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Similar to types of Flooring in construction
types of Flooring in construction
- 2. THE purpose offloor is to provide a leveled surface capable of supporting the occupants of a building furniture equipment and sometimes partition Properties: • Strength and stability • Fire resistant • Damp resistant • Thermal insulation • Sound resistant
- 3. Bricks Concrete Terrazzo Stone Timber Ceramic tiles Vitrified tiles Chequered tiles Mud and muram Plastic or P.V.C. Glass Cork Linoleum flooring Rubber Asphalt Granolithic finish Flag stones
- 4. Initial cost Appearance Cleanliness Durability Damp resistance Sound insulation Fire resistance Thermal insulation Smoothness Hardness Maintenance
- 5. For cheapconstruction commonly provided in warehouses, stores , godowns or in places where heavy article are stored Well burnt bricks of uniform shape Laid either on edge or in herring bone fashion or at right angles or any other good looking fashion Method of preparing the base course varies from base to base MERITS 1. it is durable and sufficiently hard. 2. it is cheaper than cement concrete. 3. it is non slippery. 4. it is easily repairable.
- 6. Subgrade iscompacted properly to the desired level then 75mm thick layer of sand is spread over this course of brick course laid flat in the mortar is built this forms the base course over which the brick flooring is laid in 12 mm thick bed of cement or lime mortar in desired pattern Second method : 10-15mm thick layer of lean cement concrete is laid over the prepared subgrade. This forms the base course over which bricks are laid on 12mm thick mortar bed . the earth filling under floor is well compacted and thereafter 10-15 cm thick layer of cement or lime concrete is laid over the entire area of floor called subgrade. the floor is laid directly over the subgrade. the slope required to be given to the floor to care of the floor washing etc. prior to use the bricks should be properly soaked and wetted in water. the bricks are laid on edge on 12mm thick mortar bed in such a manner that all the joints are full of mortar,
- 7. Characteristics: Used inresidential, commercial and industrial buildings It is cheap, durable and easy to construct. Free from corrosion Hardens with age Porous and has tendency to shrink It has two components –base concrete and topping or wearing surface. Method: Monolithically Non monolithically
- 8. • Topping islaid immediately (1-4hours ) after the base ADVANTAGES: • Good bonding between two compositions • Topping with smaller thickness 25mm DISADVANTAGES: • Topping damaged due to subsequent process • Hair cracks • Work progress is slow
- 9. • Topping isdone after hardening of the base. • Cleaning and cuing of base is done then base is rubbed with wire brush • Topping laid in rectangular or square pannels by use of glass or plain asbestos strips. • Panel size : 1X1m , 2X2m, 1X2m • Topping ratio :- 1:2:4(cement concrete) upto 40mm thickness ( aggregate size 20 mm ) • Alternate panels are laid first • Concrete is spread evenly with floors. • Cream of concrete comes at the top. • Other alternate layers are laid after 72 hours • Protect from sun rainfall and other damages for 12-20 hours • Surface is cured for 7-14days
- 10. • less cracks •work progress is fast • Have to wait for hardening of base concrete. industrial buildings • Rich concrete of very hard tough quality of coarse aggregate(granite, basalt,quartzite) • Graded from 13mm 240 number IS sieve • Concrete mixture proportion 1:1:2 to 1:1:3 for heavy duty floors. Public building • Concrete mixture proportion 1:2:3 • Thickness 25-35mm • Spread of grit is 1.5-2.5kg/m^2
- 11. TERRAZO TILES • ITIS COMPOSITE MATERIAL POURED IN A PLACE WHICH IS USED FOR FLOORS AND WALL TREATEMENT. • CONSIST OF MARBLE, QUARTZ, GRANITE, GLASS OR OTHER SUITABLE CHIPS. • POURED WITH BINDER THAT IS CEMENT. • CURED AND THEGROUND AND POLISHED TO A SMOOTH SURFACE. • IT REQUIRES THREE LAYERS OF MATERIALS- • CEMENT MASONS OR TARAZZO WORKER. • EMBED METAL DIVIDERS STRIPS IN THE CONCRETE. • FINE MARBLE CHIPMIXTURE THAT MAY BE COLOR • PIGMENTED.
