Practical importance of the Room and pillars method; Different applications of the R & P method; R & P in hard rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard rock; R & P equipment in hard-rock; R & P in soft rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft rock; Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications; R & P classic;Step mining; Post-pillar mining; Configuring the R & P method in coal; Main design parameters of R & P in coal; dimensions of the galleries; dimensions of the pillars; Mining with or without recovery of pillars; number of front panel; Advantages and Disadvantages; Screws Ceiling; Design of pillars in coal mine
Considerations on the sublevel stoping method; Conditions for application of the deposit; Characteristic of Sublevel Stoping Method; Application; Development; Sublevel overhand; Sublevel underhand; Slot; Configuration of stopes; Drawpoints
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
Considerations on the sublevel stoping method; Conditions for application of the deposit; Characteristic of Sublevel Stoping Method; Application; Development; Sublevel overhand; Sublevel underhand; Slot; Configuration of stopes; Drawpoints
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
Introduction; Application of Cut-and-Fill (C & F) stoping; The activity cycle of the (C & F) method; Stages of the production cycle of the C & F method; Sequences of extracting ore bodies; Filling in C & F Method; About filling of stopes; Functions of filler; Types of fillers; Advantages and disadvantages of the C & F method
rock excavation, different open cast or open pit excavation machinery, application, limitations, highwall miner, bucket wheel excavatorr, bucket chain excavator, shovels
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
Introduction; Application of Cut-and-Fill (C & F) stoping; The activity cycle of the (C & F) method; Stages of the production cycle of the C & F method; Sequences of extracting ore bodies; Filling in C & F Method; About filling of stopes; Functions of filler; Types of fillers; Advantages and disadvantages of the C & F method
rock excavation, different open cast or open pit excavation machinery, application, limitations, highwall miner, bucket wheel excavatorr, bucket chain excavator, shovels
Its a presentation about the design aspect of open cast mine. The author believes it will surely help the mining engineering students at the beginning level.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
Underground mining methods + swot analysis of maddhapara graniteShahadat Saimon
This document will provide information on two important topics of Mining.
One is the different methods used in underground mining along with underground mine anatomy and other is the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis of Maddhapara Granite, Parbatipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Room and Pillar Mining Method
1. Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
2014- 2015
This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as
handouts to students, and is provided in Power point format so as to
allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors.
Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage.
Please see hharraz2006@yahoo.com for contact details.
Topic 3: Underground Mining Methods
Room and Pillar method
2. Outline of Topic 3:
Practical importance of the Room and pillars method
Different applications of the R & P method
R & P in hard rocks:
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard rock
R & P equipment in hard-rock
R & P in soft rocks:
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft rock:
Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications
R & P classic
Step mining
Post-pillar mining
Configuring the R & P method in coal
Main design parameters of R & P in coal:
a) dimensions of the galleries
b) dimensions of the pillars
c) Mining with or without recovery of pillars
d) number of front panel
Advantages and Disadvantages
Appendix A: Screws Ceiling
Appendix B: Design of pillars in coal mine
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 2
We will explore all of the above in Topic 3.
3. Room and Pillar method:
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 3
Room and Pillar (R & P): means a method in which a set of rooms is developed,
leaving pillars rock, usually of uniform size to support the roof. The pillars may
or may not be removed after the removal of the ore.
4. Characteristic of R & P
It is the most common supported pillar method, designed and used primarily for mining
flat-lying seams, or tabular orebodies, or gently dipping bedded ore deposits of limited
thickness (like coal, oil shale, limestone, phosphate, salt, trona, potash, and bedded
uranium ores,).
Room and pillar methods are well adapted to mechanization and are preferred to apply
for sedimentary deposits (such as shales, limestone, dolomite or sandstone) containing
copper, lead, coal seams, phosphate layers, and evaporate (salt and potash) layers.
Pillars are left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms are mined out.
Support of the roof is provided by natural pillars of the mineral that are left standing in a
systematic pattern.
The mining cavity is supported (kept open) by the strength of remnants (pillars) of the
orebody that are left un-mined.
Room-and-pillar mining method has a low recovery rate (a large percentage of ore
remains in place underground).
In many room and pillar mines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from
the stope access, allowing the roof to collapse and fill in the stope. This allows for greater
recovery as less ore is left behind in pillars.
