and other rotating equipment consume about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed in the world today (and this figure increases to 70% if you only consider industry). The cost of maintaining electrical motors can be a significant amount in the budget item of manufacturing and mining industries. This workshop gives you a thorough understanding of electrical motor’s protection, control and maintenance and gives you the tools to maintain and troubleshoot electrical motors.
You will gain a fundamental understanding of the protection, control and maintenance of electric motors and drives. Typical applications of electric motors in mining, manufacturing, materials handling and process control are covered in detail. The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting motors confidently and effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-motor-protection-control-and-maintenance-technologies-49
This document discusses repulsion motors, including their construction, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Repulsion motors operate based on the principle of magnetic repulsion between the stator and rotor fields. They are classified as single-phase motors and have a stator, rotor connected to a commutator, and brushes. The three main types are compensated repulsion motors, repulsion-start induction-run motors, and repulsion induction motors. Repulsion motors can operate at higher voltages than other commutator motors and are commonly used to power high-speed lifts, fans, pumps, hoists, air compressors, and mining equipment. However, they also have disadvantages like sparking at the brushes and
Rotating Electrical Machines-AC & DC Machines,Induction Motor and DC MotorPrasant Kumar
Rotating electrical machines,induction machines,induction motor,construction working principle of ac machines,working of dc machines construction of DC motor,starting,torque speed relation,speed control mechanism of dc machines
A stepper motor converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements of its shaft. The shaft rotates in discrete step increments that correspond directly to the sequence and frequency of input pulses. There are three main types of stepper motors: variable-reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Stepper motors provide controlled movement and are well-suited for applications that require control of rotation angle, speed, position, and synchronization. They have advantages like full torque at standstill and excellent response to starting, stopping, and reversing.
- Stepper motors are brushless DC motors that rotate in discrete steps in response to control signals. They are excellent for positioning applications as their rotation can be accurately controlled.
- There are three main types of stepper motors: permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid. Permanent magnet motors are the most common.
- Key components include the rotor, stator, and windings. Pulses sent to the windings energize the stator poles and rotate the motor.
- Stepper motors have advantages like low cost control, simplicity, and ability to operate without feedback but disadvantages like higher current draw and need for a driver circuit.
- Common applications include printers, CNC machines, robotics, and
The document discusses AC motor drives and induction motor drives. It provides details on:
1. AC motor drives are commonly used in industrial and domestic applications due to their light weight, low cost, and low maintenance requirements. Their power control is relatively complex.
2. There are two main types of AC motor drives - induction motor drives and synchronous motor drives. Induction motors are commonly used in adjustable speed drives.
3. Speed control of induction motors can be achieved by varying the stator voltage and frequency. Rotor resistance control using an external resistor is also described for wound rotor induction motors.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on stepper motors. It describes the basic components and operating principles of stepper motors, including the different types (permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid). It also discusses identifying motor wires, the differences between full-step and half-step motors, provides an example of stepper motor specifications, and lists some common applications of stepper motors.
This document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors and how they are made self-starting. It describes the construction and working of a basic single-phase induction motor. Such a motor is not self-starting because it produces an alternating flux that cannot cause rotation on its own. The document then explains various methods used to make single-phase motors self-starting, including split-phase, capacitor-start, and shaded-pole designs. It provides details on how split-phase and capacitor-start motors introduce a phase difference between windings using a starting winding and capacitor, producing a revolving magnetic field that can start the motor.
The document discusses three-phase induction motors. It covers the motor's construction, basic concepts, equivalent circuit model, power and torque characteristics, and speed control. The key learning objectives are understanding the motor's construction, slip concept, equivalent circuit model, torque-speed curve variations, and speed control techniques. The motor has a stationary stator and a rotating squirrel cage or wound rotor. Voltage induced in the rotor from the rotating stator magnetic field causes current flow and torque production. The motor runs at sub-synchronous speed due to slip between the rotor and field speeds.
This document presents a seminar presentation on 3-phase induction motors. It covers the introduction, construction, parts, rotor types, rotating magnetic field principle, operation, equivalent circuit, losses, power flow, torque-speed characteristics, speed control, advantages, and applications. The key points are that induction motors transform electrical energy to mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction between a rotating magnetic field in the stator and currents induced in the rotor. They have a simple and robust squirrel cage rotor design and can operate at a nearly constant speed from no load to full load.
Journey of finding electromagnet in jyoti automation cnckrunal103
This document summarizes a student group's journey to learn about electromagnets in CNC machines at Jyoti Automation. They started by learning the basic mechanisms of CNC machines. They then learned about how the CNC panel is connected and the importance of components like connectors, relays, triacs, and servo motors. Induction motors were used for job works and rotating drilling arms, while electromagnetic clutches engaged and disengaged the job piece. Finally, servo motors were used for position control of jobs and arms in a closed-loop feedback system. The students' journey provided hands-on learning of key components in CNC machines like motors, clutches, and position control systems.
This document contains a question bank for the course EE 6703 Special Electrical Machines. It covers three units: synchronous reluctance motors, stepper motors, and switched reluctance motors. For each unit, it provides questions to test students' understanding of the construction, operating principles, characteristics, and applications of these motor types. It includes questions that require explaining concepts, deriving equations, drawing diagrams, and calculating values based on motor specifications.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTING METHODS, START करने के METHODS|DAMPER WINDING, AUX...Prasant Kumar
This document discusses different starting methods for synchronous motors. It describes using an auxiliary induction motor or DC motor to bring the synchronous motor rotor up to synchronous speed before excitation. It also covers on-load starting methods like using damper windings to start the motor as an induction motor initially or using a variable frequency drive to gradually increase frequency and avoid high starting torque.
