E-ball

A
Seminar Report
On
E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
Submitted
In partial fulfillment
of requirement for
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Computer Science &Engineering
2014-2015
Submitted To: Submitted By:
------------------- ISHTDEEP SINGH HORA
Enroll no-0202CS131006
i

Acknowledgement
Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any seminar report depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my
gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
report.
I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Ms------------ I can’t say thank you
enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time
I attend his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this report would not
have materialized.
The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this report, was vital for the success of the report. I am grateful for their
constant support and help.
ii

Contents
iii
S.No. Topic discussed Pages(from – to)
1. Introduction 4-10
2. Meaning of E-ball Technology 11-21
3. Working of E-ball Technology 22-24
4. Advantages & Disadvantages 25
5. Impact,Reference & Conclusion 26

INTRODUCTION
The word “computer” comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”.Hence,
people usually consider a computer to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic
operations at high speed.
In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating machine.
However, more than 80% of work done by computers today is non-mathematical or non-
numerical nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as a calculating device is to ignore over
80% of its functions. More accurately, we can define a computer as a device that operates upon
data. Data can be anything like bio-data of applicants when computer is used for short listing
candidates for recruiting; marks obtained by students in various subjects when used for
preparing result; details (name, age, sex, etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines or
railways reservations; or number of different parameters when used for solving scientific
research problems, etc.
Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer application.
A computer can store, process, and retrieve data as and when desired. The fact that computers
process data is so fundamental that many people have started calling it as data processor.
The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers not only compute in a
usual sense but also perform other functions with data that flows to and from them. The activity
of processing data using computer is called data processing.Data processing consists of three
sub-activities: capturing input data, manipulating the data, and managing output results. Data is
basically a raw material used as input to data processing and information is processed data
obtained as output of data processing.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
Increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is very powerful and useful tool.The
power and usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due to its following characteristics.
A) AUTOMATIC
An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention. Computers are automatic
machines because once started on a job, they carry out the job until it is finished. However,
computers being machines cannot start themselves and cannot go out and find problems and
solutions. We need to instruct a computer using code instructions that specify how it will do a
particular job.
B) SPEED
A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work that a
human being can do in an entire year. While talking about speed of a computer we do not talk in
terms of seconds or milliseconds but in terms of micro seconds,nano seconds and even
picoseconds. A powerful computer is capable of performing several billion simple arithmetic
operations per second.
C) ACCURACY
In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. Accuracy of a computer is
consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. A computer performs
every calculation with the same accuracy.
D) VERSATILITY
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. One moment it is preparing
result of an examination, next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills etc.In brief, a
computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of
logical steps.
E) DILIGENCE
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It
can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. Hence,
computer score over human beings in doing routing type jobs that require great accuracy.
v

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard invented first known mechanical
calculator, capable of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding machine made in 1640’s by
Blaise Pascal.
B) 1673: More advanced mechanical calculator.1673byGerman mathematician Gottfried
Leibniz Capable of multiplication and division purely mechanical with no source of power.
C) 1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine. He designed, but it was
completed by a Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of the Difference Engine from Niagara
College.
D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never completed. Important concept: a
general-purpose machine capable of performing difference functions based on programming.
E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with the concept of the Analytical Engine at a
dinner party. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created plans for how the machine could calculate
Bernoulli numbers. This is regarded as the first “computer program," and she is the first
"programmer" The Department of Defense named a language “Ada” in her honor in 1979.
F) 1890:Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census Concept of
programming the machine to perform different tasks with punched cards was from Babbage.
Punch cards based on Josph Marie Jacquard’s device to automate weaving looms. Hollerith
founded a company that became International Business Machines(IBM) to market the
technology.
G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. By Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30 by 50 foot room Programming by
plugging wires into a patch panel. Very difficult to do, because this style programming requires
intimate knowledge of the computer.
vi

