Sampling Theorem
Quantization
Noise and its types
Encoding-PCM
Power of Signal
Signal to noise Ratio
Channel Capacity
Nyquist Bandwidth
Shannon Capacity Formula
Multirate Digital Signal Processing-Up/Down Sampling
Applications
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
In communication system, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable.
In communication system, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference(ISI). It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference.
Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Fast Fourier transform is an extension of discrete Fourier transform, It is based on divide and conquer algorithm,it is of two types, decimation in time and decimation in frequency algorithm
In communication system, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable.
In communication system, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference(ISI). It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference.
Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Fast Fourier transform is an extension of discrete Fourier transform, It is based on divide and conquer algorithm,it is of two types, decimation in time and decimation in frequency algorithm
Signals and Systems
What is a signal?
Signal Basics
Analog / Digital Signals
Real vs Complex
Periodic vs. Aperiodic
Bounded vs. Unbounded
Causal vs. Noncausal
Even vs. Odd
Power vs. Energy
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
DIGITALModulation.pptx "Advanced Digital Modulation Techniques"neltalagtag025
"Advanced Digital Modulation Techniques" explores cutting-edge methods shaping modern communication systems. This comprehensive guide delves into intricate algorithms and protocols enhancing data transmission efficiency and reliability. From phase-shift keying (PSK) to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), readers uncover the intricate nuances of signal modulation, demodulation, and error correction. The text navigates through the evolution of digital modulation, shedding light on emerging trends like orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and software-defined radio (SDR). Engineers, researchers, and students alike benefit from practical insights, case studies, and simulations, empowering them to design, optimize, and troubleshoot complex digital communication systems in today's dynamic technological landscape.
Similar to Sampling Theorem, Quantization Noise and its types, PCM, Channel Capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth, Shannon Capacity Formula, Multirate DSP, Up/Down Sampling (20)
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
. Types of Modulation(Analog)
Phase-Frequency Relationships
FM and PM basics
Frequency deviation
MODULATION INDEX
Classification of FM
Narrow Band FM (NBFM)
generating a narrowband FM signal.
Wide Band FM (WBFM).
Carson’s Rule
Generation of WBFM
Average Power
FM BANDWIDTH
Comparing Frequency Modulation to Phase Modulation
ROOT-LOCUS METHOD, Determine the root loci on the real axis /the asymptotes o...Waqas Afzal
Angle and Magnitude Conditions
Example of Root Locus
Steps
constructing a root-locus plot is to locate the open-loop poles and zeros in s-plane.
Determine the root loci on the real axis
Determine the asymptotes of the root loci
Determine the breakaway point.
Closed loop stability via root locus
time domain analysis, Rise Time, Delay time, Damping Ratio, Overshoot, Settli...Waqas Afzal
Time Response- Transient, Steady State
Standard Test Signals- U(t), S(t), R(t)
Analysis of First order system - for Step input
Analysis of second order system -for Step input
Time Response Specifications- Rise Time, Delay time, Damping Ratio, Overshoot, Settling Time
Calculations
state space representation,State Space Model Controllability and Observabilit...Waqas Afzal
State Variables of a Dynamical System
State Variable Equation
Why State space approach
Block Diagram Representation Of State Space Model
Controllability and Observability
Derive Transfer Function from State Space Equation
Time Response and State Transition Matrix
Eigen Value
introduction to modeling, Types of Models, Classification of mathematical mod...Waqas Afzal
Types of Systems
Ways to study system
Model
Types of Models
Why Mathematical Model
Classification of mathematical models
Black box, white box, Gray box
Lumped systems
Dynamic Systems
Simulation
laplace transform and inverse laplace, properties, Inverse Laplace Calculatio...Waqas Afzal
Laplace Transform
-Proof of common function
-properties
-Initial Value and Final Value Problems
Inverse Laplace Calculations
-by identification
-Partial fraction
Solution of Ordinary differential using Laplace and inverse Laplace
Transfer Function, Concepts of stability(critical, Absolute & Relative) Poles...Waqas Afzal
Transfer Function
The Order of Control Systems
Concepts of stability(critical, Absolute & Relative)
Poles, Zeros
Stability calculation
BIBO stability
Transient Response Characteristics
Signal Flow Graph, SFG and Mason Gain Formula, Example solved with Masson Gai...Waqas Afzal
Basic Properties of SFG
Definitions of SFG Terms
SFG Algebra
Relation between SFG and block diagram
Mason Gain Formula
Example solved with Masson Gain Formula
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Sampling Theorem, Quantization Noise and its types, PCM, Channel Capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth, Shannon Capacity Formula, Multirate DSP, Up/Down Sampling
1. Topics
•Sampling Theorem
•Quantization
•Noise and its types
•Encoding-PCM
•Power of Signal
•Signal to noise Ratio
•Channel Capacity
•Nyquist Bandwidth
•Shannon Capacity Formula
•Multirate Digital Signal Processing-
Up/Down Sampling
•Applications
2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Quantize r
Sampler Coder
x(t)
2
0101...
