The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.

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2. SLAB

3. What is Slab??? “A flat piece of concrete, typically used as a walking surface, but may also serve as a load bearing device as in slab homes.”

4. FUNCTION Provide a flat surface To support load Sound, heat and fire insulator Act as a divider (privacy) for the occupants Upper slab became the ceiling for the storey below Space between slab and ceiling can be used to place building facilities

5. Classification of Slab GROUND FLOOR UPPER FLOOR SOLID FLOOR SUSPENDED GROUND FLOOR TIMBER FLOOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR PRECAST FLOOR

6. Classification of Slab GROUND FLOOR UPPER FLOOR SOLID FLOOR SUSPENDED GROUND FLOOR TIMBER FLOOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR PRECAST FLOOR

7. Characteristic of Ground Floor Simple design Load will be supported by the ground Less problem related to distance of span Choice to construct solid floor or suspended ground floor will depends on nature of the building and site condition

8. DESIGN CONSIDERATION Among the design function that need to be taken in consideration for construction of ground floor slab is The provision of a uniform, level surface Sufficient strength and stability Exclusion of dampness from inside of building Thermal insulation (max.0.45 W/square metreK Resistance to fire

9. Solid Floor

10. Solid Floor / Non Suspended Floor Constructed using concrete Doesn’t use timber so there will be no decay Solid floor need other finishing

11. Construction Of Solid Floor Clear the construction area Remove topsoil / unsuitable material (225 mm) Compact and level the soil Place hardcore and compact it Hardcore plays the role to fill in any small pockets that have formed during oversite excavation in order to provide a firm base for placing concrete bed and to help spread any point loads over a greater area. Place Damp Proof Membrane Prepare formwork

12. 7) Prepare lean concrete (50 – 75mm) in order to ensure the reinforcement didn’t touch the ground. 8) Place Reinforcement Bar to increase strength 9) Pour concrete (1:2:4) with thickness of (150mm) and level it. 10)Place concrete of (25-50mm ) thickness . (rendering process)

13. Topsoil Is Stripped AFTER BEFORE

14. Rebar Used For Slab Construction

15. Pouring concrete

16. Concrete Slab Finishing

17. Screeding is the process removes excess concrete and brings the top surface of the concrete to proper grade.

18. SUSPENDED GROUND FLOOR

19. SUSPENDED GROUND FLOOR A ground floor need to be suspended under the following condition: a) domestic buildings on sloping sites where more than 600mm depth of infill would be required b) where the bearing capacity and nature of the ground different from one part to another c) where the ground is shrinkable clay, expansive material or unstable soil type.

20. Suspended floors / slab is fixed some distance above the ground. There are 2 types of suspended ground floor such as a) Suspended timber ground floors b) Suspended precast concrete floors

21. Suspended Timber Ground Floor

22. Suspended Timber Ground Floor it has some flexibility and will accept nail fixing (solid ground floor can’t use nail) Under side of ground floor must kept dry to prevent fungus attack Susceptible to dry rot and draughts but it can be avoided if the floor is designed correctly. Adequate ventilation under the floor and correct positioning of dampproof courses can keep the under floor area and timber dry.

23. Space beneath the suspended timber floor is ideal for running electric cables, water pipes and gas pipes It’s more expensive form of construction than concrete floor Cheaper than precast concrete flooring system

24. UPPER FLOOR

25. Timber Floor / Timber Slab Lantai Papan Tunggal Lantai Kayu Kembar

26. Precast Concrete Floor

27. PRECAST CONCRETE FLOOR Advantages of Precast Concrete floor is a) Doesn’t need formwork b) Time taken for concrete to cure in the formwork can be eliminated c) Better quality control d) Doesn’t need many workers as in in-situ concrete construction e) fast completion of construction project

28. long spans available with precast concrete flooring systems reduce the number of secondary beam required and maximize the column free space. Fire resistance ratings normally between 1 & 2 hours Among the things that need to be considered before considering any system of precast concrete flooring are: a) maximum span f) Sound insulation b) nature of support g) Thermal insulation properties c) weight of units h) Fire resistance of units d) thickness of units i) Speed of construction e) Amount of temporary support required

29. There are many types of precast concrete floor such as : a) Precast Hollow Floors b) Composite floors Precast hollow floor units are available in a variety of sections such as box planks / beams, tee section, I beam sections and channel sections. Composite floors are combination of precast units and insitu concrete.

30. Precast Hollow Slab

31. Precast Hollow Floors more economic compared to in-situ floor due to reduction in volume of concrete used, weight of reinforcement and size of foundation. cheaper than composite in-situ concrete is not required Units are self centering so, no need temporary support Construction period is shorter

32. Composite Floors

33. Composite Floors combination of precast units and in situ concrete. precast units that are usually prestressed / reinforced with high yield bars are used to provide the strength of the floor with the smallest depth practicable At the same time, act as permanent formwork to the in-situ topping that provides the compressive strength required.

34. Composite floors will act in the same manner as in-situ floor so it can be designed for more complex loadings

35. Reinforced Concrete Slab / Floor In- Situ construction Flat Slab Flat Plate Slab Waffle Slab / Honeycomb Floors Beam Floor Slab

36. FLAT PLATE SLAB

37. FLAT PLATE SYSTEM Simple construction Flat plate construction can minimize storey height (piping, wall cladding, elevators etc) in areas with absolute height restrictions. Low storey heights due to shallow floor Spans < 20ft (residential & light commercial) Flat ceilings (reduced finishing cost) Have the simplest formwork

38. Least labor costs Can be applied for short to medium spans with light loadings Also reduce building weight and effective area of wind loads

39. FLAT SLAB

40. FLAT SLAB Reduce slab displacement Increased slab shear resistance This system provide relatively a flat ceilings (reduce finishing cost) Low storey heights due to shallow floor Medium span with light loading Spans 20 to 40 ft Live load > 100psf (garage, warehouses)

41. WAFFLE SLAB

42. WAFFLE SLAB Used as alternative to an in-site flat slab or a beam and slab suspended floor This is because it requires less concrete, less reinforcement and can be used to reduce the number of beams and columns required with the resultant savings on foundations. Moulds are very strong, lightweight & capable of supporting all the normal loads encountered in building works.

43. Spans >30 ft Use prefabricated standard forms special moulds are placed at certain distance skilled workers are needed & need less steel

44. SLAB DESIGN One Way Slab Two Way Slab - Require less steel - Few two slabs built in the area of high labor costs - Suitable for minimizing deflections

45. One Way Slab BEAM

46. Two Way Slab

47. SLAB FAILURE : CAUSES & EFFECT

48. TYPES OF SLAB PROBLEM Cracking Of The Slab Cold Floor Damp Or Wet Floor Slab

49. CRACKING OF THE SLAB : CAUSES Poor construction techniques and practices Differential / Uneven settlement Inadequate structural strength of concrete Improper placement of reinforcing & mesh

50. Cracking Of The Slab

51. Damp or Wet Floor Slab : Causes Moisture migration through the slab Poor site drainage

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