Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Indicators Global Green House Gas emission Atmospheric concentration of green house gases Change in Temperature pattern Change in precipitation pattern Heat related deaths Melting of Ice Rise in sea level Affecting crop production Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years. Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.

1. WELCOME
TOPIC:- CARBON FARMING, A SOLUTION TO CLIMATE
CHANGE
Presented by
NAVEEN PRASATH P
Ph.D Scholar
Roll. No. 2050030006
Dept. Of Agronomy
Annamalai University

2. INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE CHANGE
Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global
temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human
activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global
temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases
such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
(Shah, 2014)

3. INDICATORS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Global Green House Gas emission
2. Atmospheric concentration of green house gases
3. Change in Temperature pattern
4. Change in precipitation pattern
5. Heat related deaths
6. Melting of Ice
7. Rise in sea level
8. Affecting crop production

4. Source: wikipedia
Global Green House Gas
emission

5. https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html
Atmospheric concentration of green house gases

6. Change in Temperature pattern
Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc
According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by
one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to
be the fastest rise in a thousand years.
Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t
reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees
Fahrenheit by the end of the century.

7. According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one
degree Fahrenheit

8. uary–December Ranks and Records
January–
December
Anomaly Records
°C °F Year(s) °C °F
Global
Land +1.59 ±
0.14
+2.86 ±
0.25
Warmest 2020 +1.59 +2.86
Coolest 1884 -0.71 -1.28
Ocean +0.76 ±
0.16
+1.37 ±
0.29
Warmest 2016 +0.79 +1.42
Coolest 1904 -0.46 -0.83
Land and
Ocean
+0.98 ±
0.15
+1.76 ±
0.27
Warmest 2016 +1.00 +1.80
Coolest 1904 -0.46 -0.83
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2020

9. Change in precipitation pattern
Data source: Blunden and Arndt,
2020

10. Heat related deaths
India, Brazil saw biggest jump in heat-related deaths in 2018-19. Almost 3.45
lakh people above 65 years died of heat-related causes in 2019, more than 80·6
per cent of the 2000-05 average
source: https://indianexpress.com
In 2003, extreme heat waves caused more than 20,000 deaths in Europe and
more than 1,500 deaths in India.
Climate change increases the spread of infectious diseases, mainly because
warmer temperatures allow disease-carrying insects, animals and microbes to
survive in areas where they were once blocked by cold weather.

11. Melting of ice
The Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are losing significant amounts of
land based ice as a result of global warming

12. Sea Level Rise

13. Affecting Crop Production
 A team of researchers led by the University of Minnesota’s Institute on
the Environment estimated that climate change was reducing global rice
yields by 0.3% and wheat yields by 0.9% on average each year.
 In contrast, some drought-tolerant crops have benefited from climate
change. Yields of sorghum, which many people in the developing world
use as a food grain, have increased by 0.7% in sub-Saharan Africa and
0.9% yearly in western, southern and southeastern Asia.
source: theconversation.com, 9July 2019

14. CARBON FARMING
It is a system of agriculture management that helps the land store more carbon
and reduce the amount of greenhouses gases that is releases into the atmosphere.
It is a type of carbon sequestration process.
It can be both natural and artificial process by which carbon is removed from the
Earth’s atmosphere for long period of time.
Not just CO2, other form of CO2 is also stored in this process.

15. AIM OF CARBON FARMING
To increase the rate at which carbon is sequestered into soil and plant material
with the goal of creating a net loss of carbon from atmosphere
To turn agricultural production from a net emitter of carbon dioxide to a net
absorber, by adopting a series of measures that can significantly reduce the carbon
footprint of conventional farming.
Developing technology to reduce rate of concentration of green house gases in air.
Reducing pollution in air as well as improving natural carbon content in soil.
Improvement of soil structure and restoring degraded soil leading to increase
yield in crops.

16. IMPORTANCE OF CARBON FARMING
• According to the Salk Institute, every year plants and other photosynthetic
life capture 746 gigatons of CO₂ and then release 727 gigatons of CO₂ back
– locking away 19 gigatons.
• Reducing greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere.
• Prevent climate change
• Food security

17. METHOD OF CARBON CAPTURING
1. Geological sequestration
2. Ocean sequestration
3. Terrestrial sequestration

18. GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION
Geologic Storage involves capturing anthropogenic CO2 before it enters
the atmosphere and injecting it into underground formations. Once CO2 is
injected deep underground (typically more than 800 meters) it is trapped
in minute pores or spaces in the rock structure. Impermeable cap rocks
above the storage zones act as seals to ensure the safe storage of CO2.

20. OCEAN SEQUESTRATION
• Carbon is naturally stored in the ocean via two pumps, solubility and
biological and there are man made methods, direct injection.
• Ocean is the largest sink of atmospheric CO2 7pg/ year.
• At the present time, approximately one third of human generated
emission are estimated to be entering the ocean.

