Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
Julian R - Using the EcoCrop model and database to forecast impacts of ccCIAT
Preliminary results on the assessment of global food security issues under changing climates. Presented at Tyndall Centre, Norwich, UK, by Julian Ramirez
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
Julian R - Using the EcoCrop model and database to forecast impacts of ccCIAT
Preliminary results on the assessment of global food security issues under changing climates. Presented at Tyndall Centre, Norwich, UK, by Julian Ramirez
Rosegrant, Mark. 2023. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation. PowerPoint presentation given during university-wide seminar. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 30, 2023.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
How does agriculture, especially animal agriculture, impact greenhouse gas emissions? What is adaptation and mitigation and how are these different? For more materials on this topic visit http://www.extension.org/pages/63908/greenhouse-gases-and-animal-agriculture
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Rosegrant, Mark. 2023. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation. PowerPoint presentation given during university-wide seminar. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, March 30, 2023.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
The climate resilient agriculture for rainfed and dryland farming is need of the hour. This discus the options of climate adapted agricultural technologies.
How does agriculture, especially animal agriculture, impact greenhouse gas emissions? What is adaptation and mitigation and how are these different? For more materials on this topic visit http://www.extension.org/pages/63908/greenhouse-gases-and-animal-agriculture
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Eco1.Do you think it is appropriate that the consumer bears part.docxjack60216
Eco
1.Do you think it is appropriate that the consumer bears part of the burden of pollution fees in the form of higher prices? Why or why not?
2.In the U.S., landowners have the mineral rights to all minerals that might be found under their property (e.g, oil and natural gas). In most European countries, the government, not the property owner, has the rights to any minerals found in the ground. Fracking occurs in several U.S. states, but remains unpopular in Europe. If national governments in other nations agreed to share the profits from fracking with the landowners on whose property the drilling takes place, how might that change attitudes toward the fracking process?
3.Do you think we are a throwaway society? Are your attitudes towards consumption of goods the same as your parents? Your grandparents? (Think of how goods have changed over the years.)
4.A few years ago we became aware that disposable diapers were a major item being put into U.S. landfills. Some communities discussed banning disposable diapers from their landfills. There were protests from parents groups whose members found disposable much more convenient than cloth diapers. Rationally evaluate this policy from both the community environmentalists and the parents groups’ viewpoints.
5.Should income in the U.S. be distributed equally? If not, should there be at least a greater degree of equality than we presently have? What are the advantages and disadvantages of greater equality?
6.Which do you feel is more effective in reducing poverty: government poverty programs or economic growth of a nation? How do private charities fit in? Are you an economic conservative or economic liberal when it comes to addressing poverty?
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland
restoration in a changing world
Kevin L. Erwin
Received: 15 April 2008 / Accepted: 24 September 2008 / Published online: 7 November 2008
� Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract Global climate change is recognized as a
threat to species survival and the health of natural
systems. Scientists worldwide are looking at the
ecological and hydrological impacts resulting from
climate change. Climate change will make future
efforts to restore and manage wetlands more com-
plex. Wetland systems are vulnerable to changes in
quantity and quality of their water supply, and it is
expected that climate change will have a pronounced
effect on wetlands through alterations in hydrological
regimes with great global variability. Wetland habitat
responses to climate change and the implications for
restoration will be realized differently on a regional
and mega-watershed level, making it important to
recognize that specific restoration and management
plans will require examination by habitat. Flood-
plains, mangroves, seagrasses, saltmarshes, arctic
wetlands, peatlands, freshwater marshes and forests
are very diverse habitats, with different str ...
Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater ResourcesC. P. Kumar
Powerpoint presentation describing climate change impacts in India, hydrological impact of climate change, impact of climate change on groundwater, methodology to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources, recent studies, and role of artificial intelligence.
Selecting and applying modelling tools to evaluate forest management strategi...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
This is the fifth lesson taught under the course - Climate Change and Global Environment at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains –A Business Case for Climate-Smart Ag...CIMMYT
CIMMYT Senior Cropping Systems Agronomist Christian Thierfelder presented on climate-smart agriculture in southern Africa in a webinar titled Climate Resilient Agriculture Success Stories – Making a Case for Scale Up.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. wheat and climate change
Graham Farquhar
Research School of Biology
Australian National University
Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security
Borlaug100 @ CIMMYT
Ciudad Obregon, Mexico, 25-28 March 2014
2. How will the climate change?
• Many aspects of climate:
what should we look at first?
3. Roderick ML, Sun F, Lim
WH, Farquhar GD (2014)
Hydrology and Earth
System Sciences (in press).