- 12. HISTORICAL • EARLIER CONSTRUCTEDAS A LOW COST FLOORING MATERIAL USING MARBLE CHIPS. • NEWLY SET TARRAZZO WILL NOT LOOK LIKE MARBLE UNLESS IT IS WET. • GOAT’S MILK ACTS AS A SEALER AND PRESERVES THE WET AND MARBLE LIKE LOOK. ARCHAEOLOGICAL • ARCHAEOLOGISTS USE TERRAZZO, WOOD TO DESCRIBE NEOLITHIC AGE FLOORING IN WESTERN ASIA. • CONSTRUCTED WITH LIME AND CLAY, COLOURED RED WITH OCHRE AND POLISHED. • OCHRE- COLOURED PIGMENTS FROM DEEP YELLOW TO BROWN.
- 13. TYPES 1.TERRAZZO MOSAIC TILES- • CEMENTBASED FLOORING THAT HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME, AVIALABLE IN SIZE 10*10, 11*11, 12*12 AND 16*16 INCHES. • THICKNESS-30MM THICK • CAN BE POLISHED OVER AND KEPT NEW OVER LONG TIME 2.PAVERS- • PAVERS ARE FOR EXTERIOR USE. • USED FOR PLACE WITH HEAVY FOOT AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC • THICKNESS-60MM • LOTS OF DESIGNS AND COLOURS • AVIALABLE IN M-20, M-30, M-40 GRADES.
- 14. 3.ATHANGUDI TILES- •THESE ARE HERITAGE TILES •VERYTRADITIONAL METHOD OF MANUFACTURING. •DOES NOT TAKE HEAVY LOADS •COMES IN LARGE COLOUR VARIENTS AND DESIGNS •VERY DURABLE AND ECO- FRIENDLY4.STAMPED CONCRETE •PROCESS OF GIVING RAW CONCRETE A GREATE LOOK BY STAMPING PATTERN AND GIVING TEXTURE TO IT TO GIVE IT THE FEEL OF NATURAL STONE
- 15. COST OF TERRAZZO FLOORS •PROFESSIONAL TILE INSTALLATION- • (LARGE COMMERCIAL PLACES)- • $12-$30 SQ. FT. • POURED- • (MORE SUITED TO LARGE OPEN SPACES LESS COMMON IN RESIDENTIAL APPLICATION)- • $20-$80 SQ. FT. PROS AND CONS- • TERRAZZO TIES ARE LONG LASTING COMES IN FUN COLOURS • USED IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS AS IT IS LONG LASTING CAN BE REFINISHED • TERRAZZO IS QUITE SLIPPERY AND CAN CAUSE FALLS. • NOT BE A GOOD FLOORING CHOICE
- 16. ITALIAN MARBLES AGGLOMERATIC / COMPOSITE MARBLES MAKRANA MARBLES UDAIPUR MARBLES UDAIPUR / BARODA GREEN MARBLES JAISELMER YELLOW- SANDSTONE KATNI MARBLES MAJHULI / WONDER MARBLE
- 17. SIZE :5’ X 5’ TO 10’ X 12’ THICKNESS: 15 TO 20 MM PRICE: 150- 650 RS/SQ. FT. THEY ARE NOT CRACK FREE. FIBRE AT THE BACK TO PREVENT CRACK AND EASE IN TRANSPORTATION. THEY ARE MAINLY PREFERED IN INTERIORS.
