Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Boring for exploration; various types of exploratory drills and their applicability Auger, Cable-tool, Odex, Core Drills; Core recovery: single and double tube core barrels, wire line core barrel; Storage of cores; Interpretation of borehole data
Practical importance of the Room and pillars method; Different applications of the R & P method; R & P in hard rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard rock; R & P equipment in hard-rock; R & P in soft rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft rock; Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications; R & P classic;Step mining; Post-pillar mining; Configuring the R & P method in coal; Main design parameters of R & P in coal; dimensions of the galleries; dimensions of the pillars; Mining with or without recovery of pillars; number of front panel; Advantages and Disadvantages; Screws Ceiling; Design of pillars in coal mine
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
Boring for exploration; various types of exploratory drills and their applicability Auger, Cable-tool, Odex, Core Drills; Core recovery: single and double tube core barrels, wire line core barrel; Storage of cores; Interpretation of borehole data
Practical importance of the Room and pillars method; Different applications of the R & P method; R & P in hard rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in hard rock; R & P equipment in hard-rock; R & P in soft rocks; Conditions of deposit for application of R & P in soft rock; Characteristics of R & P method in non-coal applications; R & P classic;Step mining; Post-pillar mining; Configuring the R & P method in coal; Main design parameters of R & P in coal; dimensions of the galleries; dimensions of the pillars; Mining with or without recovery of pillars; number of front panel; Advantages and Disadvantages; Screws Ceiling; Design of pillars in coal mine
Every Step you need in planning to extend a working open cast mine to underground mine on reaching a pit bottom.
Step-wise procedure to be followed is clearly mentioned.
Justifies the Indian Laws.
Sublevel Stoping method is explained in detail.
Case study of a copper mine is presented for eg.
A short description of Highwall Mining and its performance and application. The details of the equipments and the mining procedure are mentioned. Hope it will help you guys!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Underground
Mining Methods
Coal Mining
Bord and Pillar
Longwall
Blasting galllery
Metal Mining
Unsupported
Mining
Room and Pillar
Stope and Pillar
Shrinkage
Sublevel
Supported
Mining
Cut and fill
Stull
Square set
Caving mining
Longwall
Sublevel caving
Block caving
4. Longwall mining method:
• Complete removal of the entire seam in one
operation .
• Leaving no pillars and allowing the roof to
cave behind the face.
• Provides continuous production and full
potential for automation.
5. 1. Drift for men and materials access
2. Shaft winder house
3. Bathhouse and administration building
4. Workshops
5. Coal preparation plant
6. Coal storage bins
7. Gas drainage system
8. Longwall face equipment
9. Coal seam
10. Continuous miner unit
11. Coal pillar
12. Underground coal bin
13. Main roadway or heading
14. Coal skips to carry coal to the surface
6. Types of longwall mining methods:
• Retreat longwall mining method
• Advance longwall mining method
Advance longwall mining method Retreat longwall mining method
Requires small outlay for development return Larger initial outlay with no intermediate
Mine produces coal in a relatively short time Extensive development opening must be
maintained during the life of the mine
Ventilation is less effective Ventilation is more effective
Maintenance of haulage and airways is difficult,
these opening pass through caved ground and
the packwalls supporting them often give
trouble from settlement.
Avoids cost of building and maintaining
packwalls .
7. Blasting gallery method:
• Induced caving by blasting during depillaring of panels
in underground mines
• BG method is a semi mechanized caving method,
which involves retreating along level galleries, while
extracting the maximum possible thickness of the seam
• BG method involves splitting along the level of
developed pillars in the bottom section into two
rectangular stooks and adequately supporting the
widened galleries by hydraulic props and roof bars at
least two pillars ahead of the pillar under extraction.
8. Advantages of blasting gallery method:
• Less capital intensive as compared to longwall
• Less skilled manpower needed compare to longwall
• Higher production (400-500 t/day/panel) and
productivity
• Extraction of hard coal not suitable for ploughs and
shearer
• Extraction of small size panels not suitable for longwall
method
• In case of BG failure, equipments can be used for
heading drivages
• The workers/operators are always under the supported
roof
10. Room-and-pillar/
Stope-and-pillar mining
• Maximum part of ore body is excavated.
• Sections of ore is left as pillars to support the
hanging wall.
• They can be circular, square or shaped as elongated
walls, separating the stopes.
• The ore remaining in the pillars can be extracted by
robbing.
11. Applications:
• Ore bodies with horizontal or flat dip, inclination not
exceeding 30⁰.
• Competent rock in the hanging wall and ore.
Types:
• Flat room-and-pillar mining
• Inclined room-and-pillar mining
• Step room-and-pillar mining
15. Shrinkage stoping mining method:
• The ore is excavated in horizontal slices, starting from
the bottom of the stope and advancing upwards.
• Part of the broken ore is left to support the stope
walls.
• Smaller ore bodies can be mined with a single stope.
• Larger ore bodies are divided into separate stopes.
• Pillars can be recovered upon completion of the
regular mining.
16. Applications:
Shrinkage stoping can be used in ore bodies with:-
• Steep dip; dip mist exceed the angle of repose
• Firm ore
• Comparatively stable hanging wall and footwall
• Regular ore boundaries
• Ore that is not affected by storage in the stope
(certain sulphide ores tend to oxidize and
decompose when exposed to the atmosphere).