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally changed the way computer separate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and reliable devices.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to
using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951. Figure (a) shows first generation computer.
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Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage,
it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level
programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first
computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry. Figure (b) shows
second generation computer
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and
printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and
interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than
their predecessors Figure(c) shows second generation computer.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls—on a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in
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1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop
computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet Fourth
generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Figure(d) shows second generation.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use
of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Figure (e)
shows second generation computer.
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FIGURE (e)
THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
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DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
Aren’t you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and the way that it looks? Well, this is exactly
what designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he decided to create the smallest PC ever
made.
Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is E-Ball Concept pc. The E-Ball concept pc is a
sphere shaped pc which is the smallest design among all the laptops and desktops. This
computer has all the feature like a traditional computer, elements like keyboard, mouse, dvd,
large screen display etc.
E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands, opens by simultaneously pressing and holding
the two buttons located on each side. E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit.
It has a button when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer screen
on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation keys. This concept PC will measure 160mm
in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS.
For the moment there is no word on pricing or when it’s going to be available, however, I am
sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this E-BALL shape is spherical
because in Tnokovski’s opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws everybody’s
attention.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic
card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser
keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.
FEATURES OF E-BALL
→I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
→DUAL CORE PROCESSOR
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→2 GB–RAM
→350-500 GB HARDDRIVE
→INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND CARD
→SPEAKERS
→WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE
→LAN AND WLAN CARD
→LCD PROJECTOR
→PAPER HOLDER
→MODEM
FIGURE (G)
xii

FIGURE (H)
A) PROCESSOR
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and business
microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of Core processors includes the latest
following processors:
Intel Core i7 Intel Core i5
Intel Core i3 Intel Core
Intel Core Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Solo Intel Core 2 Quad
The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown below shows the Intel
core 2 duo process.
B) RAM
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RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word “random” Because information can
be accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data itself is stored tighter, it could be
anywhere in the “container” or amount of RAM available. RAM is measure in “bits”, and 8 bits
equal to 1 byte.
A kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits, and megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2
GB of RAM.
1) SRAM don’t require external refresh circuitry.
2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.
3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.
4) SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM
C) HARD DRIVE
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1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in nature. It consists of
metal platter coated with oxide that can be magnetized to represents data. We can directly access
the data from hard drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500GB of hard drive
D) GRAPHIC & SOUND CARD
A video card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card which
generates output images to a display. Most video cards offer various functions such as
accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, MPEG 2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output,
or the ability to connect multiple monitors(multi-monitor ). Other modern high performance
video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games. Video
hardware is often integrated into the motherboard, however all modern motherboards provide
expansion ports to which a video card can be attached. In this configuration it is sometimes
referred to as a video controller or graphics, a video card, display card, graphics card, or
graphics adapter is an expansion card controller.
xv

VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
Virtual Keyboard is just another example of today’s computer trend of ‘smaller and faster’. It
uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a
keyboard.
Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily create multilingual text content
on almost any existing platform and output it directly to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a
small, handy, well-designed and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution for cross
platform multilingual text input.
The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for keyboard text input, built-
in language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc. operations support just as in a regular text
editor, already existing system language settings remain intact, easy and user-friendly interface
and design, and small file size.
xvi

The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard onto almost any
surface, and disappears when not in use. Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, theVKey (TM)
provides a practical way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user
to leave the laptop computer at home.
VKey technology has many applications in various high-tech and industrial Sectors. These
include data entry and control panel applications in hazardous and harsh environments and
medical markets.
Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the convenience of compactness
with the advantages of a full-blown QWERTY keyboard. An interesting use of such keyboards
would be in sterile environments where silence or low noise is essential like operation theaters.
The advantage of such a system is that you do not need a surface for typing, you can even type
in plain air. The company's Virtual Keyboard is designed for anyone who's become frustrated
with trying to put information into a hand held but doesn't want to carry a notebook computer
around. There is also the provision for a pause function to avoid translating extraneous hand
movements function, so that users can stop to eat, drink etc …
COMPONENTS
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This system comprises of three modules,
1. The sensor module,
2. IR-light source
3. The pattern projector
1) SENSOR MODULE
The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the Keyboard Perception technology. The Sensor
Module operates by locating the user's fingers in 3-D space and tracking the intended
keystrokes, or mouse movements. Mouse tracking and keystroke information is processed and
can then be output to the host device via a USB or other interface. Electronic Perception
Technology:
Electronic perception technology enables ordinary electronic devices to “see” the world around
them so they can perceive and interact with it. Now everyday electronic devices in a variety of
markets can perceive users actions, gaining functionality and ease of use.
The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded software work by developing a 3D“distance
map” to nearby objects in real-time. This information is factored through anon-chip processor
running imaging software that translates the image into defined events before sending it off-chip
for application-specific processing. It’s an action that is continually repeated, generating over 30
frames of 3D information per second.
xviii

