This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structures and physiology as the study of body functions. It outlines the basic anatomical terminology used to describe body positions. It also describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical and cellular levels up to the organ and organ system levels. The document lists the 11 body systems and 7 basic life processes required to sustain human life. It explains homeostasis as the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and outlines some variables that are homeostatically regulated like body temperature, blood pressure, and acid-base balance. It provides examples of positive and negative feedback mechanisms that help control homeostasis.

1. Human anatomy and physiology l
Introduction to human body
By,
Aishwarya S. Patil
Department of Pharmacology
Assistant professor
Dr. D.Y.Patil College of Pharmacy Akurdi Pune.

2. Contents:
• Definition and scope of anatomy
and physiology
• Basic anatomical terminologies
• Levels of structural organization
and body systems
• Basic life processes
• Homeostasis

3. Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology
• Anatomy:
• Study of structure and relationship between body parts which are
visible with naked eyes. E.g. heart, bones etc.
• Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among
them.
Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of anatomical
structures seen by
unaided vision
Microscopic
Anatomy
Study of minute
anatomical
structures by
microscope

4. Scope:
• Branches or specialities of anatomy:
Embryology: development after fertilization of human egg.
Cell biology: different cells in body its structure, differentiation and its
function.
Histology: The study of the tissue.
Gross Anatomy: structure identified without microscope.
Systemic anatomy: study of organs involved in particular system.
Regional anatomy: Special regions of the body.
Surface anatomy: e.g sonography
Radiographic anatomy: Bones or body structure visualized by X-ray.
Pathophysiological anatomy: changes associated with disease.

5. • Physiology:
Physiology is the science of body functions, how the body works.
The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in living system.

6. • Neurophysiology: function of nerves
• Endocrinology: hormone and control on body functions by hormones.
• Cardiovascular physiology: functions of heart and blood vessels.
• Immunology: body’s defence mechanism against disease causing
micro-organisms.
• Respiratory physiology: function or mechanism of respiration
• Renal physiology: functions of kidney.
• Exercise physiology: Changes occur due to muscular activity.
• Pathophysiology: changes in certain function of organism due to
disease or aging.

7. Basic terminologies:
Terms Definition
Anterior (or
ventral)
Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes
are anterior to the foot.
Posterior (or
dorsal)
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
Superior (or
cranial)
Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body.
inferior (or
caudal)
Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body
proper. The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
Lateral Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.
Medial Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
Proximal Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of
attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the
antebrachium.

8. Distal Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from
the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus
is distal to the femur.
Superficial Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the
body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
Deep Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the
body. The brain is deep to the skull.

9. Levels of
structural
organization:
These include the chemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, organ
system, and the organism level

11. Body systems :
1. Cardiovascular system
2. Digestive system
3. Endocrine system
4. Integumentary system
5. Lymphatic system
6. Muscular system
7. Nervous system
8. Reproductive system
9. Respiratory system
10. Skeletal system
11. Urinary system

12. Basic life process:
Basic life process are the certain process
that distinguish organism (living things )
from non-living things.
There are total 7 basic life processes
required for human body to carry out
overall functioning of the body.
M: Movement
R: Respiration
S: Sensitivity
G: Growth
R: Reproduction
E: Excretion
N: Nutrition
M
R
S G
R
E
N

13. • Every living organism needs energy for performing every life
processes.
Movement It includes the motion of whole body , individual organs, cells and tiny structures inside the
cell.
Respiration Respiration is the process of inhaling oxygen from the environment and use it in the process
of break-down of food for cellular needs.
Sensitivity According to external environment changes occur in body,
Growth Increases in body size that results from an increase in size and existing cell.
Reproduction Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or production of new
individual.
Excretion The process of removal of by-products produced in the body is known as excretion.
Nutrition and
metabolism
Nutrition is the process of intake of food and utilize it for generating energy.

14. Homeostasis:
• Homeostasis is the ability to keep the internal environment nearly constant.
• For normal functioning and surviving of properly the composition and
temperature of interstitial fluid must remain constsnt.
• When the body’s cells to be in homeostasis?
• When the internal environment contains optimal concentration of gases,
nutrients, ions and water at optimal temperature.
• This homeostasis mechanism maintained by hormonal and nervous
mechanisms
• If alteration occur in this = diseases and dysfunction or death.
• Homeostasis controlled by Negative Feedback Mechanism.

15. Importance of homeostasis:
• To maintain stable internal environment for maintenance of life.
• Provides an optimal environment for cell function.
• Controls all metabolic reactions.
Enzymes works best in narrow range of pH and temperature; hence it is
important to keep internal environment steady.

16. Homeostatically regulated variables:
1. Body temperature:
2. Blood composition:
3. Blood gases:
4. Acid-base balance:
5. Blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate.
6. Respiratory rate and depth.
7. Secretion of hormones by endocrine glands.

17. Homeostatic control mechanism:
There are 3 interdependent components
in this mechanisms:
Sensory
receptor:
• Detects the changes in
environments.
• Send input signals to control centre
• With the help of afferent pathway.
Control
centre:
• Analyse the set point( at which
variable are maintained)
• Send output signals to the effector
• Along with efferent pathway
Effector: • Effector that responds to the
stimulus and restores the variable
to optimal physiological range.

18. Outline of regulation of homeostasis:

19. Temperature control:

20. Regulation of blood sugar level:

21. Clotting of blood:

22. Positive feedback mechanism Negative feedback mechanism
Stimulatory Inhibitory
Amplification of changes may be
harmful
Stabilize physiological variables.
Cause instability and disturbed the
homeostasis mechanism.
Maintain constant internal environment
e.g. Sneezing, birth to baby, immune
response to certain diseases.
e.g. Goosebump, sweating.