The design of electrical machines and equipments mainly depends on the quality of these materials. Low grade materials result in bulky and costly equipment generally
In three single phase high voltage underground cable induce voltages and currents in their sheaths. The sheath induced currents are undesirable and generate power losses and reduce the cable ampacity whereas the induced voltages can generate electric shocks to the workers that keep the power line. This means that when dealing with three single phase high voltage underground cable, it is very important to know the sheath currents called circulating currents that can circulate throughout the sheath and sheath voltage of the cables. It is very useful to know their values and the technique to reduce the sheath voltage of the high voltage Cable. This study presents as technique known as Mixed bonding technique combination of cross bonding and single point bonding to reduce the sheath voltage of the long length cable route. Manish Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Mixed Bonding Method of High Voltage Cable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2348.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2348/mixed-bonding-method-of-high-voltage-cable/manish-kumar
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
The design of electrical machines and equipments mainly depends on the quality of these materials. Low grade materials result in bulky and costly equipment generally
In three single phase high voltage underground cable induce voltages and currents in their sheaths. The sheath induced currents are undesirable and generate power losses and reduce the cable ampacity whereas the induced voltages can generate electric shocks to the workers that keep the power line. This means that when dealing with three single phase high voltage underground cable, it is very important to know the sheath currents called circulating currents that can circulate throughout the sheath and sheath voltage of the cables. It is very useful to know their values and the technique to reduce the sheath voltage of the high voltage Cable. This study presents as technique known as Mixed bonding technique combination of cross bonding and single point bonding to reduce the sheath voltage of the long length cable route. Manish Kumar | Ameen Uddin Ahmad"Mixed Bonding Method of High Voltage Cable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2348.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2348/mixed-bonding-method-of-high-voltage-cable/manish-kumar
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
Power Cables Operation, Maintenance, Location and Fault DetectionLiving Online
Faults in underground cable may cause loss of supply to customers and loss of revenue for suppliers so it is imperative that the fault location process is efficient and accurate to minimise excavation time, which results in reducing inconvenience to all concerned. For fault locating to be efficient and accurate technical staff need to have expert knowledge accompanied with experience in order to attain service reliability.
This workshop is designed to ensure that those responsible for the selection, laying, operation, maintenance and monitoring of power cables understands the technical issues involved and comply with relevant specifications and requirements.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with power cable operation, maintenance, location and fault detection techniques. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting. Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Electrical maintenance technicians and supervisors
Maintenance personnel
Operations personnel
Process control engineers
Service technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-cables-operation-maintenance-location-and-fault-detection-39
Power Cables Operation, Maintenance, Location and Fault DetectionLiving Online
Faults in underground cable may cause loss of supply to customers and loss of revenue for suppliers so it is imperative that the fault location process is efficient and accurate to minimise excavation time, which results in reducing inconvenience to all concerned. For fault locating to be efficient and accurate technical staff need to have expert knowledge accompanied with experience in order to attain service reliability.
This workshop is designed to ensure that those responsible for the selection, laying, operation, maintenance and monitoring of power cables understands the technical issues involved and comply with relevant specifications and requirements.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with power cable operation, maintenance, location and fault detection techniques. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting. Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Electrical maintenance technicians and supervisors
Maintenance personnel
Operations personnel
Process control engineers
Service technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-cables-operation-maintenance-location-and-fault-detection-39
Lesson Contents:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels
within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal
levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
Electrical Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electrical Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Thermal and Hydraulics Prime Movers, Analog Electronic Circuits, Network Analysis and Synthesis, DC Machines and Transformers, Digital Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Control System Engineering, Engineering Electromagnetics, Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electrical-Engineering
insulators, conductors, transformer and ac motorsChippa Srikanth
it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Topics Covered
Switches
Fuses
Wire Resistance
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
Ion Current in Liquids and Gases
Insulators
Troubleshooting Hints for Wires and Connectors
3. Function of the Conductor
The main function of a conductor is to provide a
pathway between a voltage source and a load with
minimum IR voltage drop.
Large diameter wire is needed in high current circuits.
The larger the diameter, the lower the resistance.
However, the resistance of a wire increases as its
length increases.
The resistance of pure metals increases with
temperature.
Ideal conductors have no resistance.
6. Standard Wire Gage Sizes
Wire Size
Diameter in mils = = 25.35
0.02535
0.001
Insulation
0.02535 inches
A mil is 0.001 inches.
#22 wire
Insulation
0.02535 inches
Insulation
0.02535 inches
A mil is 0.001 inches.
#22 wire
Circular mil area = [Diameter in mils]2 = 25.352 = 643
7. Standard Wire Gage Sizes
Gage CMA
17 2048
18 1624
19 1288
20 1022
21 810
22 643
Wire Size
The circular area of the wire doubles for
every three gage sizes.
# 19 is three gages larger than # 22
and has approximately twice the circular
mil area. This is always the case when
the gage number is decreased by 3.
8. Standard Wire Gage Sizes
What is the diameter of a 0000 AWG solid wire in
mils?
Note: A 0000 AWG solid wire is defined to have a
diameter of 0.46 in.
What is the diameter of a wire that has a cross section
of 250 kcmil?
Note: Circular mil is used to define wire sizes larger
than 0000 AWG.
Note: 1,000 cmil = 1 kcmil
9. Types of Wire Conductors
Most wire conductors are copper. The wire may be
solid or stranded.