- 18. • SIZE ;10’ X 4’ • FACTORY MADE PRODUCT • MADE FROM 90/.NATURAL PRODUCTS AND 10/ RESIN. • RATE: 250 -600 RS / SQ. FT. • THICKNESS: 19MM • CRACK FREE , WELL POLISHED • COLOUR FADE IN INTENSE HEAT • PREEFERRED IN INTERIOR CONDITION.
- 19. MAKRANA WHITE(RS 400 + PER SQ.FT.) BEST QUALITY MARBLE, SLIGTLY GREYISH ALBETA (RS 200-475 PER SQ.FT.) DOONGRI (RS 75-175 PER SQ.FT.) KUMARI (RS 45 PER SQ FT ONWARDS) INCREASED IN WHITENESS MOSTLY AVAILABLE IN BEIGE COLOUR. THICKNESS- 15-16MM BRANDS: FLORIANA,EURA
- 20. WHITE MARBLEWITH GREENISH SHADE RATE : RS 40-60 PER SQ.FT SIZE DEPEND ON DEMAND OBTAINED FROM UDAIPUR.
- 21. GREENISH INCOLOUR FOUND AT JABALPUR. JABALPUR IS IN MADHAA PRADESH OBTAINED IN SLATES FORM A MARBLE PRODUCING BRAND PRODUCES PREPOLISHED, UNIFORM SIZE, NATURAL MARBLES DIAMOND POLISHES
- 22. for layingmarble for flooring, it is recommend to use white cement, which gives the marble a highly elegant and attractive finish which is heavy, hard, durable and dust-free. marble possesses greater reflectance and the crystalline structure of polished marble gives it a bright lusture.
- 23. The marbleshould be laid in white or coloured mortar, depending on the colour of the marble, made with a good white cement over a damp-proof membrane. This ensures true reflection and retains the sheen of the marble.
- 24. PROCEDURE FOR LAYINGOF MARBLE FLOORING
- 25. 1.Before laying themarble tiles, make sure that all tiles are of regular shape, i.e. for rectangular, square, hexagonal shape of tiles, the diagonals must be of exactly the same size for the same size of tile because a slight difference in edges and corners may disturb the flooring pattern. 2.First of all, for laying the tiles, prepare the base mortar consisting of OPC and fine aggregate (Bajri) in 1:5 to 1:6 proportion. The mortar should have a low water.
- 26. 3.Minimum thickness recommendfor the mortar is 25mm 4.Fix the marble tiles, temporarily with the base mortar in a single or double row as per your design pattern by pressing it over the mortar with the help of a wooden handle of the hammer or some other wooden piece to get it in the required level. 5.After fixing this pattern, for one or two rows of tiles, remove the tiles and put them again after spreading Cement slurry (cement mixes with water in 2:1 ratio) over the base mortar. This procedure is to be followed for each tile, one by one. 6.Press the marble with the wooden handle of the hammer.
- 27. 7.In similar fashion,complete the floor. Finally, fill up the joints of the tiles with White Cement. 8.First grinding of the floor should be done after a minimum of five days of fixing the tiles with the help of a grinding machine and carborandum stone. 9.Again apply White Cement slurry over the floor after first grinding. And after one day, second grinding should be done. A minimum of three grindings are recommended for a good finish. 10.Wash the floor completely and polish it.
- 28. 1: Marble hasa tendency to absorb the colour of base mortar due to its porosity, which ultimately results in the change of colour of the marble. So, a thin layer of White Cement in the form of slurry provided in between the marble and the ordinary cement mortar acts as a separator. 2: It not only prevents the penetration of the grey cement into the marble, but it also but it also helps in retaining the original colour of the marble. But if the marble/granite is opaque in nature, then ordinary cement could also be used for making the slurry.
- 30. • Tiles aremost often made of ceramic •Ceramic tiles are made of clay, sand and natural materials. •They are burnt in kilns at temperature upto 1250 degree celsius. •Ceramic tiles may be painted and glazed. •Clay used in tiles is red, brown or white. •They are very popular as both wall and flooring tiles and you can even use them for entryways, benchtops or splashbacks if you wish. •These can be used any where : rooms, indoors, outdoors.