Greenhouse
effect is a
radiation
imbalance. Most
of the extra
longwave in is
balanced by
greater longwave
out, with small
increase in LE
4. Water is the greatest single limitation
to world grain production
5. What will happen to precipitation?
What will happen to evaporation?
• P=precipitation,
• E=evaporation (productively through the plant as
transpiration, or unproductively as soil
evaporation),
• P-E = runoff
• We examine a multi-model ensemble mean
derived from CMIP3 models (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 3)
• using 39 runs from 20 different climate models
6. Roderick ML, Sun F, Lim WH, Farquhar GD
(2014) Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (in
press).
7. What will happen to precipitation and
evaporation locally?
• We need granularity
• Previous research has demonstrated a “wet
get wetter and dry get drier” relation in
modelled output (Held & Soden, 2006)
• This has caught the scientific public’s attention
8. • More precisely, it was shown that (P-E) P-E,
follows Clausius-Clapeyron scaling (7% increase in
vapour pressure/oC), when the projected changes
are averaged over latitudinal zones.
• Much of the subsequent research on impacts has
been based on an implicit assumption that this
CC relation also holds at local (grid box) scales
• Does it hold locally?
10. Conclusion re “local”
• The “Wet get wetter and the dry get drier”
notion, as assessed by P-E, is not supported at
the local (grid) scale by the ensemble of models
• Nevertheless the projections are for some areas
to become drier, and these include some areas
important to grain production, including Mexico
and Central America, Chile, southern Africa, the
Mediterranean & possibly southern Australia
13. Chaotic nature of climate
• Rotstayn et al. (JGR, 2007) for the modeled annual rainfall trends in
Australia over the period 1951-1996
• eight runs differed with slightly different starting conditions (in 1870)
16. What is happening to the variability of
rainfall?
Sun Roderick & Farquhar 2012 GRL
Reduction in land precipitation variance over 1940-2009
On average dry have become wetter and wet have become drier
17. What has happened so far to evaporative
demand?
• The best measure we have is pan evaporation
rate.
BoM
Canberra
Airport
18. Will droughts get more severe with
warming? Is the evaporative demand
increasing?
• Around the world, pan evaporation rate has generally
been decreasing.
• Global warming is not like a hot day
• the oceans and lakes warm also, raising the humidity,
so that the vapour pressure deficit is little affected
on average
• The reasons for reduced evaporative demand include
aerosol loading and reduced windspeed (Roderick et
al., GRL 2007)
20. Effects of [CO2] and T on growth &
yield
• To what extent can we use responses to today’s
variations in temperature to learn about future
changes in T?
• Effects of T on assimilation rate are different at
different [CO2]
• In the short term there are interfering
correlations with less rainfall
• Effects on sterility or abortion-poorly understood
(see Poster 132)
• Photothermal quotient
21. How does CO2 concentration affect the
water requirements of plant growth?
• At the leaf level doubling the [CO2] is
effectively like almost doubling the rainfall. cf
Wong, Cowan & Farquhar Nature 1979
• So when the [CO2] was only half its present
value, say 20,000 years ago, the rainfall would
only have been about half as effective as that
rainfall would be today.
22.
23. Impact of CO2 fertilization on maximum foliage
cover across the globe’s warm, arid environments
Randall J. Donohue, Michael L. Roderick, Tim R.
McVicar, and Graham D. Farquhar
GRL 2013
From 1982 to 2010 [CO2] increased 14% and the
responsiveness of foliage cover to precipitation increased
11% in the driest regions
24. Four Summary Messages
1. Many of the projected difficulties associated
with adjustment or adaptation to climate
change are ones that farmers have faced
before. But the projections add a layer of
uncertainty.
2. Increases in temperature place flowering at risk
in many crops. This may require some crop
production to move in a polewards direction, or
to remain in place but with earlier sowing, or….
Research needed on mechanisms of heat stress.
25. Four Summary Messages
3. Research on water-use efficiency (which should
increase in rain-fed environments under
increasing [CO2]) and drought tolerance, for
present-day problems, will be vital for future
climates, particularly in the context of increased
demand for water, just as will research on
improvement of yield potential.
4. There could be surprises and an understanding
of [CO2] effects on e.g. photosynthesis,
flowering and plant water relations in an
ecological context would be insurance.
27. Conclusions
• We biologists need to take into account the statistical
nature of our environment
• Given the chaotic nature of climate and of good
climate models, we need to examine several runs of
each model as well as runs from different models
• We should be sceptical about predictions of climate
driven global changes in soil water content,
particularly those deriving from Thornthwaite
analyses that use T rather than full energy/mass
balance