Solid wire is made of one conductor.
If bent or flexed repeatedly, it may break.
It is typically used in applications not subject to repeated
stresses, such as house wiring.
Stranded wire is made up of multiple strands of wire
braided together.
It is more resilient than solid wire.
It is typically used in applications like telephone and extension
cords, and in speaker wire.
10. Types of Wire Conductors
Two or more conductors in a common covering form a
cable.
Each wire is insulated from the others.
Cables typically consist of multiple conductors, color-
coded for identification.
Constant spacing between two conductors through the
entire length of the cable provides a transmission line.
Coaxial cable, typically used for cable television
connections, is one example.
14. Switches
A switch allows you to turn current in a circuit on and
off.
All switches have a current rating and a voltage rating.
The current rating indicates the maximum allowable
current the switch can carry when it is closed.
The voltage rating indicates the maximum voltage that
can be applied safely across the open contacts without
internal arcing.
16. Switches
Pole refers to the number of completely isolated circuits
that can be controlled by a switch.
Throw refers to the number of closed contact positions
that exist per pole.
SPST: single-pole, single-throw
DPDT: double-pole, double-throw
SPDT: single-pole, double-throw
DPST: double-pole, single-throw
19. Fuses
A fuse protects the circuit components against
excessive current.
Excessive current melts the fuse element, blows the
fuse, and opens the series circuit before damage can
occur to the components or wiring.
Slow-blow fuses are designed to open only on a
continued overload, such as a short circuit, rather than
a temporary current surge.
20. Fuses
When measured with an ohmmeter, a good fuse has
practically zero resistance. An open fuse reads infinite
ohms.
When measured with a voltmeter, a good fuse has zero
volts across its two terminals. If there is significant
voltage across the fuse, it is open.
24. Wire Resistance
Wire Resistance
Resistance is proportional to the length of the wire.
The resistance of a conductor can be found by the
formula:
ρ = specific resistance of the conductor
R = ρ(l/A)
length of the wire
cross-section of the wire
25. Wire Resistance
Material Gage CMA r
Aluminum 17 2048 17
Copper 18 1624 10.4
Iron 19 1288 58
Nichrome 20 1022 676
Silver 21 810 9.8
Tungsten 22 643 33.8
Specific Resistance
Specific resistance = ρ = CMA [circular mil area] •Ω/ft
Resistance of a conductor = R = ρ (length/CMA)
Find R for 1000 ft. of #18 cu
R = ρ (length/CMA)
R = 10.4 (1000/1624)
R = 6.4 Ω
26. Wire Resistance
Types of Resistance Wire
Certain applications employing heating elements (e.g.,
toasters) require a wire with greater resistance than
common conductors.
More resistance will generate power dissipated as heat,
without using excessive current.
Resistance wire is the name used to describe wires
with greater R values than copper. Some examples of
resistance wire include tungsten, nickel, or alloys like
Nichrome.
27. Ion Current in
Liquids and Gases
Liquids and gases can conduct electric charges, just as
metals can.
In solids like metals, the atoms cannot move among
each other. Each atom remains neutral while the drift of
free electrons conducts the charge.
In liquids and gases, the atoms can move among each
other. The atoms therefore gain or lose electrons easily,
resulting in atoms that are no longer neutral.
The charged atoms are called ions.
28. Ion Current in
Liquids and Gases
Ions are the electrical charge carriers in liquids and
gases.
A negative ion is an atom that has an excess number
of electrons.
A positive ion is an atom that is missing one or more
electrons.
30. Ion Current in
Liquids and Gases
Ion Current
As with electron flow, opposite ion charges attract and
like charges repel.
The resultant motion of ions provides electric current
(ionization current).
Ion charges are heavier than electron charges because
ions contain the atom’s nucleus. The amount of current
is determined by the rate at which the charge moves.
31. Ion Current in
Liquids and Gases
Ionization in Liquids
Ions are formed in liquids when salts or acids are
dissolved in water, or when metals are immersed in acid
or alkaline solutions.
Liquids that are good conductors because of ionization
are called electrolytes.
32. Insulators
Insulators have very high resistance (many megohms).
Insulators can have one of two functions:
To isolate conductors to eliminate conduction
between them.
To store a charge when voltage is applied.
Common insulator materials include:
air and vacuum
rubber and paper
porcelain, and plastics
Insulators are also called dielectrics, meaning that they
can store a charge.
33. Insulators
Every insulator has a point at which a high enough
voltage will cause an arc, breaking down its internal
structure and forcing it to conduct.
Dielectric strength refers to the voltage breakdown
rating of a material. The higher the dielectric strength,
the better the insulator.
34. Insulators
Material Dielectric
Strength, V/mil
Material Dielectric
Strength, V/mil
Air or vacuum 20 Paraffin wax 200-300
Bakelite 300-550 Phenol, molded 300-700
Fiber 150-180 Polystyrene 500-760
Glass 335-2000 Porcelain 40-150
Mica 600-1500 Rubber, hard 450
Paper 1250 Shellac 900
Paraffin oil 380
Table 11-4: Voltage Breakdown of Insulators
35. Insulators
Voltage Breakdown of Insulation Materials
Power transmission lines can operate as high as 1
million volts.
What is the length of the arc path?
(dielectric strength of air)
= 50,000 mils = 4.17 feet.
1 M
20