- 31. The initial stepin ceramic tile manufacture involves mixing the ingredients.
- 32. 1. Raw materialpreparation 2. Shaping 3. Drying raw tiles 4. Glazing 5. Firing/ burning 6. Sorting 7. Storage of ready Product.
- 33. •Resistant from waterand stain penetration. •Difficult to crack. •Can last over 20 years and more if well maintained. •Replacing of tile is relatively simple. •Donot need more maintenance. •Can have many design options and shapes. •Easy to clean, its resistant to stains, odours and scratches. •Look -a vast array of choices in textures and colors to expand design patterns. •Ceramic tiles are fireproof. They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes Since it is hard so it could be uncomfortable to stand on it. May not be suited to environment. This material does not hold on to heat very well, that means that it can get very cold in the winter. Ceramics are quite heavy, which means that they may not always be appropriate for upper story installations.
- 34. Texture- Real feelof natural stone including slight grains on surface. Shape- Most commonly square or rectangular, hexagonal, triangular, trapezium for unique designs. Colour- Multiple colours. Size- Ranging from 2”by2” to 24”by24”. Weight- Starting from 1kg Thickness- Starting from 10mm.
- 35. Wood look Marblelook Stone look Travertine look
- 36. Porcelain tiles Porcelaintile is more scratch resistant . Porcelain is made from a finer, more dense clay. Porcelain tile is fired at temperature upto 2000 degree celcius. Harder than ceramic . Ceramic tiles Scratch resistant but less than porcelain. Made from nomal clay. Ceramic tiles are fired at temperature upto 1250 degree celsius. Hard surface.
- 37. Vitrified Tiles havegot the name from vitrify which means the process of making a glass or something similar to a glass. This tile is known for its capacity to absorb water and also for being stain resistant. • mixture containing clay and elements like silica, quartz and feldspar. • the mixture melts on applying a very high temperature(1200C) • non-porous tiles that have a glassy texture. • Vitrified tiles use a dye that is mixed with the clay before setting it on fire. This dye makes the color consistent throughout the tiles. Therefore, if the surface of the tile chips off, then a similar color is exposed underneath. • These tiles are thus, very strong, durable and resistant to water and stain
- 38. • Aesthetics:-Vitrified Tilescome in every style to cover every theme and every designer’s vision. with tiles. • Hard wearing • Easy to clean • Attractive • Fire Proof:-Vitrified Tiles cannot burn. After all, most are "fired" at 1200C. • Resistant to chemicals • Low allergy: will not give off cancer forming fumes. • Breathe easy asthma approved • Stable room temperature:-In the winter months, Vitrified tiles absorb heat during the day and release it during the cooler evening. Acting as a heat bank, tiles saves the money. During summer months, tiles are cool to touch. • Tile size: The bigger formats (sizes) are possible in vitrified tiles which makes them as an ideal tile for flooring • Several technological factors : very high tonnage pressure, development of kilns which can operate at high temperature (+1200C.), fine polishing machines, calibrating machines and squaring and champ herring machines, development of nano material technology to seal the residual water absorption, decorative printing technology etc. have lead for this tile development.