An AC motor operates using a rotating magnetic field produced by an alternating current to generate torque and turn the rotor shaft. There are two main types - synchronous motors where the rotor rotates at the exact supply frequency, and induction motors where the rotor rotates slightly slower. Induction motors are the most common and operate using electromagnetic induction to induce currents in the rotor and generate torque. Squirrel cage rotors are the most widely used type and consist of conductive bars in the rotor that induce currents to generate a magnetic field and turn the shaft.
Induction generator and synchronous induction motor Pavithran Selvam
The document discusses induction generators and synchronous induction motors. It defines an induction generator as an AC generator that uses the induction motor principle to produce power. It operates when the induction motor's slip is negative, meaning it runs faster than synchronous speed. An induction generator must be connected to an AC supply and cannot self-excite. It is often used in parallel with synchronous generators. A synchronous motor's rotor rotates at the same speed as the stator's rotating magnetic field.
An induction motor is described with the following specifications:
- 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, 3-phase
- Drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging
- Stator copper losses of 2 kW
- Rotor copper losses of 700 W
To determine the rotor frequency at full load, the slip is calculated using the given power rating, current, and power factor. The slip is then used to calculate the rotor frequency.
This document summarizes three types of single-phase induction motors: split-phase induction motors, capacitor-type single-phase induction motors, and shaded-pole motors. It describes the basic construction and working principles of each type of motor. Split-phase motors use an auxiliary winding to provide starting torque. Capacitor motors add a capacitor, either temporarily or permanently, to improve starting torque. Shaded-pole motors produce a rotating magnetic field through the use of shaded poles on the stator. The document provides examples of applications for each type and includes diagrams of their electrical configurations and torque-speed characteristics.
Three-phase induction motors are commonly used in industry due to their simple and rugged design. They operate by creating a rotating magnetic field from the three-phase stator windings which induces a voltage and current in the rotor windings. This induced current creates a torque from the interaction between the rotor and stator magnetic fields, causing the rotor to turn at a slightly lower speed than the synchronous speed set by the stator frequency. The difference between the synchronous and actual motor speeds is called the slip. Induction motors can operate at variable speeds by adjusting the frequency of the power supply using a variable frequency drive.
Unit 5-ACTUATORS AND MECHATRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN-ME6702– MECHATRONICS Mohanumar S
The document discusses different types of electrical motors. It describes DC motors, including brushed and brushless types. It also covers AC motors like synchronous and induction motors. Stepper motors are also summarized, including permanent magnet and variable reluctance types. The key properties and applications of each motor type are highlighted at a high level.
Induction machines operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. There are two main types of induction motor rotors: squirrel cage and slipring. The squirrel cage rotor is more common and consists of bars shorted together at the ends. The slipring rotor uses an external resistance that can be adjusted. Induction motors operate slightly slower than synchronous speed due to slip. Slip affects rotor parameters like frequency, voltage, reactance, current and power factor. Torque in an induction motor depends on flux, rotor current, and rotor power factor.
Practical Motor Protection, Control and Maintenance TechnologiesLiving Online
It is estimated that electrical drives and other rotating equipment consume about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed in the world today (and this figure increases to 70% if you only consider industry). The cost of maintaining electrical motors can be a significant amount in the budget item of manufacturing and mining industries. This workshop gives you a thorough understanding of electrical motor’s protection, control and maintenance and gives you the tools to maintain and troubleshoot electrical motors.
You will gain a fundamental understanding of the protection, control and maintenance of electric motors and drives. Typical applications of electric motors in mining, manufacturing, materials handling and process control are covered in detail. The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting motors confidently and effectively.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-motor-protection-control-and-maintenance-technologies-49
This document discusses repulsion motors, including their construction, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Repulsion motors operate based on the principle of magnetic repulsion between the stator and rotor fields. They are classified as single-phase motors and have a stator, rotor connected to a commutator, and brushes. The three main types are compensated repulsion motors, repulsion-start induction-run motors, and repulsion induction motors. Repulsion motors can operate at higher voltages than other commutator motors and are commonly used to power high-speed lifts, fans, pumps, hoists, air compressors, and mining equipment. However, they also have disadvantages like sparking at the brushes and
Rotating Electrical Machines-AC & DC Machines,Induction Motor and DC MotorPrasant Kumar
Rotating electrical machines,induction machines,induction motor,construction working principle of ac machines,working of dc machines construction of DC motor,starting,torque speed relation,speed control mechanism of dc machines
A stepper motor converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements of its shaft. The shaft rotates in discrete step increments that correspond directly to the sequence and frequency of input pulses. There are three main types of stepper motors: variable-reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Stepper motors provide controlled movement and are well-suited for applications that require control of rotation angle, speed, position, and synchronization. They have advantages like full torque at standstill and excellent response to starting, stopping, and reversing.
- Stepper motors are brushless DC motors that rotate in discrete steps in response to control signals. They are excellent for positioning applications as their rotation can be accurately controlled.
- There are three main types of stepper motors: permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid. Permanent magnet motors are the most common.
- Key components include the rotor, stator, and windings. Pulses sent to the windings energize the stator poles and rotate the motor.
- Stepper motors have advantages like low cost control, simplicity, and ability to operate without feedback but disadvantages like higher current draw and need for a driver circuit.
- Common applications include printers, CNC machines, robotics, and
This document discusses different types of electric motors:
1. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have constant torque output but are expensive and available only in small sizes. They are used in precision equipment.
2. Stepped motors move in discrete steps and have multiple coil phases. Variable-reluctance stepped motors work by aligning the rotor with the stator's magnetic field. Permanent magnet stepped motors produce more torque but require reversing current to change direction.