17. Development:
The development for shrinkage stoping consists
of:-
• Haulage drift along the bottom of the stope
• Crosscuts into the ore underneath the stope
• Finger raises and cones from the crosscuts to the
undercuts
• An undercut or complete bottom slice of the
stope at a level of 5-10m above the haulage drift
• Raise from haulage level passing through the
undercut up to the main level above, to provide
access and ventilation to the stope.
19. Sublevel stoping mining method:
• The ore body is divided vertically by driving crosscuts
and haulage levels every 150 to 400ft (45 to 120m).
• A collection system is constructed, during which time
the stope block is all or partially undercut.
• Sublevels are driven through the proposed stope
block every 30 to 180ft (10 to 55m).
• Shrinkage stoping has also been used to form the
starting slot that may be developed at the end or
middle of the stope.
21. Cut and fill method:
• Ore is extracted in horizontal slices starting from the
bottom of a stope and advancing upwards.
• After excavating the ore the corresponding volume is
filled with waste material like waste rock etc.
• The filling material can be mixed with cement to
produce a harder surface.
• Cut and fill mining can be applied in steeply dipping
ore bodies with reasonably firm ore.
22. Development:
It consists of:
• Haulage drifts along the ore body at the main level.
• Short raises and manways to an undercut, 5-10m
above the haulage drift level.
• Undercut of the complete stope area.
24. Stull supporting system:
• Stull sets are applicable to Ore bodies that dip 70
degree Or more, have very weak walls, and are not
more than 20 ft in width.
• The stull sets prevent movement of the walls on the
mining floor until sand fill can be poured.
• The stull consists of two posts, a cap and two
squeeze headings.
• The caps are round timber, 12 to 24 inches in
Diameter, depending upon the span.
25. Square sets:
• This method is primarily used where the walls of the
stope are weak, or if the ore body is too wide for stull
timbering.
• The ore is excavated in blocks of approximately the
same size, ranging from 5 to5 by7 ft to 6 to6 by 8 ft.
• A square set is composed of a vertical post and the
horizontal members, cap and girt.
• The cap is laid in the direction of maximum lateral
pressure and is the main load bearing member.
27. Caving methods:
• Caving mining methods that are based on a
planned caving of rocks above and/or at times
surrounding the material being mined can be
classified in three broad categories:
• Sublevel Caving
• Block Caving
• Longwall mining method
28. Sublevel caving method:
• Sublevel caving is a mass mining method based upon
gravity flow of blasted ore and caved waste rock.
• Its major advantage is safety.
• There is relatively high dilution of ore by caved
waste.
• Some ore is lost in passive zones between those of
active flow.
30. Block caving method:
• Block caving is usually used to mine large ore bodies
that have consistent grade throughout.
• BLOCK CAVING is the lowest cost of all mining
methods.
• It is a mass mining method where the extraction and
breaking of ore depends largely on gravity.
32. • There are three major systems of recovering the
broken ore from the block cave:-
• THE GRIZZLY SYSTEM- it is a full gravity system
wherein ore from the draw points flows directly to
transfer raises after sizing at the grizzly.
• THE SLUSHER SYSTEM- it uses a slusher scraper for
the main production unit. It is used where rock
breaks into moderate-sized fragments.
• LHD SYSTEM –it is used where rock breaks into
relatively large fragments..
35. Factors which affects the selection
of mining method
• Spatial characteristics of the deposit:-
a. Size (especially height, thickness, and overall
dimensions)
b. Shape (tabular, lenticular, massive, or irregular)
c. Attitude (inclination or dip)
d. Depth (mean and extreme values, strpping
ratio)
e. Regularities of the ore boundaries
f. Existence of previous mining
36. • Geological and hydrologic conditions:-
a. Mineralogy and petrography (e.g., sulphides
vs. oxides in copper)
b. Chemical composition (primary and secondary
minerals)
c. Deposit structure (folds, faults,
discontinuities, intrusions)
d. Planes of weakness (joints, fractures, shear
zones, cleavage in minerals, cleat in coal)
e. Uniformity of grade
f. Alteration and weathered zones
g. Existence of strata gases
37. • Geotechnical (soil and rock mechanics) properties:-
a. Elastic properties (strength, modulus of
elasticity, poisson’s ratio etc.)
b. Plastic or viscoelastic behavior (flow, creep)
c. State of stress (premining, postmining)
d. Rock mass rating (overall ability of openings to
stand unsupported or with support)
e. Other physical properties affecting competence
(specific gravity, voids, porosity, permeability,
moisture content, etc.)
38. • Economic considerations:-
a. Reserves (tonnage and grade)
b. Production rate (output per unit time)
c. Mine life (total operating period for
development and exploitation)
d. Productivity (tons or tonnes/employee hour)
e. Comparative mining costs of suitable methods
f. Comparative capital costs of suitable methods
39. • Technological factors:-
a. Recovery (proportion of the ore that is
extracted)
b. Dilution (amount of waste that must be
produced with the ore)
c. Flexibility of the method to changing conditions
d. Selectivity of the method (ability to extract ore
and leave waste)
e. Concentration or dispersion of workings
f. Ability to mechanize and automate
g. Capital and labor intensities
40. • Environmental concerns:-
a. Ground control to maintain integrity of
openings
b. Subsidence, or caving effects at the surface
c. Atmospheric control (ventilation, air quality
control, heat and humidity control)
d. Availability of suitable waste disposal areas
e. Workforce (availability, training, living,
community conditions)
f. Comparative safety conditions of the suitable
mining methods