- 40. Due to itsvarious advantages over other flooring materials, Vitrified tiles are commonly used worldwide in the following places : • Airport Terminal & Railway waiting rooms • Super Markets • Healthcare Centres • Club Houses • Restaurants & Café • Educational Institutes • Hospitals • Shopping Centres • Private Houses • Banks and offices • Industries • Workshop • Public washrooms
- 41. 1. Soluble salt: tiles printed with screen printing technology and then polished are called soluble salt vitrified tiles Pros : cheapest type in indian market Cons : design of soluble salt tiles fade away after a use of few years 2. Nano polished : when a layer of liquid silica is applied nano or micro pores are filled up making the tile more smoother 3. Doubly charge : in this type of tile the press feeds two colours on the tiles bisque and makes a thick layer of design of about 3-4mm ,used in high traffic areas pros : long life as compared to traditional soluble salt vitrified tiles cons: due to technology limitation design patterns are limited 4. Full body vitrified tiles : has colour all over the body of a tile, chipping and scratching are less visible pros: design will never fade ideal flooring for high traffic areas cons : very costly less availability limited design collection 5. Glazed vitrified tiles :vitrified tiles with glazed surface . It offers any type of design/art work and texture like wooden, bamboo, slate pros :designing possibility becomes infinite cons :because of digital technology cost is very high
- 45. CHARACTERISTICS VITRIFIED TILESNATURAL TILES Quality Being a manufactured product it’s quality can be controlled Being natural good quality of marble and granite is just a coincidence Mechanical strength Scratch resistant Resistance to acids, alkalis Stain resistant Comparatively weaker than vitrified tiles as marbles are prone to strong acid like HCl Abrasion Resistance 3 on MOH scale Harder than natural stones i.e, can be used in high traffic areas 6-7 on MOH scale Appearance Since it’s produced under strict norms therefore it has less shade variation Shade variation is much more Installation Ready to install Either unpolished or polished they are ready to install Marble requires messy polishing on site
- 46. CHARACTERISTICS VITRIFIED TILESCERAMIC TILES Composition Clay with silica, quartz and feldspar Earthen clay texture Smooth and Glossy Comparatively rough and external glaze is applied for the Glossy look Strength Stronger Comparatively weaker Installation With or Without grout joist With grout joist Water absorption Less more Characteristics High resistance to stains Low water absorption rates Low resistance to stains High water absorption rate Installation Comparatively difficult Easy to fix Costing Comparatively expensive Comparatively Low priced Life After glaze coating: Comparatively less Without glaze coating : Comparatively more Comparatively more Comparatively less Appearance Artificial (more like marbles and granite) natural
- 47. INTRODUCTION TO CHEQUERED TILES Chequeredtiles are cement tiles or terrazzo tiles having grooves on the surface of the tile which makes it anti-slippery. The chequered groove can be in any shape and length, but the depth of the grooves should not be less than 3 mm. Chequered Coloured Tiles — Chequered tiles having a plain wearing surface wherein pigments are used but not stone chips. Terrazzo Chequered Tiles — Chequered tiles at least 25 percent of whose wearing surface is composed of stone chips. Monolayer Tiles — Chequered tiles on which there is only one layer that is wearing layer, and which does not contain backing layer. Double Layer Tiles — Chequered tiles which contain a wearing layer as well as a backing layer
- 48. Classification Cement concrete chequeredtiles shall be of two classes as given below depending on the duty they perform: a) General Purpose Tiles — Used for light traffic loads such as in entrances and staircases of office buildings, schools, colleges, hospitals and residential buildings and in footpaths and driveways within building compounds. b) Heavy Duty Floor Tiles — Used for heavy traffic conditions such as in industrial godowns and industrial workshop floors; platforms; ramps and entrances of public buildings; passages of auditoriums; and in public footpaths and pavements within commercial building.
- 49. MATERIALS -Cement -Aggregates -Pigments The thickness oftiles varies such as: S.N O LENGTH BREADTH MINIMUM THICKNESS SINGLE LAYER DOUBLE LAYER 1. 200 200 17 22 2. 250 250 17 22 3. 300 300 20 25 4. 400 400 20 25
- 50. MANUFACTURING They shallbe manufactured from a mixture of cement, natural aggregates, and colouring materials where required, by pressure process or vibration or both so that the tiles meet the required strength. The tiles shall be manufactured in single layer/ mono-layer or in double layer. The proportion of cement to aggregate in the backing of the double layer tiles shall be not leaner than 1 : 3 by mass. Where colouring material is used in the wearing layer, it shall not exceed 10 % by mass of cement used in the mix. On removal from the mould, the tiles shall be kept in moist condition continuously for a period.
