This document discusses the direct and indirect effects of climate change on plant processes. It begins by defining climate and climate change. It then discusses various measures of climate change such as glacial melting, precipitation trends, sea level rise and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Higher temperatures directly impact plant physiological and biochemical processes by increasing transpiration rates and reducing grain size and weight. Higher CO2 levels reduce transpiration while increasing photosynthesis and plant growth. Changes in rainfall, wind and other climate factors also influence plant development. Indirectly, climate change can impact plants through changes in pests, diseases and weeds. The document concludes by discussing strategies to help agriculture adapt to climate change impacts.

1. Major advisor
Dr. S.K. Dwivedi
Presented by
Bhaskar soni
M.Sc. (Ag.)
Direct and indirect effect of climate
change on
plant processes
Department of Plant physiology
Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)

2. INTRODUCTION
 climate is the most dominating factor influencing the
suitability of a crop to a particular region.
 The yield potential of a crop mainly depends on climate.
 More than 50% of variation in yield of a crop is due to
climate differences.
 Climate change directly affects rate of physiological process
and biochemical processes.
 Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has the potential
to increase crop growth.


3. Climate :-
Climate is weather conditions related to longer
areas like zone, state country. Longer duration of time like
month, season or year.
Climate change:-
Climate change is a significant and lasting
change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over
periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a
change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of
weather around the average conditions.

4. Measures of Climate Change
1. Glaciers
2. Precipitation Trends
3. Sea-level Rise
4.Atmospheric Co2 concentration
5.Green house effect

5. 1. Glaciers:-
Model Studies indicate that CO2
induced global warming will result in
significant melting of earth’s glaciers.
2. Precipitation Trends:-
Global warming is
predicted to enhance atmospheric moisture
storage resulting in increased net
precipitation.
3. Sea-level Rise:-
The possibility of large
sea-level rises as a result of global warming.
Sea levels rise 17 centimeters in the 20th
century.

6. 4. Atmospheric co2 concentration:-
Co2 concentration Increased over
19% from 315.7ppm to 376.1ppm (on average, over 1.3ppm per
year) during 1958 to 2003. (Measurement at Mauna Loa
observatory Hawaii)

7. The Greenhouse Effect
Sun's energy warms up the Earth, our planet radiates some of this heat
back out towards space. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like the
glass in a greenhouse, allowing the sun's energy in but preventing
heat from escaping.
Greenhouse Gases:- CO2, CH4 CFC, N 2 O, SO 2

8. Global warming
 Increasing in temperature near earths.
 Increasing in temperature due to Increasing atmospheric CO2
concentration and green house gases.

9. DIRECT EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT
PROCESSES
Effect of Temperature:-
 Increase transpiration rate
 Reduce grain size.
 Low light intensity and low temperature
reduce photosynthesis, impede translocation
of photosynthates from the flag leaf to
panicle, decrease no. of filled grains
and grain yield.
Faster plant development.

10.  Grain filling is faster with increase in temperature in maize and
decrease grain weight .

11. Effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration:-
 Reduced transpiration.
 Gas exchange is reduced for both C3 and C4 plants.
 Change in a quality of biomass – more sugar
 Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration affect plants
photosynthesis, resulting in increases in plant water use
efficiency, enhanced photosynthetic capacity and increased
growth.
 Increased CO2 can also lead to increased
Carbon : Nitrogen ratios in the leaves of plants.

12.  Growth of plants at elevated CO2 concentrations of 475–600
ppm increases leaf photosynthetic rates by an average of
40% (Ainsworth & Rogers 2007)
 Environmental factor that interacts with elevated
CO2 is atmospheric ozone (O3), a gaseous toxin
Oct. 26 to Nov 1, 2014 397.22ppm (last weak)
Oct. 26 to Nov 1, 2013 394.17ppm (1 year ago)
Recent Data

13. Effect of Rainfall:-
 Cell growth, cell development and protein synthesis are
adversely affected by the rainfall.
 Stomatal closure due to water stress restrict carbon dioxide
intake leading to reduced photosynthesis.
 Water stess is affects fixation, uptake and assimilation of
nitrogen.
 The promoting growth hormones like cytokinin, gibberellic
acid and indol acetic acid decreases.
 Increase in abscisic acid content under stressed conditions
cause stomatal closure leading to restricted water loss from
leaves.

14. Effect of Wind:-
 With increase in wind velocity, there is greater increase in cuticular
transpiration than stomatal transpiration.
 Wind increases evapo-transpiration.
Lodging is another major injury or damage caused by high winds.
Tearing of leaves
Breaking of branches
Uprooting of plants.
Lodging in rice

15. INDIRECT EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
PLANT PROCESSES
Pests and diseases:-
 Climate change may also impact indirectly on crops through
effects on pests and disease.
 wheat and oats become more susceptible to rust diseases
with increased temperature.
suitable for pathogen growth and reproduction if climates.
 Warmer winter temperatures could be important in increasing


16. By Weeds:-
 Climate change may also impact indirectly on crops through
effects on weeds.
 Increase water losses thought transpiration rate.
 Weeds compete with crop for nutrients, water and other
natural resources.

17. Effect of mean sea-level rise:-
 Reduced production and productivity
 The rise in sea level will also increase flood risk, raise the
groundwater table and prolong water logging.
 Saline toxicity.

18. Strategies for adaptation to climate change
1. Altered agronomy of crops .
2. Development of resource conserving technology.
3. Diversified farming.
4. Crop management strategies.
5. Policy tools for resource management on sustainable basis.
6. Improved risk management through early warning and crop
insurance.

19.  It is concluded that climate influence the distribution of crops
over different regions of the world.
 Climate change directly affects rate of physiological process
and other biochemical processes.
 The most important research interaction for crop yield &
quality improvement would be develop kharif and rabi
varieties that can perform well under aberrant weather
condition.
 Agronomic practices especially for pest and weed
management would need more attention whereat
programmes to control wind erosion might need
strengthening.
Conclusion

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