3. Brushless DC motors have electronically controlled commutation without brushes, making them more efficient than brushed DC motors. They are used in computer hard drives and other applications.
The document discusses stepper motors. It begins by introducing the three members of the presentation group and listing the contents to be covered, which include the introduction, working principle, speed control methodology, applications, advantages, and limitations of stepper motors. It then defines a stepper motor as a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The document goes on to describe the three main types of stepper motors and explain their working principles. It also discusses the various ways to control the speed of stepper motors, including using series resistance, gearboxes, and voltage regulation. Finally, the common applications, advantages, and limitations of stepper motors are summarized.
This document discusses robot actuation and feedback components, including electric motors and servo motors. It provides details on different types of DC motors like series wound, shunt wound, compound wound, and separately excited motors. It also covers stepper motors, explaining their specifications and full step and half step commutation sequences. Servo motors are defined as motors that can rotate with precision using a closed-loop feedback system to control the shaft position. Applications of different motor types are also listed.
1) The document discusses direct torque control (DTC) of induction motors using space vector modulation (SVM-DTC). DTC aims to control torque and flux of the motor but causes current and torque ripple.
2) SVM-DTC is proposed to reduce ripple by increasing the number of available voltage vectors applied to the motor. This provides benefits like lower torque ripple and current distortion.
3) The document then provides background on induction motors, including their construction, operation, speed control, and starting methods before discussing DTC and SVM-DTC in more detail.
Stepper Motor Types, Advantages And Applicationselprocus
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are
applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of the
motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number of input pulses applied.
This document discusses different types of motors, including DC motors, AC motors, and servo motors. It describes the key components and characteristics of series, shunt, and compound DC motors. It also explains induction motors, synchronous motors, and the differences between squirrel cage and wound rotors. AC motors are divided into synchronous and induction types. Servo motors are described as incorporating a DC motor, gear train, potentiometer, and control circuit to enable precise angular positioning. Common applications of different motor types are also mentioned.
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carMehul kumar
The induction braking coil works by shorting the circuit around the stepper motor pins when activated by a relay, which stops the shaft of the vehicle momentarily. The IR sensing circuit uses a 555 timer and relay switching to sense obstructions, activating one relay to stop the DC motor and another to energize the induction braking coil, providing two mechanisms to brake the hybrid vehicle model. The induction braking coil provides an additional braking mechanism to the vehicle by shorting the stepper motor when a relay is triggered by the IR sensing circuit.
This document discusses several types of electric motors: AC series motors, universal motors, stepper motors, and shaded pole motors. It provides details on the construction and operation of universal motors and stepper motors. Universal motors can operate on either AC or DC power because the rotor and stator windings are connected in series. Stepper motors rotate in precise angular increments in response to applied digital pulses, making them well-suited for applications requiring precise positional control like printers and CNC machines. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of stepper motors.
A stepper motor is a brushless DC motor that rotates in discrete step increments when electrical pulses are applied in a sequence. There are three main types - variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid. Stepper motors provide controlled movement and are well-suited for applications requiring rotation angle, speed, position, and synchronization control. They generate torque depending on factors like step rate and current. Stepper motors find applications in computer-controlled precision positioning equipment, industrial machines, and commercial devices like printers.
This document provides an overview of different types of motors used in computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It describes the basic components and working principles of motors. It then compares alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) motors, discussing stepper motors, servo mechanisms, and the motors typically used in CNC machines including spindle motors and linear motors. Key selection criteria for motors in CNC applications include revolutions per minute, torque, standards compliance, power requirements, and motor load.
An induction motor is a common electric motor where the rotating magnetic field in the stator induces current in the rotor to generate torque. It has a simple and rugged construction, is very reliable and cost-effective. Induction motors are widely used in industrial equipment and household appliances. The current induced in the rotor depends on factors like slip and magnetic saturation, which influence the motor's speed-torque characteristics. Finite element analysis is useful for investigating these characteristics during design. While induction motors are commonly used, their modeling involves complexities like rotor skew, harmonic effects, and nonlinear materials behavior.
The document provides information about a mini-project submission plan and various types of actuators used in mechatronics systems. It discusses the following:
1. A mini-project submission plan for a mechatronics course, outlining the tasks and submission dates for a report on a project problem, system requirements, conceptual design, and system design.
2. Different types of actuators used in mechatronics systems including electric motors, hydraulic actuators, pneumatic actuators and their operating characteristics such as torque, speed, efficiency.
3. Details on electric motors including DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, and brushless DC motors. It discusses motor operation, speed-torque
This document provides an overview of synchronous motors. It discusses how synchronous motors operate based on interaction between the stator and rotor magnetic fields. The rotor rotates in synchronization with the rotating stator magnetic field. Damper windings or an auxiliary induction motor are used to start the synchronous motor and bring it up to near synchronous speed before energizing the rotor field. Synchronous motors provide constant synchronous speed and can operate at leading, lagging or unity power factor, making them suitable for applications requiring precise speed control or power factor correction.
This document provides an overview of stepper motors, including:
- Their working principle is that they rotate through discrete angular steps in response to input current pulses. They come in different types like permanent magnet, variable reluctance, and hybrid.
- Applications include computer peripherals, textile machines, robotics, printers, drives, machine tools, and process controls where incremental motion is required.
- Advantages are low cost, high reliability, and high torque at low speeds. Disadvantages include resonance effects at low speeds and decreasing torque with increasing speed.
