1. Are we running on empty on Biofuels?
Biofuels and Climate Change
Presentation by
AGHAM
Samahan ng Nagtataguyod ng Agham at Teknolohiya para sa Sambayanan

2. What is climate change?
 Accelerated warming of surface due to human-
related releases of greenhouses gases
Projections of Surface Temperature Change

3. Accelerated temperature change
1900’s – hottest century
2005 and 1998 – hottest years;
1995 to 2006, (except 1996) =
Top 12 hottest years since 1850
Increase in temperature
in the last 50 years was
0.13 degrees centigrade/decade
which is twice faster
than the last 100 years
of 0.6 degrees centigrade

5. Greenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide CO2 - 54.9% second most common GHG.
makes up about 25% of the natural greenhouse effect. Burning of
oil and gas (for heat, transportation, industry), cement
manufacturing, deforestation and other land uses. Also occurs
naturally through photosynthesis, volcanoes, forest fires.
Methane CH4 - third most common GHG ; Oil and gas
production, coal mining, rice paddies, dams, landfills. Occurs
naturally as things decompose and from livestock digestion.
Nitrous oxide N2O - Burning of oil, gas, coal, and wood,
fertilizers, coal mining. Also occurs naturally.
OTHERS: Water vapor, Sulfur hexafluoride SF6,
Perfluocarbons PFCs, Hydroflurocarbons HFCs

6. Adverse Impacts
 Agriculture
• Productivity in tropics/subtropics; food shortage
 Water Resources
• Water availability + quality; floods and droughts;
hydropower sources
 People's Health
• Vector and water borne disease, heat stress, nutrition, EWE
deaths
 Coastal Areas and Fisheries
 Species and Natural Areas
• Biodiversity loss
 Forests
 Human Displacement

8. Malaria and Climate
Relationship between
temperature and malaria
parasite development time
Climate suitability for stable malaria transmission across the diverse topography of Zimbabwe,
based on United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) global climate scenarios
2000 2050
Source: Patz, Jonathan A. and Olson, Sarah H. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 5635-5636

9. Hurricanes/Typhoons
(Category 4/5)
Source: Science Magazine, Sep 16, 2005

10. 2020s Crop Yield
Change
Source: IPCC TAR
2080s

11. Developing countries are
most vulnerable
 Impacts are worse
− Lower capacity to adapt
− Lack of financial, institutional and
technological capacity and access to
knowledge
 Impact disproportionately upon the poorest
countries and the poorest persons within
countries
− Exacerbating inequities in health status and
access to adequate food, clean water and
other resources.

12. The poor face greatest
challenges from climate
change
4,000
2 billion people in
Number affected (Millions)
 3,000
developing countries
Dev'ed
CIT
2,000
Dev'ing
affected by climate LDC
related disaster in
1,000
the 1990s. -
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
 The rate has
doubled this decade.

13. Consumption per capita 2006
Tonnes oil
equivalent
Souce: BPStatistical Review of World Energy

14. Top CO2 emissions
 United States and TNCs

15. GHGs in RP
 1999, Philippines emitted
75,998,000 metric tons of
CO2 or 0.3% of world total
emission.
 From 1990 to 1999 our CO2
emission increased by 72%.

16. Loss of forest cover
 Deforestration
 Mining

17. What are biofuels?

Transport fuels from organic
material
− biodiesel (vegetable oils)
− bioethanol (sugar and starch)

Research to commercialise
“second-generation” biofuels
from woody material, grasses
and waste.
− ligno-cellulosic matter,
biomass

18. Biofuels Act 2006

Mandate for all gasoline
users and oil companies to
blend the fuel they sell with
either biodiesel or bioethanol

5% blending of Ethanol into
Gasoline while 1% Biodiesel
in Petro diesel for the first 4
years upon signing of the Bill
into Law

19. Biofuels Act stated objectives

Develop and utilize indigenous renewable and
sustainably-sourced clean energy sources to
reduce dependence on imported oil;

Mitigate toxic and greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions;

Increase rural employment and income; and

Ensure the availability of alternative and
renewable clean energy without any detriment
to the natural ecosystem, biodiversity and
food reserves of the country.

20. Biofuels Act objectives

Replacing fossil fuels with
biofuels could provide
environmental benefits
− decrease in air pollution (sulfur
oxides, nitrous oxides, ground-
level ozone, global-warming
pollutants, and others)
− decrease water pollution from
petroleum spills
− decrease in land destruction
from oil drilling

21. Reduction of fossil fuel
byproducts

Advocates say that petroleum
refining has many toxic
byproducts
− heavy metals, xylene,
benzene, etc.

These would be replaced with a
very short list of less toxic
byproducts of biorefineries
− Ethanol production byproducts

22. BIOFUELS RUSH

European Union has mandated that 10% of
transportation fuels be derived from plant
biomass by 2020.

In the United States, George Bush stated a
goal of replacing 20% of U.S. transportation
fuel with ethanol by 2017.

China, Japan, India and other countries are
also working towards fueling their
burgeoning economies with biofuels.

Brazil is already producing 40% of
transportation fuels from sugar cane ethanol
and soya biodiesel.