22. TERRESTRIAL SEQUESTRATION
• The process through which CO2 from the atmosphere is absorbed
naturally through photosynthesis & stored as carbon in biomass & soils.
• A large amount of carbon is stored in soils and vegetation, which are our
natural carbon sinks. Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis,
slowing down or reducing decomposition of organic matter, and
changing land use practices can enhance carbon uptake in these natural
sinks.

23. Fig: Illustration of different processes through which trees and soils can gain and lose carbon

24. CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY
• Pre-combustion - In this process, the fuel is pre treated before
combustion.
• Post-combustion - This process removes CO2 from the flue gas after
combustion has taken place.
• Oxyfuel combustion - In Oxyfuel combustion, oxygen, instead of air, is
used for combustion.

25. ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN CARBON SEQUESTRATION
• Several farming practices and technologies can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and prevent climate change by enhancing carbon storage in soils;
preserving existing soil carbon; and reducing carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide emissions.
• An independent report has shown that Scotland’s agriculture sector could
comfortably reduce its GHGs by 38% by 2045, and could even go further.

26. ESTIMATES OF GLOBAL SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
POTENTIAL
Land use Soil C Sequestration
potential Pg C/year
Reference
World cropland 0.43-0.57 Lal and Bruce (1999)
Desertification control 1.0 Squires et al. (1995)
Desertification control 0.2-0.4 Lal (2001)
Soils of the tropics 0.28-0.54 Lal (2002)
World soils 0.4-0.8 IPCC (1996)
Permanent pasture 1.87 Conant et al. (2001)

27. Soil C pool of world soils (adapted from Eswaran et al., 2000)
Soil
order
Area
(Mha)
Soil organic Carbon Soil inorganic
carbon
Density
(t/ha)
Pool
(billion
tons)
Density
(t/ha)
Pool
(billion
tons)
Alfisols 1262 125 158 34 43
Andisols 91 220 20 0 0
Aridisols 1570 38 59 290 456
Entisols 2114 42 90 124 263
Gelisols 1126 281 316 6 7
Histosols 153 1170 179 0 0
Inceptisol
s
1286 148 190 26 34

28. Soil order Area
(Mha)
Soil organic Carbon Soil inorganic
carbon
Density
(tons/ha)
Pool
(billion
tons)
Density
(t/ha)
Pool
(billion
tons)
Oxisols 981 128 126 0 0
Rocky land 1308 17 22 0 0
Shifting
land
532 4 2 9 5
Spodosols 335 191 64 0 0
Ultisols 1105 124 137 0 0
Vertisols 316 133 42 50 21
Total 13,083 1526 945

29. CO2 SEQUESTRATION THROUGH AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
1. Tillage
Conservation tillage has the potential to
sequester about 23Tg C/year by Smith et
al.(1998)
No tillage can increase soil carbon rapidly,
particularly at the soil surface. West TO,
Post WM (2002)
No tillage, reduction in fossil fuel emissions
because of reduced machinery and tractor
use. Dyer and Desjardins (2003)
Conventional tillage practices led to decline
in soil carbon by 30-50% Globally
Schlesinger WH (1985)

30. Tillage effects on soil organic carbon after four crop
cycles of Rice-Wheat system
Tillage Soil Organic carbon
(%)
No till 0.74
Reduced till 0.66
Conventional till 0.65
Initial 0.64
Source: Jat, 2006

31. Comparison between traditional and recommended management
practices in relation to soil organic carbon sequestration
Traditional Practice Recommended management practices
Biomass burning and residue removal Residue returned as surface mulch
Conventional tillage and clean cultivation Conservation tillage, no till and mulch farming
Bare/idle fallow Growing cover crop during off season
Continuous monoculture Crop rotation with high diversity
Low input subsistence farming and soil fertility
mining
Judicious use of off farm input
Intensive use of chemical fertilizers Integrated nutrient management with
compost, biosolids and nutrient cycling,
precision farming
Intensive cropping Integrated trees and livestock with crop
production
Surface flood irrigation Drip, furrow or sub irrigation
Cultivating marginal soils Conservation reserve program, restoration of
degraded soils through land use change
R. Lal / Geoderma (2004)

32. 2. Nutrient Management
Crop residues and nutrients, especially N,
helps in CO2 sequestration upto 21.3-32.5%.
Windeatt JH et al.,(2014)
Use of organic manure & compost enhances
the SOC pool more than application of the
same amount of nutrients as inorganic
fertilizers. Gregorich et at., (2001)
The potential of conservation tillage to
sequester SOC is greatly increased when soil
are amended with organic manure. Hao et
al., (2002)
According to Majumder et at.,(2008) study
report plots treated with NPK+FYM had 14%
larger C pool than control plots.

33. CARBON SEQUESTRATION RATES IN DIFFERENT RAINFED
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF INDIA

34. 3. Cover crop
Sainju et al.,(2002) observed that practicing
no tillage with hairy vetch can improve
SOC.
Growing of leguminous cover crops
enhances biodiversity, quality of residue
input and SOC Singh et at.,(1998)
Fullen and Auerswald (1998) reported that
ecosystem with high biodiversity absorb and
sequester more C than with low or reduced
biodiversity.
Studies revealed that the adoption of cover
crop is an efficient measure to mitigate
climate change. Vicente JL et al.,(2016)

35. 4. Use of improved crop varieties
 Machado et al.,(2006) reported that crop
species that have massive rooting systems have
potential to improve SOC in soils under no till.
Similarly, according to Kell DB (2012) by
improving root growth in agriculture crop, soil
carbon storage can match anthropogenic
emissions for the next 40years.