This document summarizes research on techniques to minimize torque ripple in switched reluctance motors (SRM). It discusses that torque ripple is inherent in SRM due to their doubly salient structure. It reviews two main approaches: 1) Improving the magnetic design of the motor and 2) Using sophisticated electronic control techniques like indirect torque control methods using torque sharing functions or direct torque control. Indirect methods involve converting torque references to current references using look-up tables, while direct methods estimate torque directly from stored profiles. The document surveys literature on different torque sharing functions and controllers like hysteresis control and sliding mode control that can be used to optimize control parameters and minimize torque ripple.
The document discusses different types of AC motors including induction motors and synchronous motors. It provides details on their construction, working principles, starting methods, torque characteristics and applications. Some key points covered are:
- Induction motors are the most commonly used AC motors due to their simple and rugged construction. They operate at a slightly lower speed than synchronous speed.
- Synchronous motors rotate exactly at the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field. They cannot be started directly and require an external prime mover to start.
- Both induction and synchronous motors require maintenance like cleaning electrical connections and checking for overheating to ensure safe and efficient operation.
This document summarizes several types of fractional horsepower motors: permanent magnet synchronous motors, reluctance motors, hysteresis motors, stepper motors, and servo motors. It provides details on their construction, operation principles, qualities, applications, and torque-speed characteristics. The key points are that permanent magnet synchronous motors can operate noiselessly and with high efficiency, reluctance motors have a simple low-cost structure, hysteresis motors develop constant torque and synchronize under any load, stepper motors have precise movement control, and servo motors provide higher torque and RPM with feedback control.
Pertemuan ini membahas berbagai teknik optimisasi untuk memaksimalkan atau meminimalkan fungsi tujuan perusahaan dengan kendala tertentu. Teknik-teknik tersebut meliputi analisis hubungan ekonomi, biaya total rata-rata dan marginal, pendekatan penerimaan total dan biaya total, analisis marginal, kalkulus diferensial, serta optimasi terkendala dan multivariat.
Pert. 1 keandalan sistem tenaga listrikNovia Putri
Sistem distribusi listrik memiliki keandalan yang ditentukan oleh konfigurasi, komponen, dan pengaturan operasinya. Konfigurasi spindle lebih andal dari radial karena memiliki gardu hubung dan feeder cadangan, meskipun biayanya lebih mahal. Keandalan setiap komponen juga mempengaruhi keandalan keseluruhan sistem.
1. The circuit contains an inductor L and resistor R. A switch connecting the inductor to a voltage source Vs opens at t=0.
2. The initial current through the inductor is i(0)=I0. The final current is i(∞)=0 as there is no longer a voltage applied.
3. The time constant is τ=L/R. The current through the inductor will decay exponentially according to the equation i(t)=I0e-t/τ.
The document discusses reliability criteria for bulk power supply systems. It defines key terms like reliability, security, adequacy, and discusses how reliability criteria are used in system planning and operation. Specifically, it establishes the most economic operating conditions under normal conditions and ensures the system can withstand disturbances without violating criteria. The document uses examples of system operating limits and disturbance-performance tables to illustrate how limits are determined and assessed using reliability criteria.
1. Various types of high voltage tests are performed on electrical equipment, including sustained low-frequency tests at power frequency, high voltage direct current tests, and high-frequency tests.
2. Tests are conducted on insulating materials (samples) and completed equipment to evaluate dielectric strength, loss, and heating effects.
3. Different classes of tests are conducted on insulators including type tests to evaluate design suitability, sample tests on a few units, and routine tests applied to all units to test performance up to flashover.
1. The document discusses power factor, AC power calculations, and power factor correction for complex loads. It defines real power, reactive power, apparent power, and power factor.
2. Transformers are introduced as devices that couple AC circuits magnetically. An ideal transformer multiplies input voltage by the turn ratio and divides input current by the turn ratio. Impedance is reflected across transformers.
3. Three-phase power systems are discussed, including positive sequence, line voltages, and total constant power for balanced loads in wye and delta configurations.
The document discusses capacitors and their properties. It covers the basic structure of a capacitor, how capacitors store charge, the factors that determine capacitance, different types of capacitors, and how capacitors behave in DC and AC circuits. It also addresses switched capacitors and their use in integrated circuits.
The document discusses various types of tests conducted on isolators, bushings, cables, and circuit breakers. Key tests include:
1. Power frequency and impulse voltage withstand tests to check the insulation strength of isolators, bushings, and cables.
2. Partial discharge and tan delta tests to evaluate insulation condition and dielectric losses.
3. Short circuit tests on circuit breakers to check their ability to safely interrupt fault currents under different voltage and current conditions.
4. Other tests include temperature rise, mechanical endurance, and measurement of electrical characteristics.
The document discusses current transformers (CTs) and their basics according to IEEE standards. It covers various types of CT construction including the common "doughnut" type using an iron core wound with secondary turns. It explains key CT concepts such as transformer ratio, polarity, rating factors, accuracy classes for metering and relaying purposes, burden calculations, and factors that can influence accuracy such as frequency, current ratio, and burden. CT saturation and DC offset are also addressed.
This document defines voltage transformers (VTs) and control power transformers. VTs are instrument transformers that reflect a primary voltage to a secondary voltage through a magnetic medium, connected in parallel across a circuit. They produce a secondary voltage of 115-120V nominally for ease of measurement and safety. Control power transformers provide power for devices with high inrush currents, with less critical regulation. The document discusses VT accuracy classes, burdens, installation guidelines, and typical connection methods including open delta and Y-Y configurations.
The document discusses disconnector switches and earth switches. It defines disconnectors as devices used for galvanically isolating networks or sections of switchgear installations. It lists 7 types of disconnectors - center break, double end break, vertical break, single side break, pantograph, semi-pantograph, and earth switch. It provides technical specifications for disconnectors, including voltage ratings, insulation levels, current ratings, interlocks, clearances, insulators, operating times, and mechanisms. Outline drawings of disconnectors are also included.
