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Biochar and soil environment
This document discusses biochar and its effects on soil and the environment. It begins by defining biochar as a type of charcoal used for purposes other than combustion. It is created through the pyrolysis of biomass. The document then discusses the various types of biochars based on feedstocks and production methods. It explains how biochar can be used as a soil amendment, conditioner, and growth promoter. The rest of the document outlines the benefits of biochar such as increased soil fertility, carbon sequestration, drought resistance for crops, and reduced need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
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Biochar and soil environment
- 1. Dr. N. SAIBHASKAR REDDY BIOCHAR & SOIL ENVIRONMENT 5 Feb 2016
- 2. BIOCHAR Biochar is anothername for charcoal used for purposes other than combustion. Like all charcoal, biochar is created by the pyrolysis of biomass.
- 3. BIOCHARS There are varioustypes of biochars, based on feedstock's and production technologies.
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- 6. BIOCHARCULTURE Biocharculture is aholistic approach that has been historically tested, traditionally practiced, is culturally integral, economically viable, socially responsible, environmentally sustainable, and agreeable as a policy. The uses of biochar—as part of biocharculture—include its application in the areas of soil management, livestock, biomass energy, water purification, green habitats, sanitation, food, health, etc.
- 7. BIOCHARCULTURE ADAPTATION BENEFITS Securingthe crop from drought and climate variabiiity Reclaim the degraded soils water conservation Lessen the impact of hazardous pesticides and complex chemicals reducing emissions and increasing the carbon sequestration Conversion of biomass into biochar Increase in crop yield increases in C, N, pH, and available P to the plants Impacts of biochar last more than 1000 years.
- 8. Book published byMetaMeta, Netherlands, August 2014
- 9. SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOCHAR Biocharcultureintegration into traditional and local practices should be encouraged. Encouraging local communities to produce and use biochar with locally available raw material is considered sustainable. Biochar blends are mostly organic / natural
- 10. Major challenges Climate change- variability - extremes Soil fertility Water management Impact of hazardous pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers Burning of crop residue Alkalinity of soils
- 12. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w2612e/w2612emap12-e.pdf Damage has occurredon 15 percent of the world’s total land area (13 percent light and moderate, 2 percent severe and very severe), mainly resulting from erosion, nutrient decline, salinization and physical compaction.
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- 14. Developing Countries Climate •Arid and semi-arid areas account for one third of the earth’s surface land area. • In many parts of the subhumid and semiarid tropics, crop yields are declining on response to inputs such as fertilizers, and droughts and shortages of irrigation water are increasingly evident. • Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia pose two different challenges in raising food production to meet their food needs. • ICRISAT (1998) estimates that semi-arid areas, especially within the tropics, cover most parts of the developing nations in the world including Latin America, most parts of sub-Saharan Africa, a large portion of Eastern and Southern Africa and parts of India and South East Asia.
- 15. By 2030 ensuresustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality
- 16. Climate Smart Sustainableagriculture Today’s challenges for sustainable agricultural development are to respond to increasing demand for food, adjust to rapid climate changes caused by global warming, and reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (FAO 2008a). Climate change mitigation in agriculture will require more efficient use of fertilizer, soil conservation, and better production management. Under current fertilization practices, crop plant uptake of nitrogen as a nutrient is about 50 percent, with losses and emissions to the atmosphere through runoff and leaching from soil erosion (Takle and Hofstrand 2008; FAO 2001).
