Climate change is causing increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. While scientists previously thought the oceans would absorb excess CO2, measurements have shown this is not the case. Increasing soil organic matter through practices like reduced tilling can help mitigate rising CO2 levels by sequestering carbon in the soil. As weather patterns change with climate change, crop choices and practices will need to adapt to impacts on crop yields and quality. Higher temperatures and CO2 levels can affect plant processes like photosynthesis, respiration, partitioning and mineral nutrition.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Biochar is a boon for agricultural crops. Biochar is baked biomass that you can add to soil. It is a biomass that is thermally altered in the absence of oxygen, it is baked and not burned and flammable gasses are released (hydrogen, carbon dioxide). Heat transforms plant carbon (found in the cellulose and lignin) into fused aromatic carbon rings that are very stable. Biochar are made from different feedstocks at different physical and chemical properties. In carbon cycle almost all of the carbon returns to the air. Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and convert it into biomass. Virtually all of that carbon is returned to the atmosphere when the plants die and decay, or immediately if the biomass is burned as a renewable substitute for the fossil fuels. While in the biochar cycle up to half of the carbon is sequestered, green plants removed and sequestered as biochar, while the other half is converted to renewable energy coproducts before being returned to the atmosphere. Biochar retains soil moisture of the agricultural field. Worms loves biochar, it works best when composted with other organic matter before adding to garden soil. This allows life to colonize the biochar. Biochar composted with animal manure, it is inoculated with compost tea. Biochar composted with food waste and bokashi (anaerobic lactobacillus fermentation). Other activities include minerals, NPK, fungi, worm castings, fish emulsion, urea, etc. biochar can be added to soils to improve fertility. Reduces emissions from the biomass. Improves the water quality and quantity. Helps to improve the agricultural productivity. Valuable resource reduces the forest fires. Value added product for urban and rural agriculture and forest communities.
Climate Smart Agriculture and Soil-Carbon SequestrationSIANI
Part of the Swedish seminar "Från kolkälla till kolfälla: Om framtidens klimatsmarta jordbruk"
8th May 2012, 13.00 - 16.30
Kulturhuset, Stockholm
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Biström, FAO, gives a global overview of carbon in soil.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
Biochar is a boon for agricultural crops. Biochar is baked biomass that you can add to soil. It is a biomass that is thermally altered in the absence of oxygen, it is baked and not burned and flammable gasses are released (hydrogen, carbon dioxide). Heat transforms plant carbon (found in the cellulose and lignin) into fused aromatic carbon rings that are very stable. Biochar are made from different feedstocks at different physical and chemical properties. In carbon cycle almost all of the carbon returns to the air. Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and convert it into biomass. Virtually all of that carbon is returned to the atmosphere when the plants die and decay, or immediately if the biomass is burned as a renewable substitute for the fossil fuels. While in the biochar cycle up to half of the carbon is sequestered, green plants removed and sequestered as biochar, while the other half is converted to renewable energy coproducts before being returned to the atmosphere. Biochar retains soil moisture of the agricultural field. Worms loves biochar, it works best when composted with other organic matter before adding to garden soil. This allows life to colonize the biochar. Biochar composted with animal manure, it is inoculated with compost tea. Biochar composted with food waste and bokashi (anaerobic lactobacillus fermentation). Other activities include minerals, NPK, fungi, worm castings, fish emulsion, urea, etc. biochar can be added to soils to improve fertility. Reduces emissions from the biomass. Improves the water quality and quantity. Helps to improve the agricultural productivity. Valuable resource reduces the forest fires. Value added product for urban and rural agriculture and forest communities.
Multiple Benefits of SLCP Mitigation in Alpine and Polar RegionsInfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation of Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna, Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute York Centre
It describe the main findings of an Integrated Assessment developed under UNEP and WMO on tropospheric ozone and black carbon. This has been put together by key experts around the globe, with Drew Shindell of NASA-GISS as the Chair of the Assessment and which has been coordinated by the Stockholm Environment Institute. Tropospheric ozone is ozone which is formed in the lower atmosphere – different from Stratospheric ozone layer. This ozone is not emitted but created in the atmosphere from emitted precursors, of which methane and carbon monoxide are important ones. Black carbon is emitted as particles of carbon – essentially the main compnent of soot. These substances warm the atmosphere and act as air pollutants and there has been a lot of interest recently in the potential for reducing climate warming by addressing these substances.
