Shock
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Shock is defined as a condition where systemic blood pressure is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to vital organs and cells. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock such as septic or anaphylactic shock. Shock progresses through initial, compensatory, progressive, and refractory stages. In the compensatory stage, the body responds through neural and hormonal responses to increase heart rate, vasoconstriction, and release of hormones like adrenaline to maintain blood pressure and perfusion. However, in progressive shock these mechanisms fail, tissues become damaged, and multiple organ dysfunction or death can occur without treatment. Treatment of shock focuses on restoring adequate perfusion through oxygen
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SHOCK
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
Shock
This document discusses the pathophysiology, causes, and management of shock. Shock is defined as a state of circulatory insufficiency resulting in inadequate organ perfusion. There are several types of shock, including hypovolemic, vasodilatory, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and obstructive. The initial goals of management are to secure the airway, administer intravenous fluids and vasopressors to restore perfusion pressure and tissue oxygenation, and give antibiotics if infection is suspected. The ultimate treatment involves addressing the underlying cause while monitoring systemic and tissue parameters to guide resuscitation efforts until oxygen debt is repaid and aerobic metabolism is restored.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when an area of heart muscle is damaged due to inadequate blood flow. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis leading to narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. The left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior and septal walls of the heart, while the circumflex artery supplies the posterior and lateral walls. Obstruction of these arteries results in different types of MIs in the respective regions. Risk factors include age over 40, family history, male sex, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and potential radiation to the arm or shoulder. Diagnostic tests include electrocardiograms, cardiac enzymes, angiography, and imaging scans.
shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definitions, types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and management. It discusses the four main types of shock - cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive - describing the insult, physiologic effects, and compensatory mechanisms for each. Treatment of shock focuses on the ABCDE approach - airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Restoring adequate circulation through fluid resuscitation is key. The goals of treatment are to optimize oxygen delivery and achieve endpoints of resuscitation like urine output and hemodynamic parameters.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its classification, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It defines shock as a clinical manifestation of inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia due to a reduction in effective circulating blood volume. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The document examines the cellular, microvascular, and systemic pathophysiological changes that occur in shock, as well as compensatory mechanisms and signs of decompensation. Clinical features, diagnosis, and general management principles are also summarized.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to pump enough blood to vital organs. This causes blood pressure to drop and organs to fail. It is a serious medical emergency. The heart loses its ability to contract effectively due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Clinical features include low blood pressure, confusion, and poor organ perfusion. Treatment aims to improve cardiac function and oxygen delivery through medications, surgeries like bypass and stenting, and devices like intra-aortic balloon pumps. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and supports the medical management of this critical condition.
shock
The document discusses different types of shock including hypovolumic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. It defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion caused by reduced cardiac output or effective circulatory blood volume. Key signs are hypotension, tissue hypoperfusion, cellular hypoxia, and potential end organ dysfunction. Management involves treating the underlying cause, restoring circulating volume, providing vasoactive drugs and oxygenation support, and monitoring for multiple organ failure in intensive care. Prognosis depends on the shock type and duration, with septic and cardiogenic shock having higher mortality risks.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses entering the bloodstream through invasive procedures like dental work or surgery. The microbes accumulate on the heart valves, forming vegetations that can damage the valves over time. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and other tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes valve replacement surgery. Complications can include heart failure, embolism, and stroke if left untreated.
Recommended
SHOCK
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
Shock
This document discusses the pathophysiology, causes, and management of shock. Shock is defined as a state of circulatory insufficiency resulting in inadequate organ perfusion. There are several types of shock, including hypovolemic, vasodilatory, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and obstructive. The initial goals of management are to secure the airway, administer intravenous fluids and vasopressors to restore perfusion pressure and tissue oxygenation, and give antibiotics if infection is suspected. The ultimate treatment involves addressing the underlying cause while monitoring systemic and tissue parameters to guide resuscitation efforts until oxygen debt is repaid and aerobic metabolism is restored.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when an area of heart muscle is damaged due to inadequate blood flow. It is usually caused by atherosclerosis leading to narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. The left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior and septal walls of the heart, while the circumflex artery supplies the posterior and lateral walls. Obstruction of these arteries results in different types of MIs in the respective regions. Risk factors include age over 40, family history, male sex, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and potential radiation to the arm or shoulder. Diagnostic tests include electrocardiograms, cardiac enzymes, angiography, and imaging scans.
shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its history, definitions, types, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and management. It discusses the four main types of shock - cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive - describing the insult, physiologic effects, and compensatory mechanisms for each. Treatment of shock focuses on the ABCDE approach - airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. Restoring adequate circulation through fluid resuscitation is key. The goals of treatment are to optimize oxygen delivery and achieve endpoints of resuscitation like urine output and hemodynamic parameters.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its classification, causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management. It defines shock as a clinical manifestation of inadequate tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia due to a reduction in effective circulating blood volume. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. The document examines the cellular, microvascular, and systemic pathophysiological changes that occur in shock, as well as compensatory mechanisms and signs of decompensation. Clinical features, diagnosis, and general management principles are also summarized.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to pump enough blood to vital organs. This causes blood pressure to drop and organs to fail. It is a serious medical emergency. The heart loses its ability to contract effectively due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Clinical features include low blood pressure, confusion, and poor organ perfusion. Treatment aims to improve cardiac function and oxygen delivery through medications, surgeries like bypass and stenting, and devices like intra-aortic balloon pumps. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and supports the medical management of this critical condition.
shock
The document discusses different types of shock including hypovolumic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic shock. It defines shock as systemic hypoperfusion caused by reduced cardiac output or effective circulatory blood volume. Key signs are hypotension, tissue hypoperfusion, cellular hypoxia, and potential end organ dysfunction. Management involves treating the underlying cause, restoring circulating volume, providing vasoactive drugs and oxygenation support, and monitoring for multiple organ failure in intensive care. Prognosis depends on the shock type and duration, with septic and cardiogenic shock having higher mortality risks.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. It is usually caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses entering the bloodstream through invasive procedures like dental work or surgery. The microbes accumulate on the heart valves, forming vegetations that can damage the valves over time. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and heart murmurs. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and other tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes valve replacement surgery. Complications can include heart failure, embolism, and stroke if left untreated.
Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can be caused by factors that increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, increase blood vessel permeability, or obstruct lymphatic fluid clearance. Edema is classified as generalized or localized and pitting or non-pitting. It can manifest as peripheral swelling, weight gain, distended veins, slowed venous filling, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating the legs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening edema and complications, encourage rest and diet, and educate patients on self-care.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is an abnormally increased concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. There are several types including primary, secondary, relative, and stress polycythemia. Symptoms result from increased blood volume and viscosity and include fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing skin care and pain management.
Hypotension
This document discusses hypotension, or low blood pressure. It defines hypotension as a systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg or a diastolic below 60 mm Hg. Severely low blood pressure can deprive organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. Risk factors for hypotension include increasing age, certain medications, and diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes. Treatment options presented include volume resuscitation, vasopressors to increase blood pressure, inotropes like dobutamine to increase cardiac output, and addressing any underlying causes. Specific medications mentioned are fludrocortisone, midodrine, noradrenaline, and erythropoietin.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Shock
This document defines and discusses the pathophysiology of different types of shock: cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive. It notes that shock occurs when there is inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, leading to cellular and organ dysfunction. The key signs of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, altered mental status, and decreased urine output. Early goal-directed resuscitation is important to prevent end organ damage and death, and should focus on airway management, oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, and treating the underlying cause.
myocardial infarction
This document provides information about myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack. It defines MI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or blockage. MI is a leading cause of death. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and stress. Signs and symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. Treatment includes aspirin, nitrates, beta blockers, statins, clot-busting drugs, angioplasty and bypass surgery. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure and heart rupture.
Myocardial infarction
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as the death of heart muscle due to sustained lack of blood supply. Common causes of MI include coronary thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, infections, hypoxia, smoking, excessive fat or exercise. Symptoms include severe chest pain, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment involves pain medications, vasodilators, anticoagulants, thrombolytic drugs, antiarrhythmics, lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, and potentially coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty procedures. Nursing diagnoses for patients include pain, anxiety, impaired cardiac output, limited activity,
SHOCK
Shock is a clinical state characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from insufficient oxygen and substrate delivery to meet metabolic demands. There are several types of shock defined by etiology (hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive) and effects on blood pressure (compensated, decompensated). Signs of shock include tachycardia, altered mental status, and decreased urine output. Treatment involves rapid fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to support cardiac output as needed.