- 17. BENEFITS OF BIOCHAR SOILIMPROVEMENT SOIL CONSERVATION CROP YIELD INCREASE
- 18. ENVIRONMENTAL CARBON SEQUESTRATI ON REDUCED GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SECURINGFROM CLIMATE VARIABILITY ONE OF THE GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION SOLUTIONS LIVELIHOODS INCREASED CROP YIELD INCREASED INCOME RECLAMATION OF DEGRADED SOILS BIOLOGICAL - INCREASED SOIL MOCROBES AND FUNGI. REPULSION OF ANTS AND TERMITES, PHYSICAL - SOIL MOISTURE RETENTION, SOIL TEXTURE, AND TEMPERATURE, SURFACE AREA CHEMICAL RETENTION AND ACCESS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, ADSORBTION OF HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES CHARCOAL PLUS AMENDMENTS TO SOIL BIOCHAR FRAMEWORK Other Environmental Applications
- 19. RECENT STUDIES /REPORTS
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- 21. • BIOCHAR PROJECTS - COUNTRYWISE http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
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- 24. SOURCES OF BIOMASSFOR BIOCHAR CROP RESIDUE (800 million tons of biomass burnt) COTTON STALKS (22.3 million tons generated) PROSOPIS JULIFLORA RICE HUSK OTHER BIOMASS (in India)
- 25. Plants Stoves Biochar Soil Fertility Carbon Sequestration Emissionreduction Water conservation Energy Emissions reduction Biomass conservation Biochar as byproduct Carbon as biochar Water and fertilizers conservation Carbon sequestration Note: Presenter has designed low cost highly efficient 50 good stoves that produce biochar as a byproduct. http://goodstove.com Also see the book Understanding Stoves http://metameta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Understanding-Stoves-okt-10-webversion.pdf
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- 28. A B C CHIMNEY PRIMARYAIR SECONDARY AIR GEO metal retort Magh biochar retort 2 Magh biochar retort 1 BIOCHAR PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
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- 31. BIOCHAR COMPOST BIN EFFICIENT,CONVENIENT AND LOW-COST CONVERSION OF DOMESTIC BIOWASTE INTO COMPOST USING BIOCHAR
- 32. COMPOST REMOVAL OPENINGFOR LARGE SIZE BIN Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy BIOCHAR COMPOSTING BIN (CYLINDRICAL) WITH PLANTS (AEROBIC)
- 33. BIOCHAR COMPOSTING BINWITH PLANTS (AEROBIC) BIOCHAR LEACHETS COMPOST BIN WITH HOLES COMPOST BIN = FOOD WASTE (1 PART) + SAW DUST / DRY LEAVES (2 PARTS) + BIOCHAR POWDER (1 PART) COMPOST COVER COMPOST REMOVAL OPENING FOR LARGE SIZE BIN HAND WASH Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
- 34. BIOCHAR COMPOSTING BIN(CONICAL) WITH PLANTS (AEROBIC) COMPOST REMOVAL OPENING FOR LARGE SIZE BIN Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
- 35. BIOCHAR COMPOST BINUSES CONVERTING BIOWASTE INTO COMPOST BIOCHAR COMPOSTING 2 / 3 WEEKS TO CONVERT BIOMASS INTO COMPOST AEROBIC COMPOSTING – NO SMELL MANAGEMENT OF WASTE IN URBAN AREAS VALUE ADDITION TO WASTE COLLECTION OF LEACHATE BATCH LOADING OF COMPOST MATERIAL AND REMOVAL FACILITY ADOPTABLE IN URBAN AREAS WITH LESS SPACE HAND WASH FACILITY GROWING PLANTS IN THE COMPOST OTHER BENEFITS Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy
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- 38. CROP YIELD INCREASE SOILIMPROVEMENT
- 39. WAGES FROM PRODUCTION INCOMEFROM SALE
- 40. INCREASE IN YIELDAND PRODUCTION
- 41. TEST PLOTS CONTROL BIOCHARCOMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS
- 42. All farmers canadopt biochar, and one need not be in a hurry to apply large quantities to achieve a bumper yield. Annual incremental application is more sustainable for the farmer and for the environment. Biochar application reduces the burden of farmers in several ways, namely by maintaining and enhancing soil fertility.
- 43. Incremental biochar compostapplication - Soil microbes adapt to the new environment. - In the initial phase, some biochar removes salts and other poisons from the soil, which is a process that requires some time. The later subsequent application of biochar compost improves soil conditions. - With the application of biochar compost structure and texture of the soil changes over a period of time. - Incremental application addresses the sustainable use of biomass, which is converted into biochar. - For the user, the burden of the cost of application of biochar compost is not high if applied incrementally.