Building Soil Carbon: Benefits, Possibilities, and ModelingCarbon Coalition
Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Biochar for sustainable land management and climate change mitigationExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Annette Cowie, from UNCCD – SPI - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presented by Haimanote K. Bayabil, Johannes C. Lehmann, Birru Yitaferu, Cathelijne Stoof and Tammo S. Steenhuis at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop–2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9 – 10 July 2013
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptxNaveen Prasath
Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Indicators
Global Green House Gas emission
Atmospheric concentration of green house gases
Change in Temperature pattern
Change in precipitation pattern
Heat related deaths
Melting of Ice
Rise in sea level
Affecting crop production
Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc
According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years.
Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.
Multiple Benefits of SLCP Mitigation in Alpine and Polar RegionsInfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation of Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna, Director of the Stockholm Environment Institute York Centre
It describe the main findings of an Integrated Assessment developed under UNEP and WMO on tropospheric ozone and black carbon. This has been put together by key experts around the globe, with Drew Shindell of NASA-GISS as the Chair of the Assessment and which has been coordinated by the Stockholm Environment Institute. Tropospheric ozone is ozone which is formed in the lower atmosphere – different from Stratospheric ozone layer. This ozone is not emitted but created in the atmosphere from emitted precursors, of which methane and carbon monoxide are important ones. Black carbon is emitted as particles of carbon – essentially the main compnent of soot. These substances warm the atmosphere and act as air pollutants and there has been a lot of interest recently in the potential for reducing climate warming by addressing these substances.
Building Soil Carbon: Benefits, Possibilities, and ModelingCarbon Coalition
Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Climate change effect on agricultural sectorAtif Nawaz
Climate change effect badly all kinds of species from last decade. and its going to very keen issue.
its a responsibility of all humanity to care about all issues regarding to climate change.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This presentation was made at "Orientation Programme for Government officials on Urbanization, Climate
Change and Water Issues" held on the 23rd of July.
Dr Brian Murphy, of the NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change, explores how we can make best use of existing science and knowledge. Brian is Australia's "Lal" and the soil carbon movement owes its rapid progress to his discipline, direction and encouragement.
Biochar for sustainable land management and climate change mitigationExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Annette Cowie, from UNCCD – SPI - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presented by Haimanote K. Bayabil, Johannes C. Lehmann, Birru Yitaferu, Cathelijne Stoof and Tammo S. Steenhuis at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop–2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9 – 10 July 2013
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptxNaveen Prasath
Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Indicators
Global Green House Gas emission
Atmospheric concentration of green house gases
Change in Temperature pattern
Change in precipitation pattern
Heat related deaths
Melting of Ice
Rise in sea level
Affecting crop production
Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc
According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years.
Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Currently surface Temperature are rising by about 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) per decade so how it will affect soil organic carbon level and what are the different strategies to sequester carbon explain in detail
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
Higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide affect crops in two important ways: they boost crop yields by increasing the rate of photosynthesis, which spurs growth, and they reduce the amount of water crops lose through transpiration.
May 2024. Climate change is a long-term shift in weather conditions, causing sea level rise and global warming.
Climate change is caused by greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxide.
Indicators of climate change include greenhouse gas concentrations, global air temperatures, sea levels, and glacier melting rates.
Effects of climate change include rising global air and ocean temperatures, melting ice sheets, rising sea levels, biodiversity loss, deforestation, floods, and droughts.
Climate change mitigation strategies include renewable energy, electric vehicles, reforestation, pollution reduction, clean, sustainable fuels, carbon capture technologies, and a circular economy.
In this slideshow, you will learn about the definition, indicators, causes, effects, mitigation, UN policy, and global statistics of climate change.
For more slideshows on environmental sustainability, please visit www.s2adesign.com
Impact of climate change on crop growth and productivity.pptMadhanaKeerthanaS
Climate change is a significant and lanting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to million of years.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that plays a major part in shaping the earth’s climate.
Introduction
Causes of Climate Change
Global warming
GHG concentrations
Future Projections of Climate Change
Physical Impact
Biological Impact
Agrobiological Impact
Impact of Climate change on soil
Effect of elevated CO2 in plant growth and development
Effect of high temperature on crop growth and development
Interaction effect of high temperature and CO2 on crop yield
Impact of drought stress on crop growth and yield
Technologies related to adaptation to climate change
Case study
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
1. Climate Change
Carbon Sequestration
Links between CO2 and climate change were forecast
•
more than 100 years ago (Arrhenius).
Given little attention because of several uncertainties,
•
especially instrumented measurements of
atmospheric CO2.