X(n)
Discrete-
time
signal
x (t)
q
Quantiz
ed
Signal
DigitalSignal
Sampling:
conversion from cts-time to dst-time by taking samples" at discrete time instants
uniform sampling: x(n) = xa(nT) where T is the sampling period and n ε Z
E.g.,
Quantization: conversion from dst-time cts-valued signal to a dst-
time dst-valued signal quantization error: eq(n) = xq(n)- x(n))
Coding:representation of each dst-value xq(n) by a b-bit binary sequence
3. Sampling Theorem
If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal xa(t) is Fmax = B and the signal is
sampled at a rate
Fs > 2Fmax=2B
then xa(t) can be exactly recovered from its sample values using the interpolation
function
Therefore, given the interpolation relation, xa(t) can be written as
where xa(nT) = x(n); called band limited interpolation.
3
Note: FN = 2B = 2Fmax
is called the Nyquist rate
9. Noise (1)
• Additional signals inserted between transmitter
and receiver
1. Thermal
—Due to thermal agitation of electrons
—Uniformly distributed
—White noise, cannot be eliminated
2. Intermodulation
—Signals that are the sum and
difference of original frequencies
sharing a medium
Intermodulation
9
10. Noise (2)
3. Crosstalk
—A signal from one line is picked up by another
4. Impulse
—Irregular pulses or spikes
• e.g. External electromagnetic interference
—Short duration
—High amplitude
—Sharp spike could change a 1 to 0 or
a 0 to 1. 10
11. Thermal Noise
11
• The amount of thermal,noise to e found in a
bandiwdth of 1 Hz in any device or conductor is:
• N0 = kT (W/Hz)
• N0 = noise power density in watt per 1 Hz of bandwidth
• k = boltzman constant = 1.38 x 10
• T = temp, in Kelvins
• Thermal noise in watt present in a bandwidth of B
• N = kTB = 10 log k + 10 log T + 10 log B
12. Signal to noise ratio
:It is either unit-less or specified in dB. The S/N ratio may be specified
anywhere within a system.
13. Channel Capacity
Def. :Max. rate at which data can be transmitted
over a given com. path/channel under given
condition
Concept of channel capacity:
• Data rate
—In bits per second
—Rate at which data can be communicated
• Bandwidth
—Range of frequency
—In cycles per second or Hertz,
(unit for frequency, f= 1/T)
Data a
n
d
—C
o
Cm
op
u
nt
e
srtrained by transmitter and medium 13
14. Channel Capacity (cont)
• Noise
—Average level of noise over com. path
• Error rate
—Rate at which errors occur
—Reception of a 1 when 0 was transmitted or the
other way
• Com. facilities are expensive
—Bandwidth cost
—Make efficient use of given bandwidth
—Main constraint in achieving this efficiency is noise
14
15. Nyquist Bandwidth
• In the case of a channel that is noise free,
limitation on data rate is simply the bandwidth
of the signal.
• If rate of signal transmission is 2B then signal
with frequencies no greater than B is sufficient
to carry signal rate
—Given bandwidth B, highest signal rate is 2B
—Given binary signal, data rate supported by B Hz is
2B bps
• Can be increased by using M signal levels
C= 2B log2M
C = Channel capacity 31
16. Nyquist Bandwidth (2)
16
• Can be increased by using M signal levels
C= 2B log2M
• M is the number of discrete signal or voltage
levels
• Eg: 1 bit value (0 to 1) = 21 (M= 2 levels)
2 bit value (00 to 11) =22 (M= 4 levels)
3 bit value (000 to 111) =23 (M= 8 levels)
17. Shannon Capacity Formula
17
• Nyquist’s formula indicates that doubling the
bandwidth doubles the data rate.
• Consider data rate, noise and error rate
• Faster data rate shortens each bit, so burst of
noise affects more bits
—At given noise level, high data rate means higher
error rate
—Greater signal strength would improve ability to
receive data correctly in the presence of noise.
18. Shannon Capacity Formula (2)
• Formula developed by a mathematician Claude
Shannon.
• Signal to noise ratio (in decibels)
SNRdb 10 log10 (signal/noise)
=
• Ex.: Suppose that Vs = 10.0 μv
and Vn = 1.00 μv . Then
S/N = 20 log(10(1.00)) = 20.0 dB
• Max. channel capacity
C=B log2(1+SNR)
•a
t
a
Ta
n
hdiC
so
m
ip
su
t
e
er rror free capacity 18
19. 19
Multirate Digital Signal
Processing
• systems that employ multiple sampling rates in
the processing of digital signals are called
multirate digital signal processing systems.
• Multirate systems are sometimes used for
sampling-rate conversion
• In most applications multirate systems are
used to improve the performance, or for
increased computational efficiency.
22. Sampling Rate Reduction by Integer
Factor D
H(n)
Downsampler
D
Digital anti-aliasing
filter
22
Sampling-rate
compressor
23. Sampling Rate Increase by
Integer Factor I
• Interpolation by a factor of L, where L is a
positive integer, can be realized as a two-step
process of upsampling followed by an anti-
imaging filtering.
L LPF
23
24. Sampling Rate Increase by Integer
Factor I
• An upsampling operation to a discrete-time
signal x(n) produces an upsampled signal
y(m) according to
24
25. 25
Applications of
Multirate DSP
• Multirate systems are used in a CD player when the
music signal is converted from digital into analog
(DAC).
27. Applications of
Multirate DSP
The effect of oversampling also has someother
desirable features:
Firstly, it causes the image frequencies to be much
higher and therefore easier to filter out.
Secondly reducing the noise power spectral
density, by spreading the noise power over a
larger bandwidth.
27