- 44. Biochar protects andenhances both macro and micro biodiversity. Microbial habitats are enhanced through the unique structure and properties of biochar. Biochar- amended soils have higher microbial biodiversity. Biochar amended soils show high levels of microbial biodiversity. Biochar is like a coral reef for the soil, creating a great habitat for all soil life diversity. Biochar and soil microbes minimize the use of purchasing inputs and maximize the efficiency of soil microbes use. The author has developed an area with 200 species of plants conserved on half–an-acre of land to develop soil microbial culture for inoculation into biochar.
- 45. Physical - Biocharreduces soil bulk density. - Biochar increases soil aeration. - Biochar changes the soil structure and texture through changes in physical and chemical properties. - Biochar lessens the hardening of soils. - Biochar helps to reclaim degraded soils. - Increased Cation Exchange Capacity.
- 46. Chemical - Biocharreduces soil acidity by increasing pH (also called the liming effect). - Biochar helps soil retain nutrients and fertilizers (Lehmann, 2006 in Hansen, 2008). - The application of biochar improves soil fertility via two mechanisms: (1) by adding nutrients to the soil (such as K, to a limited extent P, and micronutrients); (2) by retaining nutrients from other sources including nutrients from the soil itself. - Biochar increases C, N, and P availability to plants, because biochar absorbs and slowly releases fertilizer. - Biochar increases in the soil levels of available Ca, Mg, P, and K. - Biochar helps to prevent fertilizer runoff and leaching, allowing the use of less fertilizer and diminishing agricultural pollution to the surrounding environment. Biochar mitigates the impact of hazardous pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers on the local environment and ecology. - Biochar absorbs complex fertilizers and pesticides in soil, thus lessening their impacts.
- 47. Biological - Biocharincreases soil microbial respiration by creating space for soil microbes. - It increases soil biodiversity and soil-life density in the presence of organic carbon. - Biochar increases arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi. Soil aggregation also improves due to increased fungal hyphae. Biochar helps to lessen the impacts of termites on the biomass in agricultural field. The presence and density of earthworms increase in soil treated with biochar over time. Ants are more repellent to the freshly added biochar, and over a period of time the biochar’s impact on ants lessens.
- 48. 1.5 FEET 6FEET CONTROL BIOCHAR
- 52. LIVELIHOODS • Agriculture productivityincreases • Low input agricultureNatural • Local jobs and equity • Local enterprisesSocial • Least skills required • BiocharcultureHuman • Local technologies • Low energyPhysical • Low carbon economy • Low costFinancial • Carbon sequestration and energy security • Mitigation and adaptation to climate changeEnvironment
- 53. MARKET Low price ofbiochar in the developing countries might trigger exports Subsidies a hindrance Lack of awareness Gardening Agriculture (Large Farms) Household Others
- 54. PRICE OF BIOCHAR Unblendedbiochar and biochar products blended with other materials are being sold in many countries at a wide range of retail prices ranging from $0.08 to $13.48 per kilogram. The average price reported was $2.48 per kilogram. http://www.biochar-international.org/State_of_industry_2013
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- 56. CULTURAL SPIRITUAL BELIEFS RITUALS FESTIVALS ALTARS CREMATION SOURCES (BIOMASS) GOOD STOVES •TLUDs •Other stoves CROP RESIDUE POULTRY LITTER WASTE MANAGEM ENT •Sludge PRACTICES FOOD PRESERV ING FOOD CLEANING MEDICINE MATTRESS TOOTH POWDER AIR QUALITY • CO2/ CH4 WATER TREATM ENT AQUARI UM / TERRARI UMS BIOCHAR BRICKS BIOCHAR URINALS SOAK PITS FILTERIN G MEDIA INSECT REPELLE NT SOIL AMENDMENT INCREASED PRODUCTI ON SOIL TEMPERAT URE REGULATE D MOISTURE RETENTION WATER CONSERVA TION NITROGEN / PHOSPHOR OUS RETENTION NURSERIES PESTICIDES ADBSORBTI ON SOIL MICROBES DENSITY INCREASE BIOCHAR COMPOST EARTHWO RMS INCREASE TERMITES / ANTS REPULSION CARBON SEQUESTR ATION ANIMALS POULTRY - CH4 REDUCTION LIVESTOCK - URINE AND DUNG FYM / COMPOST BIOMASS BIOCHAR ENERGY
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- 62. BIOCHAR IN LIVINGPLACES
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- 67. ADVANTAGES OF BIOCHARURBAN GARDENS Less weight and insulation to the rooftops Economic savings through access to self grown food Utilization of urban organic waste for biochar compost. Aesthetics and green spaces on rooftops
- 68. FLOATIGATION GROWING CROPS ONRESERVOIRS / TANKS / IRIGATION CANALS / DRINAGE SYSTEMS, ETC.