Scientists thought the oceans would simply absorb
•
any excess CO2.
Measurements have since eliminated that
•
uncertainty.
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
2. Atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppmv) 380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002
Monthly atmospheric CO2 concentration as monitored at the Mauna Loa
Observatory (Data from http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/)
5. Climate Change
Carbon Sequestration
• Carbon in SOM is recognized as a means to mitigate the
increase in atmospheric CO2 that has been caused by burning
fossil fuel
• Plants utilize CO2 and H2O to produce carbohydrates, the
basic organic building block, which converts atmospheric
CO2 into an organic form
• When the plants die, the organic material remains in organic
form until the soil micro-organisms use them for energy,
during the decomposition, CO2 is released back into the
atmosphere
• By increasing the level of soil organic matter, we keep or
“sequester” carbon in organic form which reduces the
amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
6. Notes
Carbon storage values in the boreal region reach a maximum of 1,250 metric tons of carbon per hectare. Carbon
storage values greater than 1,000 metric tons of carbon per hectare account for 2 percent of the area falling in
the greater than 300 metric tons per hectare class. Carbon storage values are not shown for Greenland and
Antarctica, where limited data were available.
Sources:
1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1995, Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW)
and Derived Soil Properties. Version 3.5. CD-ROM.
2. Batjes, N.H.. 1996. quot;Total Carbon and Nitrogen in the Soils of the Worldquot;. European Journal of Soil Science
47:
Available On-line at: Source Link.
7. Units are in Gigatonnes
(GT) or billions of tonnes
CO2 and the carbon cycle (Schimel et al. 1995)
8. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. [Online] http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/gcc.html Accessed: 25 Nov 2005
9. Climate Change
Carbon Sequestration
• Farmers can receive payment for implementing specific
practices to increase soil organic matter
• The increase in soil organic C is meant to offset the
release of CO2 by industry
• Industry is paying for a “carbon credit”
• If the land is tilled, the soil organic carbon can be quickly
released by to the atmosphere as CO2
• This is not a permanent solution to solve increasing
atmospheric CO2 because C storage capacity of soil is
limited
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
10. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
As weather patterns change over time in western
•
Canada, we will need to continue to adapt our crop
choices and practices.
The impacts of climate change on agriculture will be
•
reflected through the response of crops, livestock,
soils, weeds, insects and diseases to the elements of
climate to which they are most sensitive
Can we anticipate the response of various crops to
•
these changes so that we can improve our crop
outcomes in the future?
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
11. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
• How will future weather affect the yield and quality
of western Canadian crops?
• Effects on individual plant organs
• Effects on plants
• Effects on field
• Indirect Effects
• Weeds
• Pathogens
• Insects
• Soil temperature
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
12. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Plant Processes Affected by the Environment
•
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Partitioning
• Development rate
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
14. Wheat yield versus atmospheric CO2. Amthor, 2001, as reported in Pritchard
and Amthor 2005 Crops and environmental change. Food Products Press
15. Photosynthesis and Elevated
CO2
• Increased biomass production
• C3 > C4
• Enhanced biomass production
more apparent in dry
conditions, especially for C4
crops
Samarakoon and Gifford, 1995.
J Biogeog. 22: 193.
16. • Yield and Elevated CO2
• % increase in yield of 9
soybean varieties grown in
CO2-enriched air compared
to ambient air.
Ziska et al, 2001, as reported
in Pritchard and Amthor 2005
Crops and environmental
change. Food Products Press
17. • Photosynthesis and
Elevated CO2
• When exposed for long
periods to high CO2, the
increased biomass
response is reduced
(individual leaves)
• “acclimation”
Bunce, 1995. J
Biogeog. 22: 341.
18. • Photosynthesis and
Elevated Temp
• The optimum temperature
for photosynthesis is
generally higher for C4
plants.
Adapted from Stone, 2001,
as reported in Pritchard
and Amthor 2005 Crops
and environmental
change. Food Products
Press
19. • Elevated Temp
and CO2
• Winter wheat biomass
production declines
with rising temp for
either ambient or
elevated CO2
Batts et al. 1998. J.
Agric. Sci. 130: 17-27.
20. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Respiration and Elevated CO2
• It is unclear if respiration is directly affected by
atmospheric CO2 levels
• If plants respond to increased CO2 by producing
more biomass, then the plant will increase the
amount of growth respiration
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
21. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Partitioning and Elevated CO2
• Most plants grown under elevated CO2 have
greater root/shoot ratios, especially in nitrogen-
limited conditions.