It is an advantageous mining method for shallow orebodies –as a means of preventing
surface subsidence. Historic, ultra-shallow underground coal mines (<30 m) nevertheless
are characterized by surface subsidence in the areas between pillars (e.g., Witbank coal
field, South Africa).
Pillars are sometimes mined on retreat from a working area, inducing closure and caving
of these working panels, and raising the risk of surface subsidence.
5. Figure from Hartman and Mutmansky, 2002.Note the control of ventilation, i.e., the
separation of contaminated (used) and
uncontaminated (fresh) air using a variety
of devices.
Room (Bord)-and-Pillar Layout
Figure shows Room and Pillar Mining
6. Underground mining: room-and-pillar mining of thick seams –“Benching”
Different approaches allow either the top or
bottom part of the seam to be mined out first.
Note: the “hangingwall” is
above the mining cavity, and
the “footwall” is below it.
Figure shows Room and Pillar is designed for mining
flat, bedded deposits of limited thickness.
Figures from Hartman and Mutmansky, 2002.
Front benching
Vertical
benching
Benching of
thicker parts of
orebody
7. Practical importance of the Room and pillars method:
Method widely used in coal mines and non-
carbon worldwide.
In the 70s in the USA, over 50% of production
(underground) coal came from this method.
Currently, most of the production is still done by R
& P.
It is the mining method used in underground coal
mining in southern Brazil.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 7
8. Different applications of the R & P method:
In hard rock: for example, limestone,
dolomite, metals (lead, zinc, copper, gold,
etc.)
In friable rock (soft rock): (eg coal, potash,
salt).
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 8
9. R & P in Hard Rocks
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard
rock:
ore resistance: moderate to high;
resistance of the host rocks: moderate to high;
Form: tabular lenticular (variable);
diving: generally <30° to the horizontal;
ore grade: low to moderate;
uniformity: variable;
Depth of deposit: shallow to moderate.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 9
10. Recoveries of extraction (% typical extraction) in the R
& P are variable depending on the type of ore, as shown
in the table below.
From: Underground Min. Methods: Eng. Fundamentals and International Case Studies, 2001,
W.A.Hustrulid & R.Bullock.
Compare coal and non-coal in USA!
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 10
11. Recoveries of extraction (% typical extraction) in
situations of hard rock :
can be as high as 85% and are generally obtained in mining
in advance;
recoveries pillars are rare because pillars are small and
removal is at risk;
sometimes the pillars are irregular and systematic removal is
impossible.
R & P equipment in hard-rock:
diesel in general (FEL-front end loaders, LHD's, jumbos, trucks); all
mobile equipment (on tires) due to significant horizontal extension of
the ore bodies.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 11
12. Configuration of R & P in hard rock ...
(Mina Nova - AngloGold-GO/BRA, ouro)
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 12
13. R & P in Soft Rocks
Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft
rock:
resistance of the ore: mild to moderate;
resistance of the host rocks: moderate to high;
forms: tabular (in layers), large lateral extent;
diving: generally horizontal or <15o with the horizontal;
good uniformity of grades and thicknesses of ore;
depth of deposit: on carbon, preferably less than 600
meters.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 13
14. Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications :
this method withdraws ore rooms (stopes) that remain open
during mining; pillars are left to support the roof;
the ceiling should remain intact (roof bolts are commonly
installed to reinforce the strata);
the rooms and the pillars are generally arranged in regular
patterns; pillars can present cross section circular, square or
rectangular;
to obtain maximum recovery of ore, the pillars are made with the
smallest possible dimensions.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 14
15. Characteristics ... (cont):
- Geological variations originate from different
variations of the method :
R & P classic
Applies to horizontal ore deposits, with mineable strata
ranging from moderate to very thick. The stopes, the
floor plan is maintained, allowing the transit of
vehicles on tires. Ore bodies are mined large vertical
dimension in horizontal slices, starting at the top and
ending with the floor dismount on countertops.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 15
16. R & P classical (complete mechanization):
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 16
17. R & P classical (partial mechanization):
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method
17
18. Characteristics ... (cont):
Step mining
It is an adaptation
for the case where the
dip of the ore body is
too big (15o to 30o) to
use equipment on tires
at the same time that its
thickness is relatively
small (2 - 5 m). A special
orientation of transit and
stopes galleries creates
areas with horizontal
floor, allowing the use of
equipment on tires. The
mining progresses from
top to bottom in mining
panels.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 18
19. Characteristics ... (cont):
Post-pillar mining
Applies to inclined deposits
with dip between 20o and 55o.