23. Potential of the ethanol
market
Source: EIA/DOE, Comissão Européia; Copersucar

24. Possible environmental impacts

Efficiency in energy production

Increased water use

Increased fertilizer and
pesticide use

Reduction of greenhouse
gases emission

Effect on soil and water
quality;

Food crop conversion

Forest conversion

25. Energy costs in producing
biofuels

Hidden cost in fossil fuels production: from
plant material millions of years old

Biofuels depend on conversion of energy
crops to fuels
− Net energy value (NEV) of at least 1.3 to 1.67
(USDA) for corn to ethanol

However, other costs could make the net
energy value negative
− fermentation/distillation process,
subsidies, environmental
pollution/degradation costs

26. Increased water use

The water demand of a large
biofuel facility does have the
potential to significantly impact
local water supplies

Large hectarage converted to
biofuel production without
massive irrigation facilities

Clearing of rain forest and other
habitats of high nature value for
biofuel production can cause
environmental damage.

27. Increased water pollution

Ethanol plants discharge
more concentrated
sediment- and nutrient
water back into the
environment

TDS (total dissolved solids)
and chloride levels can rise

28. Increase in fertilizer use

Biofuel production rely heavily on petroleum
inputs
− Ammonia fertilizer, etc
− Nitrogenous compounds is a major source of
to ground water and surface water pollution.

Possible soil abuse and water pollution
should be avoided

Increased petroleum inputs might offset
greenhouse gas reductions

29. Greenhouse gas emissions

Biofuels are not “clean” burning;
they are just a bit of “cleaner”
burning

Carbon based fuels still
contribute air pollutants

Not the cheapest way to get
greenhouse gas savings
− One of the few measures that
can be done alongside
improvements in vehicle
efficiency

30. New crops for biofuels

BT Corn, Jathropa, Grass plants, other perennial
energy crops (coconuts)

What are the long term and large scale effects of
planting these crops?
− Effects on food
production& food security
− On agrarian reform
− On its long term
economic value

31. Deforestation, monoculture
plantations, and loss of
biodiversity

Brazil – planned expansion of sugar cane production,
from current 6 M has. to 30M has. More

Argentina – more than 500,000 has of forest lands
converted to soya plantations (1998-2002)

Nicaragua -200,000 has slated for palm oil for
biodiesel

Indonesia and Malaysia – expansion of palm oil
plantations further threatened populations of
orangutan, rhinoceros, tigers and other animals on
brink of extinction

Clearing of Peat Forests in SEA

32. Biomass energy
 Biomass Energy (2002)
− Bagasse, charcoal, coconut
and rice residues,
wood/wood waste, animal
waste (78.84-131 mmboe)
 Biofuels Act
− 5% Ethanol in gasoline, 1%
biodiesel in first 4 years
− Target of 110 ML of
biodiesel/year
− Biofuels for export
 Dependence on foreign
imported technology to
process biofuels

33. Government's grand mega-sale
 Expected foreign
investments
− P177 billion potential investment
in the renewable energy sector for
2004-2013 (60% of the P295
billion in investments)
 EPIRA: IPPs, SPUG
 SPEX in Malampaya
− 45 % Shell, 45 % ChevronTexaco
− 10% to be sold

34. Foreign monopoly firms in energy
Oil
Shell (US/Dutch), Caltex/Chevron-Texaco (US),
Petron/ARAMCO (US,Saudi) , TOTAL (French)
Energy
Mirant (US), KEPCO (Korean), East Asia (UK),
JAPEX, Forum Asia, Tokyo Consortium
Biofuels
Saudi Aramco – $300 M expansion for Mindanao
ethanol plant
Bronzeoak Phils. (British) – San Carlos Bioenergy
Inc. (Negros Occ.) bioethanol plant
Marubeni (Japan) – studying bioethanol plant
investment
Toyo Engineering (Japan) – targets 600,000 Ha. for
coco-biodiesel production
ADB, WB-IMF, AusAID, USAID, AGILE

35. Petroleum Service Contracts:
Sold/for sale
 Malampaya (Shell/Chevron Texaco)
 Exxon Mobil in Mindanao, a consortium of BHP
Billiton (Australia),
 Amerada Hess Ltd. (US), Unocal Sulu (US) Ltd. and
Sandakan Oil II, LLC in the Sulu Sea
 Alcorn Gold Resources Corp., Trans-Asia Oil and
Energy Development Corp. and PetroEnergy
Resources Corp. in the East Visayan basin off
Leyte island
 EF Durkee and Associates in the Cagayan Valley
region (Piat-San Jose area)
 Laxmi Organic Industries Ltd. (India) in the
Mindoro-Cuyo basin west of Mindoro island
 in West Palawan (Ottoman Energy Ltd.,
Australasian Energy Ltd. and Trans-Asia Oil and
Energy Development Corp)
 Nido Petroleum Philippines Ltd. off-Palawan
 off-Mindoro with Petronas Carigali
 Philippine National Oil Co.-Exploration Corp.,
 Cagayan basin : Aragorn Power Corp.,
 South Cebu : Phil-Mal Petroenergy Corp.
 Ottoman Energy Ltd. in Northewest Palawan.

36. Service not profit
Philippines rich in energy
sources
Nationalization not privatization
Ensure people’s welfare
Strategic planning for sustained
growth
People's control over energy
resources
Build R&D capacity in energy
technologies