This document discusses the competing uses of crop residues including for biofuel production, animal feed, and soil amendment to enhance soil quality. It notes that returning crop residues to soil as an amendment through soil application is necessary to maintain soil quality and agronomic productivity in a sustainable manner. It also addresses questions around whether crop residues should be used for carbon sequestration and soil improvement versus energy production, and whether economic or long-term sustainability factors should determine this.

1. Crop Residues and Soil Carbon Rattan Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210

2. Estimates of Crop Residues Production in the U.S. (Lal, 2005)

3. Estimates of Crop Residues Production in the World (Lal, 2005)

4. Crop Residue and Ecosystem Services Biofuel Animal Feed Industrial Raw Material Soil Quality Improvement Traditional Erosion Control Nutrient Cycling Modern Liquid Biofuels Agronomic/Biomass Productivity and Sustainability Soil Biodiversity Water Management Soil Structure & Tilth Carbon Sequestration Crop residues have numerous competing uses, such as removal for biofuel production, animal feed, industrial raw material or returned to soil as an amendment. Soil application of crop residues as amendment is necessary to enhance/maintain soil quality and sustain agronomic productivity.

6. Fuel

7. Fiber

10. 15 - 18 GJ of Energy

11. 16 x 106 BTU

12. 2 Barrels of Diesel

13. 3 x 106 KCal(Lal, 2005)

22. Estimates of Traditional Biofuel Use in India and Asia in 1995

23. Biofuel From Industrial CO2 and SOC Sequestration Bioenergy Bioreactors Algae Algae Ethanol Biodiesel Biochemicals Nutrient- Enriched & Biochar/ Compost Residues Cynobacteria Cynobacteria Soil Carbon Sequestration Application on Ag. Soils

24. Strategic Questions Should crop residues be used for carbon sequestration and soil quality improvement or producing energy? Should the answer to this question be determined by short-term economics or the long-term sustainability of natural resources? Should the need for fuel override the urgency to achieve global food security?

25. Soil Carbon Dynamics Depletion : Cinput < Coutput Sequestration: Cinput > Coutput

26. Soil C Dynamics Innovative Technology II Innovative Technology I 100 Maximum Potential 80 Rate Attainable Potential ΔY 60 ΔX Accelerated erosion 40 20 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 20 Time (Yrs) Subsistence farming, none or low off-farm input soil degradation New equilibrium Adoption of RMPs

27. Recommended Management Practices and Soil Carbon Lal et al., 1998

29. Estimates of Global and Regional Potential of Soil C Sequestration Region Potential Tg C/yr World: 600 – 1200 USA: 144 – 432 India: 40 – 50 Iceland 1.2 – 1.6 Brazil: 40 – 60 W. Europe: 70 – 190 China: 126 – 364

30. Crop yield and productivity effects of SOC pool Fertilized Unfertilized ∆ Yield Crop Yield SOC Pool SOC Pool

31. Microbial biomass Nutrient Retention Available water capacity Aggregation Infiltration rate Aeration porosity Soil Quality SOC Pool

32. Agronomic productivity WUE NUE EUE Soil Quality SOC Pool

33. Soil Quality Erodibility Crusting Compaction Runoff SOC Pool

34. Economics of Residue Removal for Biofuel

35. Increase in Food Production in LDCs by Increasing SOC Pool by 1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1

36. Food Insecure People Africa = 200 million World = 800 million

37. Food Gap by Region (Shapouri, 2005)

38. Commodification of soil C How can soil C be made a commodity that can be traded like any other farm product?

39. The value of soil carbon Value to farmer: for soil quality enhancement Value to society: for ecosystem services

40. Societal value of soil carbon Reduction in erosion and sedimentation of water bodies. Improvement in water quality. Biodegradation of pollutants. Mitigation of climate change.

41. On-farm value of soil carbon The quantity of NPK, Zn, Cu etc. and H2O retention in humus. Improvements in soil structure and tilth. Decrease in losses due to runoff, leaching and erosion. ~ $200/ton

42. Need for determining a just value of soil carbon Under valuing a resource can lead to its abuse. It is important to identify criteria for determining the societal value of soil C, and using it for trading purposes.

43. Trading C Credits The C market may reach $ trillion by 2020. We need to make this market accessible to land managers.

44. Challenges to Trading Soil Carbon Credits Aggregating small land holders (1-5 acre farm size) to make a meaningful transaction of 100,000 t C/yr Assessing net increase in soil C pool on annual basis over a country/district level. Determining the societal value of soil C (~$250/t) Paying farmers a just/fair value Minimizing transaction costs

46. soil organic carbon pool is enriched rather than depleted.

47. susceptibility to erosion and other degradation processes is reduced rather than exacerbated. and

49. Ten Options (continued) Conserve water through sub/drip irrigation and water harvesting. Restore marginal/degraded/desertified soils. Grow improved/GM plants along with agroforestry measures. Integrate principles of watershed management. Restore wetlands.

50. Ultimate Goal of Soil Management The strategy is to: Adopting RMPs where extractive farming practices are widely used. Enhancing SOC pool through use of residue mulch and manures where soil has been traditionally mined for millennia. Using INM (Manure, biosolids BNF, fertilizers) to achieve positive nutrient balances, where negative balances have occurred, and Making agriculture and soil a solution rather than cause of the environmental problem.

51. Sustainability of a Land Use System CNPP S1 = n (Σ Ci) i = 1 S1 = Sustainability index of a land use system CNPP = C output as net primary productivity Ci = C input from all factors of production

52. A Precious Resource Irrespective of the climate debate, soil quality and its organic matter content must be restored, enhanced and improved.