Electronic perception technology has a fundamental advantage over classical image processing
that struggles to construct three-dimensional representations using complex mathematics and
images from multiple cameras or points of view. This single chip “contour mapping” approach
results in a high reduction of complexity, making it possible to embed the application
independent processing software directly into the chips themselves–so they may be used in the
most modestly-priced, and even pocket-sized electronic devices.
2) IR-LIGHT SOURCE
The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared light. This light beam I designed to overlap
the area on which the keyboard pattern projector or printed image resides. This is done so as to
illuminate the users fingers by the infra-red light beam. This helps in recognizing the hand
movements and the pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in scanning the image.
Accordingly the information is passed on to the sensor module which decodes the information.
An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the virtual keyboard. Finger makes keystroke on
virtual keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and infrared light is reflected back to projector.
Reflected infrared beam passes through infrared filter to camera. The camera photographs angle
of incoming infrared light. The Sensor chip in the sensor module determines where the infrared
beam was broken, detected co-ordinates determine actions or characters to be generated.
3)THE PATTERN PROJECTOR
xix

The Pattern Projector or optional printed image presents the image of the keyboard or mouse
zone of the system. This image can be projected on any flat surface.
The projected image is that of a standard qwerty-keyboard, with all the keys and control
functions as in the keyboard.
The Projector features a wide-angle lens so that a large pattern can be projected from relatively
low elevations. A printed image, with replaceable templates allows system flexibility,
permitting most any kind of keyboard configuration for greater functionality. In some types of
virtual keyboards, a second infra-red beam is not necessary.
Here the projector itself takes the inputs, providing dual functionality. A sensor or camera in the
projector picks up the finger movements, and passes the information onto the sensor modules.
(a) ADVANTAGES
1. Portability
2. Accuracy
3. Speed of text entry
4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface
5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain injuries
6. Flexibility
(b) DISADVANTAGES
xx

1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it involves typing in thin air, it requires a little
practice. Only people who are good at typing can use a virtual keyboard efficiently.
2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.
3. The room in which the projected keyboard is used should not be very bright so that the
keyboard is properly visible.
APPLICATIONS
1. High-tech and industrial Sectors
2. Used with Smart phones, PDAs, email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks
3. Operation Theatres
4. As computer/PDA input
5. Gaming control
6. TV remote control
WORKING OF E-BALL
xxi

5.1 WORKING
E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit, It has a button when you press this button
a projector will pop and it focus the computer screen on the wall which can be adjusted with
navigation keys.
If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder that divides into three pieces like an umbrella
just after popping up, and it will show desktop on the paper sheet. Also, the E-Ball PC supports
a paper holder and the paper sheet on the holder could act like a screen where you can watch
movies or something.
This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows
OS, sorry about the others. For the moment there is no word on pricing or when it’s going to be
available, however, I am sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this
one.
E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully a concept keyboard that is visible when the
pc is in working. The keyboard is not physical - it is interpreted by lasers that appear after you
press the respective button. It recognizes your fingers with the help of an IR sensor when you
are typing at a particular place, while the mouse is a pop out wonder making this an unique
piece of technology.
The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is highly stylized with icons that can be
remembered easily that support all type of windows operating system. E-Ball concept pc work
very easy while you are making video presentations, listening music watching large screen
movies, and chatting on the net.
As year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller. This ball is known as E-Ball and its
design is given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to create the smallest PC in the world
when he came across this idea. It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovski’s opinion this is
the best shape in nature and it draws everybody’s attention. You'll see the pop-out laser mouse,
a projector inside that illuminates either the wall or a sheet of paper for a screen, and that laser
keyboard that would almost certainly be a clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a motherboard
that’ll fit inside this palm-sized baby, and Apostol might be onto something here.
xxii

E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic
card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser
keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.
FIGURE (R)
xxiii

FIGURE (S)
5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL
1) When we are working in an open place we can make use of a paper sheet as a screen.
2) Paper sheet holder is placed at the back panel of this computer.
3) The holder can be opened by pressing it in the lower part
5.3 SCENARIO IN USE
FIGURE (U)
xxiv

5.4 (A) ADVANTAGES
1) E-BALL is portable.
2) E-BALL has large memory.
3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.
4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.
5) E-BALL is efficient.
6) E-BALL is very easy to use
7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.
5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES
1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these computers.
2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.
3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur in hardware part.
xxv

IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND REFERENCE
CONCLUSION
1) As the year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller.
2) Today’s technology is at its peak point beyond what we could ever imagine.
3) New inventions and innovations are emerging on daily basis.
4) Our imaginations have dressed into reality and today it has become possible to have a whole
computer in our pocket all the time.
5) At last this ball technology has taken the computer technology to new horizons
REFERENCES
http://www.google.co.in/EBALL
http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com
http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
www.canesta.com
www.procams.orgwww.billbuxton.com/3state.html
www.smarttech.com
www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtmltp://
www.google.com
xxvi

E-ball

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