Have large vertical dimension,
and filling the mined space
suffers (backfilling). The filler
maintains the stable rock
(minimizes columns) and
serves as a working platform
for the next slice.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 19
20. Configuring the R & P method in coal :
regularly spaced openings formed orthogonal
arrangement of square or rectangular pillars;
Development (axle) and exploitation (panel) galleries
usually have very similar characteristics; several
parallel galleries and connected by dashes;
is a method for mining large-scale, with the various
panels can be conducted simultaneously;
the basic unit of mining is the panel that defines the
area to be worked and ventilated.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 20
21. Configuration ... (cont.)
Main axis
Mining panel
Galleries return air
contaminated
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method
21
22. Overview of Coal mine
employing R & P
(Mine Fontanella,
Treviso-SC)
Inclined plane and
main access
Ventilation shaft
(exhaust)
Mining panel (project)
Axis development
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 22
23. Main design parameters of R & P in coal :
a) dimensions of the galleries
b) dimensions of the pillars
c) Mining with or without recovery of pillars
d) number of front panel
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 23
24. a) dimensions of the galleries:
widths of 5 to 6m are currently quite common;
height is limited by the thickness of mineable coal (in SC
deposits, the section is rectangular with heights ranging
from 2.0m to 3.5m approx.);
condition shoring ceiling;
interfere in operational and safety aspects;
dimensions are used to calculate the recovery of mining.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 24
25. Shoring ceiling:
Currently, for the Boards and Pillars method to succeed, the deposits
must have a particular geological condition of the roof. The overlying
layer extracts the coal must be self-sustaining condition or be likely
anchor (there are several types of anchoring screws ceiling, with
different principles of operation - see Appendix A).
Due to costs, shoring bows with metal or wood are used only in
restricted areas of the mine.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 25
26. b) dimensions of the pillar:
influence on operational aspects (eg transport
distances) and safety (risk of collapse of pillars);
influence the recovery of mining;
Types of pillars:
square and rectangular pillars
chain pillars (internal pillars of the mining panel)
barrier pillars (the pillars of safety)
Further reading on the pillars R & P: Underground Min. Methods: Eng.
Fundamentals and International Case Studies, 2001, W.A.Hustrulid &
R.Bullock; cap. 59.1 a 59.3.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 26
27. Recovery of extraction:
portion of reserves mined in relation to the total
reserves.
Comparative Example Retrieval. the panel:
Panel with 14m square pillar aside and gallery 6m
wide ...
Panel with 11m square pillar aside and gallery 6m
wide
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 27
28. 1) area of pillar Ap = 142
total area At = 202
Sum. = (1- Ap/At) x 100% = 51%
2) Ap = 112
At = 172
Sum. =
(1- Ap/At) x 100% = 58%
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 28
29. 0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0 5 10 15 20 25
largura dos pilares quadrados (m);
(para galerias de 6m de largura)
recuperação
Comparative recoveries of mining panel
with square pillars and galleries 6m wide :
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 29
30. C) Mining with or without recovery of pillars:
most common ways of mining ...
in advance and without recovery of pillars (as is
done in Brazil);
with recovery of pillars in reverse (made in several
countries, eg USA).
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 30
35. Mining with pillar recovery :
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 35
36. d) number of fronts for efficient operation of
equipment in the panel:
The advancement of the panel is done through
several parallel galleries (5 galleries or more,
depending on the mine) connected by dashes. It
takes more fronts in conventional mode (drill-
blast-load-haul) and less fronts with continuous
miner. The use of continuous miner least affects
the roof and pillars and produces thin material.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 36
37. Information necessary (essential) for planning of
a coal mine:
Map layer thickness;
depth map layer;
quality maps ...
ash content, could
heating value, sulfur, volatile;
geomechanical data from ore, floor and ceiling;
structural map (faults, dykes, ...)
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 37
38. Advantages of the method R&P:
Moderate to high productivity (m3 / man-hour)
Moderate cost of mining (relative cost = 0.3)
Moderate to high production rate
High degree of flexibility (allows variable thickness in the ore); method easily
modifiable; may operate simultaneously on multiple levels
Allows high degree of mechanization
Selective method, lets leave waste material on site.
