The document describes 8 rules for reducing block diagrams:
1) Gains of blocks in cascade are multiplied. Gains of blocks in parallel are added.
2) Feedback loops can be eliminated by expressing the output in terms of the input and the loop gain.
3) Summing points can be rearranged or split using associative laws. Summing points can also be shifted before or after blocks.
Examples show applying the rules to reduce complex block diagrams into simplified expressions relating the output to the input.
This presnetation gives complete idea about block diagram representation and reduction techniques to find transfer function. Also gives complete idea about Signal flow graph method to find transfer function.
This Presentation explains about the introduction of Frequency Response Analysis. This video clearly shows advantages and disadvantages of Frequency Response Analysis and also explains frequency domain specifications and derivations of Resonant Peak, Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth.
This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
It gives how states are representing in various canonical forms and how it it is different from transfer function approach. and finally test the system controllability and observability by kalman's test
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
This presnetation gives complete idea about block diagram representation and reduction techniques to find transfer function. Also gives complete idea about Signal flow graph method to find transfer function.
This Presentation explains about the introduction of Frequency Response Analysis. This video clearly shows advantages and disadvantages of Frequency Response Analysis and also explains frequency domain specifications and derivations of Resonant Peak, Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth.
This presentation explains about the introduction of Polar Plot, advantages and disadvantages of polar plot and also steps to draw polar plot. and also explains about how to draw polar plot with an examples. It also explains how to draw polar plot with numerous examples and stability analysis by using polar plot.
It gives how states are representing in various canonical forms and how it it is different from transfer function approach. and finally test the system controllability and observability by kalman's test
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
Special Products and Factoring , Rational Algebraic Expressions Concept MapRocyl Anne Javagat
These concept maps consist of the major topics in Math 8 First Quarter (Special Products, Factoring, Rational Algebraic Expressions (simplifying, adding, subtracting (same and unlike denominators), multiplying, dividing.)))
Signals and systems analysis using transform methods and matlab 3rd edition r...Adelaide789
Download at: https://goo.gl/Xfpsa2
Signals and Systems
J. Roberts
M J Roberts 2003 Solutions Manual
Analysis Using Transform
Analysis Using Transform Methods & MATLAB
Signals and Systems Analysis Using Transform
Signals and Systems 2nd Edition Solutions Manual
Solutions Manual
Why Fourier Transform
General Properties & Symmetry relations
Formula and steps
magnitude and phase spectra
Convergence Condition
mean-square convergence
Gibbs phenomenon
Direct Delta
Energy Density Spectrum
. Types of Modulation(Analog)
Phase-Frequency Relationships
FM and PM basics
Frequency deviation
MODULATION INDEX
Classification of FM
Narrow Band FM (NBFM)
generating a narrowband FM signal.
Wide Band FM (WBFM).
Carson’s Rule
Generation of WBFM
Average Power
FM BANDWIDTH
Comparing Frequency Modulation to Phase Modulation
ROOT-LOCUS METHOD, Determine the root loci on the real axis /the asymptotes o...Waqas Afzal
Angle and Magnitude Conditions
Example of Root Locus
Steps
constructing a root-locus plot is to locate the open-loop poles and zeros in s-plane.
Determine the root loci on the real axis
Determine the asymptotes of the root loci
Determine the breakaway point.