This document provides an overview of surge protection and power quality. It discusses how voltage surges can damage electronic equipment and outlines the basics of AC power and types of voltage disturbances. The progression of increasingly sensitive electronic devices is described. Common surge protection devices are explained, particularly metal oxide varistors, how they work to suppress voltage surges, and their failure modes from high energy or repetitive overvoltages. The goal is to describe surge risks and various protection technologies.
This document provides an overview of conductors and insulators. It discusses the function of conductors in providing pathways for current flow. It also describes standard wire gauge sizes and types of wire conductors. Additionally, it covers topics such as connectors, printed wiring, switches, fuses, wire resistance, ion current in liquids and gases, and insulators.
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers. It describes the working principles of circuit breakers including how they protect electrical circuits from overload or short circuits. It explains the basic components and working of oil circuit breakers, air circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers, and SF6 circuit breakers. SF6 circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride gas which has excellent insulating properties and enables fast and efficient extinguishing of electric arcs during opening of contacts.
Pengantar teknik tegangan tinggi pert.1Novia Putri
This document discusses high voltage equipment and power transmission. It begins by listing references on high voltage engineering. It then provides equations showing that transmission losses are directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to the square of the transmission voltage. To reduce losses, the transmission voltage should be increased. It also discusses key differences between high and low voltage equipment, including larger insulation systems, components, cooling requirements, and overvoltage protection for high voltage.
Tiga cara utama dalam perawatan mesin yaitu (1) membersihkan peralatan dari debu dan kotoran, (2) memeriksa bagian-bagian penting peralatan, dan (3) memperbaiki kerusakan pada bagian instalasi. Perawatan dibedakan menjadi terencana seperti pemeliharaan pencegahan dan korektif, serta tidak terencana seperti darurat dan kerusakan.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
8. 8
Electric Motor Basic Principles
Interaction between magnetic field and current
carrying wire produces a force
Opposite of a generator
Sean DeHart
9. 9
Conventional (Brushed) DC Motors
Permanent magnets
for outer stator
Rotating coils for inner
rotor
Commutation
performed with metal
contact brushes and
contacts designed to
reverse the polarity of
the rotor as it reaches
horizontal
Sean DeHart
11. 11
Conventional (Brushed) DC Motors
Common Applications:
Small/cheap devices such as toys, electric tooth
brushes, small drills
Lab 3
Pros:
Cheap, simple
Easy to control - speed is governed by the voltage and
torque by the current through the armature
Cons:
Mechanical brushes - electrical noise, arcing, sparking,
friction, wear, inefficient, shorting
Sean DeHart
12. 12
DC Motor considerations
Back EMF - every motor is also a generator
More current = more torque; more voltage = more speed
Load, torque, speed characteristics
Shunt-wound, series-wound (aka universal motor),
compound DC motors
Sean DeHart
13. 13
Brushless DC Motors
Essential difference - commutation is performed
electronically with controller rather than
mechanically with brushes
Sean DeHart
14. 14
Brushless DC Motor Commutation
Commutation is performed electronically using a
controller (e.g. HCS12 or logic circuit)
Similarity with stepper motor, but with less #
poles
Needs rotor positional closed loop feedback: hall
effect sensors, back EMF, photo transistors
Sean DeHart
15. 15
Delta Wye
BLDC (3-Pole) Motor Connections
Has 3 leads instead of 2 like brushed DC
Delta (greater speed) and Wye (greater torque)
stator windings
Sean DeHart
16. 16
Brushless DC Motors
Applications
CPU cooling fans
CD/DVD Players
Electric automobiles
Pros (compared to brushed DC)
Higher efficiency
Longer lifespan, low maintenance
Clean, fast, no sparking/issues with brushed contacts
Cons
Higher cost
More complex circuitry and requires a controller
Sean DeHart
17. AC Motors
Two main types of AC motor, Synchronous and
Induction.
Synchronous motors supply power to both the rotor
and the stator, where induction motors only supply
power to the stator coils, and rely on induction to
generate torque.
17Sean DeHart
18. 18
AC Induction Motors (3 Phase)
Use poly-phase (usually 3) AC current to create a rotating
magnetic field on the stator
This induces a magnetic field on the rotor, which tries to
follow stator - slipping required to produce torque
Workhorses of the industry - high powered applications
Sean DeHart
19. AC induction Motors
Induction motors only supply current to the stator,
and rely on a second induced current in the rotor
coils.
This requires a relative speed between the rotating
magnetic field and the rotor. If the rotor somehow
matches or exceeds the magnetic field speed, there is
condition called slip.
Slip is required to produce torque, if there is no slip,
there is no difference between the induced pole and
the powered pole, and therefore no torque on the
shaft.
19Sean DeHart
20. Synchronous AC Motors
Current is applied to both the Rotor and the Stator.
This allows for precise control (stepper motors), but
requires mechanical brushes or slip rings to supply
DC current to the rotor.
There is no slip since the rotor does not rely on
induction to produce torque.
20Sean DeHart
21. Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which
converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical
movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor
rotates in discrete step increments when electrical
command pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence.
Smriti Chopra
22. Main features
The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the
direction of motor shafts rotation.
The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related
to the frequency of the input pulses.
The length of rotation is directly related to the number of
input pulses applied.
Smriti Chopra
23. Stepper Motor Characteristics
Open loop
The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.
Brushless
Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of
the bearing.
Incremental steps/changes
The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input
pulse.