- 51. General quality: It should nothave cracks(hair cracks not involved), no holes and should not be damaged. •Flatness •Perpendicularity •Straightness •Water absorption
- 52. ADVANTAGES Highly demandedfor construction of outside floorings, ramps, gardens, jogging paths, walkways etc. Suitable for light load and low movements Attractive design Durable, hard wearing and easy to clean surfaces Resistant to crack & breakage Resistance to adverse weather conditions Easy maintenance Available in various styles colours and customised specifications i.e, extremely wide options in designs and colours are available Ease and speed of laying and economical
- 54. TIMBER FLOORING INHILLY AREAS WHERE WOOD IS EASILY AVAILABLE WOODEN FLOORS PROVE TO BE ECONOMICAL AND ARE COMMONLY USED. THEY ARE USED IN DANCING HALLS , AUDITORIUMS,CARPENTARY HALLS ETC. MAZOR PROBLEM DAMP PREVENTION. FLOR CAN BE SUSPENDED TYPE OR SOLID TYPE.
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- 57. A DAMP PROOFCOURSE LAYER IS LAID IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE WALL PLATES TO PREVENT THE RISING OF DAMPNESS
- 58. MARKET FORMS OFTIMBER Batten - timber piece whose breadth and thickness does not exceed 50mm. Plank – timber piece with parellel sides whose thickness is less than 50mm and width exceeds 50mm. Board - parellel sides with thickness less than 50mm and width more than 150mm. Log – trunk of the tree. Pole – long log with max dia as 200mm, also known as spar.
- 59. INDUSTRIAL TIMBER VENEERS PLYWOOD FIBREBOARDS IMPREG TIMBER COMPREG TIMBER
- 60. VENEERS Thin sheetsof wood Thickness varies from 0.4mm-6mm or more. Obtained by rotating log against a cutter. Process of preparing venners is veneering. These are used to prepare laminboards, plywood and battenboards. These are dried in kilns to remove moisture.
- 61. PLYWOOD USED FOR CEILINGS,DOORS,FURNITURE,PANELLING ETC sizes •8’x 4’ • 8’x3’ • 7’x4’ • 7’x3’ • 6’x4’ • 6’x3’ Thickness • 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25 mm-MR Grades Properties • Light weight • Elastic in nature • Not easily affected by moisture.
- 62. FIBRE BOARDS Alsoknown as pressed or reconstructed wood These are rigid boards Thickness 3mm – 12mm & length 3m- 4.5m & width 1.2m – 1.8m They form an ideal base for decorative finishes like distemper,oil paint,etc Used in partitions, paving,flush doors,tops of tables, suspended ceilings,panelling etc
- 63. IMPREG TIMBERS Timberfully or partly covered with resin. Used for moulds,furniture,decorative articles etc. Not affected by moisture Strong & durable Good Electrical insulation Decent appearance
- 64. COMPREG TIMBERS Morestrong and durable than impreg timbers It is prepared same as the impreg timbers except that curing is carried out under pressure.
- 65. Laminated wooden flooring- Laminated woodflooring is made from composite wood pressed together at high temperatures. 7mm,8mm,10mm & 12mm thick. MERITS:- Easy installation comfortable Aesthetically good Durable than hardwood-resists scratches, moisture,wear and tear. cost is on an average 50% less than hardwood easier to clean.
- 66. FLOOR FINISHING Timber floorpolishing steps- remove all nails to ensure you do not damage the sanding or polishing machines remove old polish with mineral turpentine sand floor utilising progressively finer graded paper vacuum and clean floor thoroughly apply sealer to coat the floor commence buffing and polishing in between coats of sealer until the desired effect is attained Ensure you wear the appropriate safety equipment when sanding or polishing your wooden floor. This includes gloves, eye protection and a face mask.