Closed loop stability via root locus
time domain analysis, Rise Time, Delay time, Damping Ratio, Overshoot, Settli...Waqas Afzal
Time Response- Transient, Steady State
Standard Test Signals- U(t), S(t), R(t)
Analysis of First order system - for Step input
Analysis of second order system -for Step input
Time Response Specifications- Rise Time, Delay time, Damping Ratio, Overshoot, Settling Time
Calculations
state space representation,State Space Model Controllability and Observabilit...Waqas Afzal
State Variables of a Dynamical System
State Variable Equation
Why State space approach
Block Diagram Representation Of State Space Model
Controllability and Observability
Derive Transfer Function from State Space Equation
Time Response and State Transition Matrix
Eigen Value
introduction to modeling, Types of Models, Classification of mathematical mod...Waqas Afzal
Types of Systems
Ways to study system
Model
Types of Models
Why Mathematical Model
Classification of mathematical models
Black box, white box, Gray box
Lumped systems
Dynamic Systems
Simulation
laplace transform and inverse laplace, properties, Inverse Laplace Calculatio...Waqas Afzal
Laplace Transform
-Proof of common function
-properties
-Initial Value and Final Value Problems
Inverse Laplace Calculations
-by identification
-Partial fraction
Solution of Ordinary differential using Laplace and inverse Laplace
Transfer Function, Concepts of stability(critical, Absolute & Relative) Poles...Waqas Afzal
Transfer Function
The Order of Control Systems
Concepts of stability(critical, Absolute & Relative)
Poles, Zeros
Stability calculation
BIBO stability
Transient Response Characteristics
Signal Flow Graph, SFG and Mason Gain Formula, Example solved with Masson Gai...Waqas Afzal
Basic Properties of SFG
Definitions of SFG Terms
SFG Algebra
Relation between SFG and block diagram
Mason Gain Formula
Example solved with Masson Gain Formula
automatic control, Basic Definitions, Classification of Control systems, Requ...Waqas Afzal
Why automatic controls is required
2. Process Variables
controlled variable, manipulated variable
3. Functions of Automatic Control
Measurement
Comparison
Computation
Correction
4.Basic Definitions
System, Plant, Process, Controller, input, output, disturbance
5. Classification of Control systems
Natural, Manmade & Automatic control system
Open-Loop, Close-Loop control System
Linear Vs Nonlinear System
Time invariant vs Time variant
Continuous Data Vs Discrete Data System
Deterministic vs Stochastic System
6. Requirements of an ideal Control system
Accuracy, Sensitivity, noise, Bandwidth, Speed, Oscillations
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
1. Rule 1: For blocks in cascade
Gain of blocks connected in cascade gets
multiplied with each other.
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
G1
R(s) R1(s) G2 C(s) G1G2
R(s) C(s)
.. .. 1
2. Rule 2: For blocks in Parallel
Gain of blocks connected in parallel gets added
algebraically.
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
C(s)= (G1-G2+G3) R(s)
G1-G2+G3
R(s) C(s)
G1
G2
R(s) C(s)
G3
R1(s)
R3(s)
+
+
R2(s) -
C(s)= R1(s)-R2(s)+R3(s)
= G1R(s)-G2R(s)+G3R(s)
C(s)=(G1-G2+G3) R(s)
.. .. 2
3. Rule 3: Eliminate Feedback Loop
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
C(s)
G
H
R(s)
+
+
- R(s) C(s)
G
1 G H
B(s)
E(s)
C(s)
R(s) 1 GH
G
In General
.. .. 3
4. Rule 4: Associative Law for Summing Points
The order of summing points can be changed if two or more
summing points are in series
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
C(s)
B2
R(s) + X +
-
C(s)
B1
R(s) + X +
-
.. .. 4
5. Rule 5: Shift summing point before block
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
R(s) C(s)
X
+
G
C(s)=R(s)G+X
C(s)=G{R(s)+X/G}
=GR(s)+X
+
C(s)
R(s) +
G
1/G
X
+
.. .. 5
6. Rule 6: Shift summing point after block
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
C(s)
R(s) +
G
X
+
R(s) C(s)
X
+
G
G
+
.. .. 6
7. Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
Rule 7: Shift a take off point before block
R(s) C(s)
G
X
R(s) C(s)
X
G
G
.. .. 7
8. Rule 8: Shift a take off point after block
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
R(s) C(s)
X
G R(s) C(s)
G
X
1/G
.. 116
9. Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
First Choice
First Preference: Rule 1 (For series)
Second Preference: Rule 2 (For parallel)
Third Preference: Rule 3 (For FB loop)
.. .. 9
10. Block Diagram Reduction Techniques
Second Choice
(Equal Preference)
Rule 4 Adjusting summing order
Rule 5/6 Shifting summing point before/after block
Rule7/8 Shifting take off point before/after block
.. .. 10
24. C(s)
-
Apply Rule 1 Bocks in series
G2
1 G2H 2
2
R(s) + G1
1 G1H1
Example 4 cont….
.. .. 24
25. C(s)
-
2
R(s) +
Now which Rule will be applied
-------It is blocks in parallel
-------It is feed back loop
OR
G1G2
1 G1H1 G2H 2 G1G2H1H 2
Example 4 cont….
.. .. 25
26. C(s)
-
2
R(s) +
Let us rearrange the block diagram to understand
Apply Rule 3 Elimination of feed back loop
G1G2
1 G1H1 G2H 2 G1G2H1H 2
Example 4 cont….
.. .. 26
29. Note 1: According to Rule 4
By corollary, one can split a summing point to
two summing point and sum in any order
G
H
+
-
R(s)+ C(s)
B
G
H
+
-
R(s) C(s)
+ +
B
.. .. 29
30. G1
H1
C(s)
R(s) + +
-
G2 G3
H2
H3
-
Simplify, by splitting second
summing point as
said in note 1
Example 5
-
.. .. 30