Speed increases -> torque decreases
Smriti Chopra
24. Torque vs. Speed
Torque varies inversely with
speed.
Current is proportional to
torque.
Torque ∞ means Current ∞,→ →
which leads to motor damage.
Torque thus needs to be limited
to rated value of motor.
Smriti Chopra
25. Disadvantages of stepper motors
There are two main disadvantages of stepper motors:
Resonance can occur if not properly controlled.
This can be seen as a sudden loss or drop in torque at certain speeds which can
result in missed steps or loss of synchronism. It occurs when the input step pulse rate
coincides with the natural oscillation frequency of the rotor. Resonance can be
minimised by using half stepping or microstepping.
Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.
25
26. Working principle
Stepper motors consist of a permanent magnet rotating
shaft, called the rotor, and electromagnets on the
stationary portion that surrounds the motor, called the
stator.
When a phase winding of a stepper
motor is energized with current, a
magnetic flux is developed in the
stator. The direction of this flux is
determined by the “Right Hand
Rule”.
Smriti Chopra
27. At position 1, the rotor is
beginning at the upper
electromagnet, which is
currently active (has voltage
applied to it).
To move the rotor clockwise
(CW), the upper
electromagnet is deactivated
and the right electromagnet is
activated, causing the rotor to
move 90 degrees CW, aligning
itself with the active magnet.
This process is repeated in the
same manner at the south and
west electromagnets until we
once again reach the starting
position.
Smriti Chopra
28. Understanding resolution
Resolution is the number of degrees rotated per step.
Step angle = 360/(NPh * Ph) = 360/N
NPh = Number of equivalent poles per phase = number of rotor
poles.
Ph = Number of phases.
N = Total number of poles for all phases together.
Example: for a three winding motor with a rotor having 4 teeth,
the resolution is 30 degrees.
Smriti Chopra
29. Two phase stepper motors
There are two basic winding arrangements for the
electromagnetic coils in a two phase stepper motor:
bipolar and unipolar.
unipolar bipolar
Smriti Chopra
30. A unipolar stepper motor has two windings per phase, one
for each direction of magnetic field. In this arrangement a
magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the
direction of current.
Bipolar motors have a single winding per phase. The
current in a winding needs to be reversed in order to
reverse a magnetic pole.
Bipolar motors have higher torque but need more complex
driver circuits.
Main difference
Smriti Chopra
31. Stepping modes
Wave Drive (1 phase on)
A1 – B2 – A2 – B1
(25% of unipolar windings , 50% of bipolar)
Full Step Drive (2 phases on)
A1B2 – B2A2 – A2B1 – B1A1
(50% of unipolar windings , full bipolar
windings utilization)
Half Step Drive (1 & 2 phases on)
A1B2 – B2 – B2A2 – A2 ----
(increases resolution)
Microstepping (Continuously
varying motor currents)
A microstep driver may split a full step into as many as 256 microsteps.
Smriti Chopra
32. Types of Stepper Motors
There are three main types of stepper motors:
Variable Reluctance stepper motor
Permanent Magnet stepper motor
Hybrid Synchronous stepper motor
Smriti Chopra
33. This type of motor consists of a soft iron multi-toothed
rotor and a wound stator.
When the stator windings are energized
with DC Current, the poles become magnetized.
Rotation occurs when the rotor teeth
are attracted to the energized stator
poles.
Variable Reluctance motor
Smriti Chopra
34. Permanent Magnet motor
The rotor no longer has teeth as with
the VR motor.
Instead the rotor is
magnetized with alternating north
and south poles situated in a straight
line parallel to the rotor shaft.
These magnetized rotor poles provide an increased
magnetic flux intensity and because of this
the PM motor exhibits improved torque characteristics
when compared with the VR type.
Smriti Chopra
35. Hybrid Synchronous motor
The rotor is multi-toothed like the VR motor and
contains an axially magnetized concentric
magnet around its shaft.
The teeth on the rotor provide an even
better path which helps guide the
magnetic flux to preferred locations in
the air gap.
Smriti Chopra
36. Applications
Stepper motors can be a good choice whenever controlled
movement is required.
They can be used to advantage in applications where you
need to control rotation angle, speed, position and
synchronism.
These include
printers
plotters
medical equipment
fax machines
automotive and scientific equipment etc.
Smriti Chopra
38. Hannes Daepp
Basics of Linear Motors [1],[4]
I
Analogous to Unrolled DC Motor
• Force (F) is generated
when the current (I)
(along vector L) and the
flux density (B) interact
• F = LI x B
40. Hannes Daepp
Analysis of Linear Motors [1],[5]
Analysis is similar to that of rotary machines
Linear dimension and displacements replace
angular ones
Forces replace torques
Commutation cycle is distance between two
consecutive pole pairs instead of 360 degrees
41. Hannes Daepp
Benefits of Linear Motors [2]
High Maximum Speed
Limited primarily by bus voltage, control electronics
High Precision
Accuracy, resolution, repeatability limited by feedback device, budget
Zero backlash: No mechanical transmission components.