Does not require much anticipated development.
It can be operated on multiple fronts.
Reasonable recovery without extraction of pillars (50-65% on carbon), low
dilution (10-20%).
Comparing with Longwall: LW is Pratic. inflexible, requires greater investment,
there is subsidence on the surface, has high yields (must be a market for the
product!), LW global recoveries are possibly lower than R & P with pillar
recovery.
In direct comparison with Longwall: LW is Pratic. inflexible, requires greater
investment, there is subsidence on the surface, has high yields (must be a
market for the product!), LW global recoveries are often lower than R & P withProf. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 38
39. Disadvantages:
Requires ongoing maintenance of the roof and
eventually the pillars. The tension in the open
spaces increases with depth.
Significant capital investment for extensive
mechanization.
Loss of ore in pillars.
In the case of R & P in hard rock, it may be
difficult to achieve good ventilation to dilute
contaminants in due to low air velocity panel in
large open spaces.
Requires good technical and engineering support.Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 39
40. Equipment used in the mining Room and
Pillar method for coal
Conventional mechanized sets;
Mechanized sets with LHD's;
Continuous miners ;
Drag chutes + Bob-cat loaders.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 40
42. Example conj. conventional mechanized used in the coal
Metropolitana SA (SC-BRA)
1 2
3
4 5
9
6 8
7ARLIMPO
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 42
48. Considerations for R & P applicability of the
method on coal
characteristics layers
for continuous miners and conventional drill & blast equipment - layers between 1 and
4m;
structural characteristics have great influence on the success of the method;
Structural characteristics ...
presence of faults and dikes
can derail the sequence mining panel (for sufficiently large vertical
displacements in the coal layer);
can cause change in the pattern of advancement and equipment from the mine;
require special care in shoring ceiling (ceiling reinforcement, screens, ...)
dipping mineralized layer
if severe can derail transportation on tires that work well with shuttle-car up to
14 or 15% (in hard rock the slopes used +/- go up 20%, with LHD's);
equip. crawler to work +/- 25%;
Thickness of overburden:
Vertical pressure resistance and limited exploration of sedimentary rocks coal
no more than 1200m overburden;
in USA, Chambers and-pillars are commonly used overburden of up to 600m
and 600m and 800m between longwall;
in southern Brazil, overburden to coal mines in activity is generally less than
300m.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 48
49. Features floor and ceiling ...
R & P accepts ceiling varied conditions due to the
different alternatives shoring. The reduction of the
spans can rid the roof of disrepair, but results in
loss of recovery.
Longwall requires shales / siltstones (rocks with
low resistance as an immediate ceiling) in the first
10 or 20m ceiling.
soft weak / floor brings trouble pillars and
prevents good productivity of equipment on tires;
Longwall is more problematic in soft ground that
the R & P. Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 49
50. Appendix A: Screws Ceiling
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 50
51. Screws Ceiling
This technique shoring is the introduction of a metal rod in
a hole, commiserating with her massive for anchoring,
sealing (resin or cement) or friction.
Advantages of this type of shoring:
low cost
can be mechanized and installation is relatively easy
allows more useful section to the gallery
can be combined with other methods of propping
strut openings allows great height.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 51
52. The main differences with other types of bracing
the confinement force (F) exerted by the screw implies the
existence of an equivalent reaction (R) more or less split in
mass. In other props, the reaction is the opposite surface.
Action and reaction on the mass
of different types of shoring
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 52
53. Types of screws:
1) point anchoring
2) divided anchoring
3) screws to friction
Screws to chill expansion
1) Screws to anchor point
Consists in placing in the hole a stem
anchored in the bottom of the hole by
a permanent mold or expanding an
expanding wedge. The stems are
usually employed ductile steel or high-
strength steels.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 53
54. Mooring system (the screw with jockstrap)
It consists of
a cone expansion sympathetic to the rod
which extends the jockstrap (similar to the bushing bolt system)
under the action of the expansion cone pressing her against the wall
of the hole.
System Operation cone-chill
When exerting a traction on the stem to establishing a balance between a
double cone-chill and permanent mold-wall hole.