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- 72. TELANGANG MAP KAKATIYA KALATORANAM FISHSHAPE FISH BOAT FLOATIGATION
- 75. Way Forward: FloatingGarden and Parks
- 76. FLOATS (THERMOCOL / PLASTICS) BIOCHAR+ (MEDIA FOR GROWTH) FLOATIGATION ON CANAL / DRAINAGE FOR CROPS PADDY FLOATIGATION ON CANALS / DRAIANGE FOR CROPS
- 77. CROSS SECTION OFFLOATIGATION BIOCHAR + (MEDIA FOR GROWTH) PLANTS
- 79. © DR. N.SAI BHASKAR REDDY FLOATIGATION
- 80. SUNLIGHT GREEN HOUSEEFFECT (SALT WATER EVAPORATES INTO FRESH WATER) SEA WATER / BRACKISH WATER / POLLUTED WATER / FLOOD WATER FRESH WATER (FLOWS INTO BIOCHAR) RAIN WATER © DR. N. SAI BHASKAR REDDY FLOATIGATION
- 81. DROUGHT TOLERANT GARDENS LOW WATERREQUIREMENT, PERENIAL GREENARY, AESTHETICS, ADAPTATION, SOLAR RADIATION, MAINTENANCE FREE
- 84. GREENERY WALKWAYS, PARKS &TRAFFIC ISLANDS
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Editor's Notes
- #5 Biochar 10% to 30%
- #6 Biochar has been in use in parts of India for centuries. Biochar is added along with FYM or compost every year. As the retention time of biochar in soil is very high, the impact is cumulative. In many villages in India, agriculture is at least a few hundred years old. The existing biochar in the soil found in the majority of the fields is a cumulative contribution of the farmers – sometimes intentionally and other times by chance. Biochar is found in all types of soils. As this practice has become traditional, it is sustainable, and can be applied irrespective of climate and soil conditions. Biochar or biochar compost can be applied to the soil in different ways.
- #13 These impacts frequently lead to reductions in yields. Land conservation and rehabilitation are essential parts of sustainable agricultural development. While severely degraded soil is found in most regions of the world, the negative economic impact of degraded soil may be most severe in the countries most dependent on agriculture for their incomes.
- #20 Ref: Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries, LEVERAGING CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND EXPLORING FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE, Sebastian M. Scholz, Thomas Sembres, Kelli Roberts, Thea Whitman, Kelpie Wilson, and Johannes Lehman, A WORLD BANK STUDY, 2014
- #24 Biomass from agriculture, forestry, livestock rearing, food production and processing.. Woody biomass— softwoods, hardwoods, or a combination Agricultural residues including bagasse from sugar cane, corn stover, rice husks, cereal straw, and coconut shells, etc..
- #55 Pine needless biochar from gassifiers, gasifiers
- #82 Drought tolerant plants are not limited to cacti and succulents. There are thousands of species of beautiful flowers, shrubs, vines and ground covers that are “un” thirsty and could save more than 50% of the water used in a more traditional landscape. Drought tolerant gardening also involves sensible management like installation of drip irrigation systems, timers, water sensors, and above all, MULCH! Mulching and composting beds will improve soil quality, reduce evaporation and encourage better water absorption. Native plants, those plants which naturally grow in our climate, need only about half as much water as most exotic species. They also provide habitat for our native birds and butterflies.