Wounds
SPECIAL THANKS TO
SADRU MOHAMED
FOR MAKING THESE SLIDES AVAILABLE HERE
sadru12@gmail.com
+255759212578
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This document discusses leukopenia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells. It identifies several potential causes of leukopenia, including viral and bacterial infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, and bone marrow diseases. Symptoms of leukopenia include increased risk of infection. The document outlines methods for diagnosing leukopenia via blood tests and bone marrow biopsy and treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplant. It recommends lifestyle practices like rest, good hygiene and nutrition to help prevent infection for those with leukopenia.
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. It is caused by aging, loss of the elastic protein elastin, and thickening of the arterial walls. Cholesterol deposits form beneath the artery endothelium and calcify to form atheromatous plaques, which narrow the arterial lumen. This reduces blood circulation and can lead to heart attack, stroke, hypertension, angina, and peripheral arterial disease.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
Cardiogenic shock : Medical Surgical Nursing
This
presentation is designed for Nursing students and it gives a brief
about what you should know while caring for a client with Cardiogenic
shock and also its prevention.
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This document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD). It defines IHD as a condition caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. Risk factors include dyslipidemia, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, and obesity. The management of IHD involves identifying risk factors, lifestyle modifications, medical treatments like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and possible revascularization procedures.
Hypovolemic Shock
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Collage of Medicine, King Faisal University
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1. Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome characterized by episodes of chest pain or pressure resulting from inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle.
2. Risk factors for angina include age over 55 for men or 65 for women, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of early heart disease.
3. There are several types of angina including stable angina brought on by exertion, unstable angina occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, and Prinzmetal or variant angina occurring during rest especially between midnight and dawn.
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Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are diseases that cause hardening and narrowing of arteries. Arteriosclerosis is thickening of arterial walls while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within artery walls from accumulation of lipids, calcium, and other substances. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, smoking, diet, hypertension, diabetes, and stress. The formation of fatty streaks and plaques within artery walls can progress over decades and lead to complications when plaques rupture and form blood clots. Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, regular exercise, healthy diet, weight control, and stress management.
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked, cutting off the blood supply to parts of the heart muscle. This lack of oxygenated blood causes tissues in the myocardial muscles of the heart to die. A myocardial infarction is also referred to as a heart attack and results from prolonged lack of oxygen to the heart muscle cells.
SHOCK
This seminar covers different types of shock including definitions, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. The main types discussed are hypovolaemic shock, traumatic shock, cardiogenic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock, and crush syndrome. Hypovolaemic shock is the most common and results from sudden loss of blood or fluid volume. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and controlling bleeding. Septic shock has a high mortality and is usually caused by gram-negative bacteria. Crush syndrome occurs after body portions are compressed by heavy weights.
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Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Edema, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
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This document provides a link to a video on first aid treatment for poisoning and reminds the reader to follow appropriate first aid steps depending on the emergency as they could make a difference for someone in need of help.
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Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can be caused by factors that increase hydrostatic pressure, decrease plasma oncotic pressure, increase blood vessel permeability, or obstruct lymphatic fluid clearance. Edema is classified as generalized or localized and pitting or non-pitting. It can manifest as peripheral swelling, weight gain, distended veins, slowed venous filling, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating the legs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening edema and complications, encourage rest and diet, and educate patients on self-care.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is an abnormally increased concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. There are several types including primary, secondary, relative, and stress polycythemia. Symptoms result from increased blood volume and viscosity and include fatigue, headache, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing skin care and pain management.
Hypotension
This document discusses hypotension, or low blood pressure. It defines hypotension as a systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg or a diastolic below 60 mm Hg. Severely low blood pressure can deprive organs of oxygen and nutrients, leading to a life-threatening condition called shock. Risk factors for hypotension include increasing age, certain medications, and diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes. Treatment options presented include volume resuscitation, vasopressors to increase blood pressure, inotropes like dobutamine to increase cardiac output, and addressing any underlying causes. Specific medications mentioned are fludrocortisone, midodrine, noradrenaline, and erythropoietin.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Shock
This document defines and discusses the pathophysiology of different types of shock: cardiogenic, obstructive, hypovolemic, and distributive. It notes that shock occurs when there is inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, leading to cellular and organ dysfunction. The key signs of shock include tachycardia, hypotension, altered mental status, and decreased urine output. Early goal-directed resuscitation is important to prevent end organ damage and death, and should focus on airway management, oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, and treating the underlying cause.
myocardial infarction
This document provides information about myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack. It defines MI as reduced blood flow in a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis or blockage. MI is a leading cause of death. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and stress. Signs and symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzymes and angiography. Treatment includes aspirin, nitrates, beta blockers, statins, clot-busting drugs, angioplasty and bypass surgery. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure and heart rupture.