• The tendency is for harvest index to increase
with elevated CO2.
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
22. % change in root/shoot ratio for crops in CO2-enriched atmosphere (264
observations). Data from Rogers et al, 1996 as reported in Pritchard and Amthor 2005
Crops and environmental change. Food Products Press
23. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Partitioning and Elevated Temperature
• Warmer temperatures can spur photosynthesis rates
and production of assimilates which takes place in
the leaves
• Since the shoots are closer to the source of
assimilates than the roots, this will advantage the
shoot tissue
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
24. Temp & CO2 Effects on Root Partitioning
Root biomass (% of
10
total plant biomass)
Root Biomass (% of total plant biomass)
increases with
8
increasing CO2 but
decreases with 6
increasing air
temperature. 4
2
Data from Batts et al,
1998. J. Agr. Sci. 130:
0
17-27.
Warm Average Cool Normal Elevated
Temperature CO2
25. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Mineral Nutrition and Elevated CO2
• Elevated CO2 improves growth and yield but
decreases nutrient concentrations as plants are unable
to acquire enough nutrients to keep pace with more C
from higher photosynthesis
• However, soil warming generally increases nutrient
uptake capacity of plant roots and may mitigate the
dilution impact of high CO2 to some extent
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
26. Barley Grown at Different Root Zone Temperature
3 b
b
b
b
a
a
2
5C
10 C
15 C
1
0
Water Use Water Use Efficiency
(Liters) (grams per liter)
Root growth responds positively to increased soil temperature within the range
experienced in western Canada. Data from Sharratt, 1991, Agron. J. 83: 237-239.
27. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Bunce, 1995. J Biogeog. 22: 341-347.
Eastern USA field trial
• No yield increase at increased CO2 levels in the
field for alfalfa and orchard grass even though CO2
assimilation rates of individual leaves were higher
(only 2 reps)
• Leaf nitrogen content decreased in crops grown at
elevated CO2 level
• Weed yield was 2 to 4 times higher in both crops
with elevated CO2!!
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
29. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Yield Components and Elevated Temperture
• Elevated temperature increases the growth rate but
decreases the time from flowering to maturity,
especially in determinate species
• Net effect of increased temperature is expected to
reduce individual grain size
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
30. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Impacts on Pests
From
‘Agriculture and Climate
Change’
November 2005, National
Farmers Union
http://www.nfuonline.com
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
31. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Effects of Elevated CO2
• Increased biomass in C3 plants (although perhaps
not as much as first suggested)
• Increased WUE in most plants
• Increased root/shoot biomass ratio
• Decreased mineral content in the biomass
• Increased weed growth
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
32. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Elevated Temperature
• Reduced biomass production
• Shift towards the optimum temperature for
photosynthesis in C4 plants
• Increased root growth and water (nutrient) uptake
• Reduced filling period and lower grain yields from
increased rate of maturity
• Increased pest pressure
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
33. Government of Canada, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Directorate. 2004.
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective. [Online]
http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective_e.asp, last accessed 18 Sep 04
34. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Feedbacks
Example 1: Higher WUE-higher plant productivity
•
Will the lower amount of water needed to
produce each unit of biomass be offset by larger
plants with bigger leaves such that plant water
use does not change or perhaps even increases?
Example 2: Higher WUE and lower ET
•
Higher WUE will reduce ET, decrease latent heat
and increase sensible heat (i.e. warmer
temperatures in the canopy). Will the warmer
temperature cause higher evaporative demand?
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
35. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Western Canada
Longer growing season will facilitate northward
•
expansion of agriculture (which may be limited by
lack of suitable soil)
Potential increased variety of crops suitable for
•
production
Warmer temperatures will hasten crop maturity,
•
potentially reduce yields
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
36. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Western Canada
For perennial grasses and forages, which maintain
•
an actively growing ground cover through the entire
growing season, an increase in temperature will
increase potential evapotranspiration
Unless there is a corresponding increase in
•
precipitation, perennial crops may also suffer yield
declines.
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes
37. Climate Change
Potential Climate Change
Impacts on Agriculture
Western Canada
• Increased temperatures may facilitate the expansion
of warm-season weed species to more northerly
latitudes
• Insect pests, fungal and bacterial pathogens of
importance to agricultural production are sensitive
to climate change through the direct effects of
changes of temperature and moisture on the pest or
pathogen, on host susceptibility and on the host-
parasite inter-relation.
Soil 7170 Pre-class Review Notes