36. 5. Irrigation
Enhancing irrigation efficiency can
also decrease the hidden C cost.
Sauerbeck (2001)
Irrigation can also enhance SOC
concentration in grassland. Conant et
al.,(2001)
 Bordovsky et al.,(1999) observed that
surface SOC concentration in plots
growing irrigated grain sorghum and
wheat increased with time.

37. 6.Restoring degraded soils
The rate of SOC sequestration under
conservation reserve program may
be 600-1000 kg C/ ha/ year. Follett
et al., (2001)
 Fullen (1998) observed that mean
SOC content increased consistently
and significantly on plots set aside
under the grass ley system at the rate
of 0.78% in 4 year.

38. Soil organic carbon sequestration through restoration of degraded soils
(Lal, 2004)

39. 7.Crop rotation
More diverse crop rotations consistently have
higher soil carbon and soil microbial biomass
than less diverse system, especially when cover
crops were included in the rotation. McDaniel at
el.,(2014) .
Gollany et al. (2012) reported that no significant
changes in SOC in the top 30cm of the sweep-
tillage winter wheat tillage fallow rotation,
whereas SOC increased in the no-till spring
barley spring wheat rotation.
Most rotation studies show a consistent positive
contribution of grasses to soil carbon
sequestration. Conant et al.,(2001)

40. CO2 SEQUESTRATION THROUGH AGROFORESTRY
Afforested lands raise annual C sequestration by the equivalent of 2.2 to 9.5
metric tons of CO2 /acre for 120 years. (Birdsey, 2010)
20-45% of C is sequestered in wood and paper products.
(Gorte, 2015)
Soil carbon sequestration of 0.59 Mg /ha/year was reported for bamboo based
agroforestry system from North East India. Nath et al.,(2015)
 De Stefano A et al.,(2018) reported that switching from uncultivated or other
land uses to agroforestry increased SOC by 25% at 0-30 cm.
In agroforestry system the carbon stored in soil ranges from 30-300 Mg C/ha
up to 1m depth. Nair et al., (2010)

41. Continent Eco region System Potential (Mg C/ha)
Africa Humid tropical high
Agrosilvicultural
29-53
America Humid tropical
dry lowlands
39-102
39-195
South East Asia Humid tropical dry
lowlands
12-228
68-81
Australia Humid tropical low
Silvipastoral
28-51
133-154
104-198
90-175
North America Humid tropical high
humid tropical low dry
lowlands
Northern Asia Humid tropical low 15-18
Carbon storage potential of agroforestry systems in different eco-
regions of the world
Murthy et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013,

42. Carbon sequestration rates in different agroforestry systems in
India

44. TOTAL CARBON STOCKS ESTIMATED FOR AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS IN VILLAGES OF TAMIL NADU

45. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND BENEFITS

46. CARBON TRADING
 Carbon trade is the buying and selling of credits that permit a company or other
entity to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide.
 The carbon credits and the carbon trade are authorized by governments with the
goal of gradually reducing overall carbon emissions and mitigating their
contribution to climate change.
 One credit permits the emission of a mass equal to one ton of carbon dioxide.

47. CARBON TRADING
CAP AND TRADE SYSTEM
Countries whose emissions are less than their assigned amount or the CAP can
sell or TRADE the excess amount to countries whose emissions have exceeded
their assigned amount.
CARBON OFFSETTING
• Offset Credits for eco-friendly technologies are purchased by developed
nations to avoid or substitute reduction in their own emission.
• Investments in green technologies and harness alternative forms of energy in
the developing nations.

48. Carbon Credit Traders In India
 Andhyodaya Green Energy
 Grasim Industries Ltd.
 Indo Gulf Fertilizers
 Indus Technical & Financial Consultants Ltd
 Madhya Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Project
 Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation
 Reliance Energy Ltd.
 Tata Motors Limited
 Tata Steel Limited
 Bajaj Finserv Limited
 Dhariwal Industries Ltd
 Tata Power Company Limited
 BlueStar Energy Services Inc.
 Valera Global Inc.

49. Impact of Carbon Trading towards climate change
Reduction in green house gases
A carbon tax encourages innovation in the alternative energy sector or green
technology
The CO2 tax encourages positive lifestyle changes.
Carbon market offer lowest cost emission reductions.

50. CONCLUSION
Carbon farming is one way of reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions,
and the creation of a market for reducing carbon emissions would enable
farmers to benefit economically from the process.
Carbon farming is an effective tool to sequester atmospheric CO2 with better
practical application than other approaches.
A diversity of agricultural management practices can be employed to sequester
more carbon in plants.
Combination of different agricultural management practices can enhance soil
carbon sequestration.