Equilibrium of a system expansion
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 54
55. 2) Screws anchoring distributed:
The system consists of a stem integrally to the ground by means of a
chemical such as resin or cement. A plate, which in this case is not
essential to the operation of the bolt is used.
This type of shoring screw allows for confinement (the goal is to fight or
shear crack width). The screw, the anchor point acts as bearing shoring.
The rods used are of three types (see figure below).
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 55
56. The resin
Product compound (resin +
hardener).
It is a high strength material :
Rc = 120 a 140 Mpa;
t = 30 Mpa.
Placement Scheme
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 56
57. cement
The most commonly used products are:
pure cement + water
crushed concrete mix water in the proportions (by weight): 42%, 42%,
16%.
products sold by manufacturers screw
In a sealed rod length L in a hole
of diameter D, exerting an effort to
pull the F axis of the rod, there
may be:
a rupture of the sealer
slipping the rod.
Placement scheme
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 57
58. 3) The screws friction (friction)
Split – set:
It comprises a slotted tube along the
generatrix.
The screw is inserted 36 mm in diameter
by a hammer drill.
The standard model has the following
characteristics:
• thickness of tube: 2.3 mm
• outer diameter: 38 to 39 mm
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 58
59. Swellex:
It is manufactured by Atlas-Copco.
It consists of a bent tube that injection of
water, deforms and occupies the hole.
Reaches up to 3.6m in length and can be
coupled with other pipes.
advantages:
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 59
60. Appendix B: Design of pillars in coal mine
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 60
61. Dimensioning of pillars in coal mine by the tributary
area method:
It is the simplest method of sizing and with some
adaptations, serves to coal (horizontal tabular
bodies) and for other geometrically regular
deposits (eg .: metalliferous stratiform and
lenticular bodies) both. In this method, only the
state of axial stress on the pillars is taken into
account.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 61
62. Steps to scaling in coal pillars:
a) Determine σc (uniaxial compressive strength) of the rock that makes
up the pillars, obtained from drill cores, referring to the diameter D
of the testimonies (D in inches).
1 psi = 6,895 x 103 N/m2
b) determining k = σc D½ , where k is a constant that relates the uniaxial
compressive strength of the samples with small σ1, the uniaxial
compressive strength of rock volumes comparable to the in-situ.
pillars dimensions.
The parameters σ1 is given by:
applicable when the thickness h of the mined
layer is > 36 inches (0.9m);
applicable when the thickness h of the mined
layer is <36 inches.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 62
63. c) Determine the equation of σp column strength of mine.
There are several different equations obtained from different studies.
Among the most used (w = width of the pillar, h = thickness of the
pillar):
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 63
64. Note: if the pillar is not square, we make w = we in the
formula for σp, where we = 4 Ap / C.
Ap = area of post (perpendicular to the vertical axis) that undergoes axial
loading due to H coverage;
C = outer perimeter of the pillar.
(Ref .: Brady & Brown, chap.13.)
d) Set the width of the gallery B.
e) Sp to determine the load on the pillar for a layer thickness H in the
storage area.
Sp = γ H [ (w+B)/w ] [ (L+B)/w ],
being γ = average specific weight of the cover;
L = length of the column.
f) Select the factor of safety F. Make σp / F = Sp and solve this equation
for w.
The range 1.5 ≤ F ≤ 2.0 is generally used, but each has the formula
recommendation to F to be used.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 64
65. g) Check the recovery mining, assuming that the total
thickness of the layer will be mined:
Rec = 1- [ w/(w+B) ] [ L/(L+B) ] .
h) If recovery is not acceptable and needs to be increased,
decreasing w and / or L to meet the goal. Check if the new
combination w and L is acceptable from the point of view
of stability ( F = σp / Sp ).
In Bieniawski formula, F = 1.5 is used for pillars of short duration (panels);
F = 2.0 for long term pillars (axes).
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 65
66. Example:
Check the following configuration of pillars of coal mine, in terms of
safety and recovery of mining...
H = 500ft (152m);
B = 18ft (5.5m);
w = 60ft (18.3m);
L = 80ft (24.4m);
h = 7ft (2.1m).
The value k is 5580, based on σc = 3822 psi obtained from tests on
cores diameter NX.
Using the formula for calculating the Bieniawski pillar strength.
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Room and Pillar method 66