Fast Response
Response rate can be over 100 times that of a mechanical
transmission faster accelerations, settling time (more throughput)
Stiffness
No mechanical linkage, stiffness depends mostly on gain & current
Durable
Modern linear motors have few/no contacting parts no wear
42. Hannes Daepp
Downsides of Linear Motors [2]
Cost
Low production volume (relative to demand)
High price of magnets
Linear encoders (feedback) are much more expensive than rotary
encoders, cost increases with length
Higher Bandwidth Drives and Controls
Lower force per package size
Heating issues
Forcer is usually attached to load I2
R losses are directly coupled to
load
No (minimal) Friction
No automatic brake
43. Hannes Daepp
Components of Linear Motors
[2],[3]
Forcer (Motor Coil)
Windings (coils) provide current (I)
Windings are encapsulated within core
material
Mounting Plate on top
Usually contains sensors (hall effect
and thermal)
Magnet Rail
Iron Plate / Base Plate
Rare Earth Magnets of alternating
polarity provide flux (B)
Single or double rail
F =
lI x B
44. Hannes Daepp
Types of Linear Motors [1],[2],[3]
Iron Core
Coils wound around
teeth of laminations
on forcer
Ironless Core
Dual back iron
separated by spacer
Coils held together
with epoxy
Slotless
Coil and back iron
held together with
epoxy
45. Hannes Daepp
Linear Motor Types: Iron Core [1],[2]
Distinguishing Feature
Copper windings around forcer laminations over a single magnet rail
Advantages:
Highest force available per unit volume
Efficient Cooling
Lower cost
Disadvantages:
High attractive force between forcer & magnet track
Cogging: iron forcer affects thrust
force as it passes over each
magnet (aka velocity ripple)
46. Hannes Daepp
Distinguishing Feature
Forcer constructed of wound coils held
together with epoxy and running
between two rails (North and South)
Also known as “Aircore” or “U-channel”
motors
Advantages:
No attractive forces in forcer
No Cogging
Low weight forcer - No iron means
higher accel/decel rates
Top View
Forcer
Mounting
Plate
Rare
Earth
Magnets
Horseshoe
Shaped
backiron
Winding, held
by epoxy
Hall Effect and
Thermal
Sensors in coil
Front View
Linear Motor Types: Ironless [1],[2]
Disadvantages:
Low force per package size
Lower Stiffness; limited max load without improved structure
Poor heat dissipation
Higher cost (2x Magnets!)
47. Hannes Daepp
Distinguishing Feature
Mix of ironless and iron core: coils with
back iron contained within aluminum
housing over a single magnet rail
Advantages over ironless:
Lower cost (1x magnets)
Better heat dissipation
Structurally stronger forcer
More force per package size
Advantages over iron core:
Lighter weight and lower inertia forcer
Lower attractive forces
Less cogging
Side View
Front View
Back
iron
Mounting
plate
Coil
assemblyThermal
sensor
Rare
Earth
Magnets
Iron
plate
Linear Motor Types: Slotless [1],[2]
48. Hannes Daepp
Disadvantages
Some attractive force and cogging
Less efficient than iron core and
ironless - more heat to do the same job
Side View
Front View
Back
iron
Mounting
plate
Coil
assemblyThermal
sensor
Rare
Earth
Magnets
Iron
plate
Linear Motor Types: Slotless [2],[3]
49. Hannes Daepp
Linear Brushless DC Motor Type
Feature Iron Core Ironless Slotless
Attraction Force Most None Moderate
Cost Medium High Lowest
Force Cogging Highest None Medium
Power Density Highest Medium Medium
Forcer Weight Heaviest Lightest Moderate
Linear Motor Type Comparison [2]
50. Hannes Daepp
Components of a “Complete” Linear
Motor System [3]
1. Motor components
2. Base/Bearings
3. Servo controller/feedback
elements
• Typical sensors include Hall
Effect (for position) and thermal
sensors
1. Cable management
51. Hannes Daepp
Sample Pricing
$3529
Trilogy T1S Ironless linear
motor
110V, 1 pole motor
Single bearing rail
~12’’ travel
magnetic encoder
Peak Velocity = 7 m/s
Resolution = 5μm
52. Hannes Daepp
Applications[3],[5],[6]
Small Linear Motors
Packaging and Material Handling
Automated Assembly
Reciprocating compressors and
alternators
Large Linear Induction Machines
(3 phase)
Transportation
Materials handling
Extrusion presses
53. References
[1] S. Cetinkunt, Mechatronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken 2007.
[2] J. Barrett, T. Harned, J. Monnich, Linear Motor Basics, Parker
Hannifin Corporation,
http://www.parkermotion.com/whitepages/linearmotorarticle.pdf
[3] Trilogy Linear Motor & Linear Motor Positioners, Parker Hannifin
Corporation, 2008,
http://www.parkermotion.com/pdfs/Trilogy_Catalog.pdf
[4] Rockwell Automation,
http://www.rockwellautomation.com/anorad/
products/linearmotors/questions.html
[5] J. Marsh, Motor Parameters Application Note, Parker-Trilogy Linear
Motors, 2003. http://www.parkermotion.com/whitepages/
Linear_Motor_Parameter_Application_Note.pdf
[6] Greg Paula, Linear motors take center stage, The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 1998.
54. References (continued)
54
http://www.physclips.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors.h
tml
http://www.speedace.info/solar_car_motor_and_drivet
rain.htm
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/1.html
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book5/18d.htm single
phase induction motor
http://www.stefanv.com/rcstuff/qf200212.html
Brushless DC motors
https://www.geckodrive.com/upload/Step_motor_basic
s.pdf
http://www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/motorbas
.pdf
left: current carrying wire
F=BIL
pair of force produces torque - spins the rotor
right: electromagnet with metal core wrapped by wire coils
coil creates N and S poles - becomes attracted to S and N poles on stator, respectively
the idea, is then how to create a dynamically changing magnetic flux to keep the rotor spinning constantly
faraday's law concerning generators:
generated emf = rate of change of magnetic flux
2 pole DC electric motor
Direct Current
a better picture of rotation/commutation next slide
important to note that with this simple 2 pole motor, when rotor rotates 90 degrees from this picture, there will be 0 torque.