Myocardial infarction
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as the death of heart muscle due to sustained lack of blood supply. Common causes of MI include coronary thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, infections, hypoxia, smoking, excessive fat or exercise. Symptoms include severe chest pain, sweating, nausea, shortness of breath, and abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment involves pain medications, vasodilators, anticoagulants, thrombolytic drugs, antiarrhythmics, lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, and potentially coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty procedures. Nursing diagnoses for patients include pain, anxiety, impaired cardiac output, limited activity,
SHOCK
Shock is a clinical state characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from insufficient oxygen and substrate delivery to meet metabolic demands. There are several types of shock defined by etiology (hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive) and effects on blood pressure (compensated, decompensated). Signs of shock include tachycardia, altered mental status, and decreased urine output. Treatment involves rapid fluid resuscitation and vasoactive drugs like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to support cardiac output as needed.
Wounds
SPECIAL THANKS TO
SADRU MOHAMED
FOR MAKING THESE SLIDES AVAILABLE HERE
sadru12@gmail.com
+255759212578
Leukopenia
This document discusses leukopenia, a condition characterized by a reduced number of white blood cells. It identifies several potential causes of leukopenia, including viral and bacterial infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition, and bone marrow diseases. Symptoms of leukopenia include increased risk of infection. The document outlines methods for diagnosing leukopenia via blood tests and bone marrow biopsy and treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplant. It recommends lifestyle practices like rest, good hygiene and nutrition to help prevent infection for those with leukopenia.
Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. It is caused by aging, loss of the elastic protein elastin, and thickening of the arterial walls. Cholesterol deposits form beneath the artery endothelium and calcify to form atheromatous plaques, which narrow the arterial lumen. This reduces blood circulation and can lead to heart attack, stroke, hypertension, angina, and peripheral arterial disease.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
Cardiogenic shock : Medical Surgical Nursing
This
presentation is designed for Nursing students and it gives a brief
about what you should know while caring for a client with Cardiogenic
shock and also its prevention.
Ischemic Heart Disease
This document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD). It defines IHD as a condition caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, leading to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle. Risk factors include dyslipidemia, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, and obesity. The management of IHD involves identifying risk factors, lifestyle modifications, medical treatments like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and possible revascularization procedures.
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
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Collage of Medicine, King Faisal University
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Angina Pectoris.PPT
1. Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome characterized by episodes of chest pain or pressure resulting from inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle.
2. Risk factors for angina include age over 55 for men or 65 for women, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of early heart disease.
3. There are several types of angina including stable angina brought on by exertion, unstable angina occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, and Prinzmetal or variant angina occurring during rest especially between midnight and dawn.
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are diseases that cause hardening and narrowing of arteries. Arteriosclerosis is thickening of arterial walls while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within artery walls from accumulation of lipids, calcium, and other substances. Major risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, smoking, diet, hypertension, diabetes, and stress. The formation of fatty streaks and plaques within artery walls can progress over decades and lead to complications when plaques rupture and form blood clots. Prevention focuses on lifestyle modifications like quitting smoking, regular exercise, healthy diet, weight control, and stress management.
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the coronary arteries become blocked, cutting off the blood supply to parts of the heart muscle. This lack of oxygenated blood causes tissues in the myocardial muscles of the heart to die. A myocardial infarction is also referred to as a heart attack and results from prolonged lack of oxygen to the heart muscle cells.
SHOCK
This seminar covers different types of shock including definitions, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. The main types discussed are hypovolaemic shock, traumatic shock, cardiogenic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock, and crush syndrome. Hypovolaemic shock is the most common and results from sudden loss of blood or fluid volume. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and controlling bleeding. Septic shock has a high mortality and is usually caused by gram-negative bacteria. Crush syndrome occurs after body portions are compressed by heavy weights.