Unable to start from rest at that 90deg position
in practice, a real DC motor use more than 2 poles to eliminate - zero torque zone, and shorting of battery
mechanical brushes could be metallic or carbon
under no load conditions, motor will rotate at a speed such that the back emf equals the applied voltage plus voltage drop across armature
generally highest torque at zero speed, zero torque at max speed
increase current to increase torque
increase voltage to increase speed
shunt wound, series wound DC motors: Here, the stator is an electromagnet instead of permanent magnet.
shunt has stator and armature connected in parallel. series has stators and armature connected in series.
Has different loading characteristics
series wound DC is also known as universal motor and can run on both AC and DC because both stator and rotor polarity can be switched
Brushed DC motor
- 'conventional'/'inrunner' configuration:
flipped inside out - stator is now coil, rotor is permanent magnet that spins on the inside
typically less torque, but high RPM
'outrunner' configuration - rotor spins on the outside around stator.
typically high torque but lower RPM
Energize the stator electromagnet coils sequentially (very much like a stepper motor) to make the rotor rotate
How to know when to energize coils?
cannot do this in open loop like stepper due to smaller number of poles on stator; needs feedback
2 ways to sense rotor position: -hall effect sensor (detects magnetic fields)
-sensorless (back emf on the un-energized coils)
-photo transistors (encoders, lab3 slot and detector)
left diagram (delta):
sequentially energize each of the 3 leads to make rotor turn
if more poles/windings on stator, typically still arranged into 3 groups - hence still 3 leads
wye - greater torque at low speeds
delta - greater speed
delta, wye in AC transformers - neutral wires -
phase to neutral voltages available for wye.
only phase to phase voltage available for delta
There are also single phase - require external starter
AC current through the stator windings creates a time varying magnetic field.
This induces an emf across the conductive rotor (often a 'squirrel cage'
This makes the rotor a magnet, which then interacts with the magnetic field of the stator.
The goal is to make a rotating magnetic field with the stator.Induction motors require (slip)
workhorse of industry - rugged construction; no brushes to wear out - reliable, low maintenance
Commutation cycle in rotary brushless motor is 360 degrees
Typical max speeds: 3-5 m/s with 1 micron resolution, 5+ m/s (>200 ips) with less resolution
Budget is main restraint on controller bandwidth
Higher stiffness (spring rate), though limited by motor peak force, available current, and feedbakc resolution
Linear encoders are usually around $500 for 100 mm travel encoder, cost increases with length. Rotary encoders are relatively inexpensive – tend to be under 100 dollars
No mechanical reduction between motor and load, thus servo response (bandwidth) must be faster. Includes higher encoder bandwidth and servo update rates
Linear motors are not compact force generators when compared to rotary motor with transmission offering mechanical advantage. Example 3/8” diam. Ball screw produces 100 lb of thrust, while 15 lb of linear thrust typically requires 2” x 1.5” cross section.
Heat management techniques such as air and water cooling options (both common, popular) have to be applied
Suppose it’s traveling at 3 m/s and loses power. Without resistance, it will quickly reach end of end of system, mechanical stops.
Iron core: base plate with magnets, basically a brushless DC motor laid out. Magnetic back iron keeps it down by maintaining magnetic attraction to place
Ironless: NO back iron.
Slotless: Just one rail, often uses non-ferrous housing to support coil assembly (so that it’s not limited purely to epoxy, but isn’t magnetic)
-- Highest force per unit volume is because laminations concentrate flux field
-- iron forcer also aids in heat dissipation. Cooling tubes can be routed through laminations to improve thermal managment
-- only 1 row of magnets lower cost
Disadvantages:
-- Since the forcer consists of iron, it is attracted to the permanent
magnets. Bearings are used to support the force. Can be up to 10 x thrust force, meaning that choice of bearings is critical.
-- “Cogging: Since the forcer is made of iron and it passes over magnets, there is a
variation in the thrust force as it passes each magnet. This is referred to as cogging and
affects low speed smoothness (velocity ripple) [8]”
-- No back iron in forcer, but is usually topped with an aluminum bar for mounting the load and for heat removal
Advantages:
-- No attractive forces (no iron in forcer), so no additional forces on bearings. Motor is also easier to handle, install
-- ironless forcer no cogging. Great for extreme velocity control. Usually used with air bearings due to their “ultra-smooth characteristics”
Disadvantages:
-- since forcer is just coils with epoxy below plate, heat must leave the coil to aluminum plate via coil or through the air gap in magnet rail. High thermal resistance makes heat dissipation an issue.
-- Weak structure relative to iron core, since forcer is made of coils and epoxy (as opposed to iron). Also limits max sizes and forces to which these motors can be manufactured without adding additional structural members
-- Double rail, along with thermal and structural limitations, contributes to lower force per package size
Hybrid between iron core and ironless linear motor designs
v. Ironless
-- less weight than ironless. Higher accelerations
-- Housing provides considerably improved heat dissipation
-- housing makes structure better than ironless; can handle larger loads
-- force per package size between ironless and iron core. Better thermal management also means that it can handle higher currents than ironless and thus generate higher forces
v. Iron Core
-- Light weight forcer (aluminum v. iron) means higher throughput in light load applications
-- back iron causes 5-7 times less attractive force than with iron core
-- larger magnetic gap between magnets and forcer backiron results in less cogging better velocity control
Hybrid between iron core and ironless linear motor designs
8-pole 117’’ travel dual rail ~$15,000 (Trilogy)
Packaging: Particular notice in semiconductor industry, where precision is critical and motions of under 1 micron are often desired
Most widely known use of linear motors is in transportation
Automotive indsutry has been quick to pick up on linear motors because it allows more flexibility – can simply change fixtures for different cars instead of customizing assembly to one vehicle [6]