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Shock is defined as a life-threatening condition where blood flow to organs is low, decreasing oxygen and nutrient delivery and waste removal. There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic from low blood volume, cardiogenic from low cardiac output despite adequate volume, distributive from low vascular resistance usually due to sepsis, and obstructive from outflow obstruction. Hypovolemic shock is caused by blood loss, fluid loss, or decreased intake and presents with tachycardia, hypotension, and decreased urine output. Initial management focuses on restoring circulating volume through fluid resuscitation and controlling any bleeding. Cardiogenic shock presents with cool skin, tachypnea, hypotension, and altered mental status and
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This document defines shock and outlines its causes, consequences, diagnosis, and management. Shock is defined as reduced effective tissue perfusion leading to cellular and circulatory dysfunction. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock. The consequences of shock include anaerobic metabolism, lactic acidosis, and ultimately organ dysfunction or failure if not treated. Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of hypoperfusion like decreased mental status and oliguria. Management focuses on restoring perfusion through fluid resuscitation and treating the underlying cause.
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Shock is defined as inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues due to global tissue hypoperfusion and metabolic acidosis. There are several types of shock including hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, and others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but generally involves restoring oxygen delivery through airway management, oxygen supplementation, intravenous fluid resuscitation, antibiotics for infection, and treating the underlying cause of shock. Multiple organ failure may result if shock persists and damages vital organs over time.
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This document provides an overview of shock, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, initial management, and specific types such as hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. It defines shock as inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, discusses the body's compensatory mechanisms and their failure in severe shock. It classifies shock into hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive types and provides details on managing each type, including damage control resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock and use of vasopressors for neurogenic shock. Key goals in shock management are outlined as well as factors like lactate and base deficit that can guide res
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Shock is a condition where tissue perfusion is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to vital organs. There are four types of shock: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive. Shock progresses through three phases - initial non-progressive, progressive, and irreversible. In the progressive phase, compensatory mechanisms fail and tissue hypoxia develops. The irreversible phase is characterized by multi-organ failure and cell death due to severe hypoxia. Treatment of shock involves identifying the cause, giving IV fluids and medications to support blood pressure and organ function, and treating any underlying condition causing shock.
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This document provides an overview of shock in children, including:
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2. It classifies the main types of shock as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, obstructive, and septic shock and discusses their causes.
3. It describes the stages of shock from compensated to decompensated to irreversible, and the clinical manifestations including vital signs and mental status changes.
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Shock
- 1. Shock
- 2. What is Shock? • Shock is defined as a condition in which systemic Blood Pressure is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrient to support vital organs and cellular function.
- 3. What are the Types of Shock? • Hypovolemic Shock • Cardiogenic shock • Distributive shock – Septic shock – Anaphylactic shock – Neurogenic Shock
- 4. What are the stages of Shock? • • • • Initial stage Compensatory stage Progressive stage Refractory stage
- 5. Pathophysiology 1. Initial Stage Cardiac Output Tissue perfusion 2. Compensatory Stage a. Neural response HR and contractility, arterial & venous vasoconstriction, shunting of blood to the vital organs
- 6. b. Hormonal response i. Activation of the Renin response Production of Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction & release of aldosterone & ADH release Sodium & water release
- 7. ii. Stimulation of anterior pituitary Secretes ACTH Stimulates adrenal cortex Release of glucocorticoids Blood glucose levels
- 8. iii. Stimulation of adrenal medulla Release of epinephrine & nor-epinephrine 3. Progressive stage Failure to meet the tissue metabolic needs Activation of anaerobic metabolism
- 9. Irreversible damage to cells Lactic acedemia Further decreased tissue Failure of Na++-K+ Pump perfusion Mitochondria swells up and ruptures Death of cell
- 10. Clinical consequences 4. Refractory stage MODS Irreversible shock Death
- 11. What are the Consequences of shock? • Cardiovascular – Ventricular filure – Microvascular thrombosis • Neurologic • • • • SNS dysfunction Cardiac and respiratory depression Thermoregulatory failure Coma
- 12. • Pulmonary – Acute respiratory failure – Acute lung injury • Renal – Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) • Hematologic – Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) • Gastro intestinal – GIT failure – Hepatic failure – Pancreatic failure
- 13. What are the Diagnostic criteria for Shock? • • • • SBP less than 90 mm of Hg Tachycardia Altered Mental status Altered serum lactate and base levels
- 14. How do we manage Shock? • • • • • • Maintain patent airway Improve ventilation and oxygenation Vasoconstrictors – Epinphrine, nor-epinephrine Vasodilators- Nitroprusside, nitroglycerine Inotropes- Dobutamine, Epinphrine Antidysrrhythmics- Lidocaine, amiodarone
- 15. Thank you