This document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors. It describes several types of drive systems including hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric drives. Hydraulic drives are suitable for heavy loads but require more maintenance. Pneumatic drives are cheaper but generate more noise and vibration. Electric drives offer cleaner operation but require larger motors. Within electric drives, the document discusses stepper motors, servo motors, and their operating principles. It also covers various types of actuators and their applications in robotics. Grippers are discussed as a type of robot end effector.
The document discusses various types of sensors and machine vision systems. It describes position sensors including piezoelectric sensors, LVDTs, optical encoders, and resolvers. It also covers range sensors, touch sensors, cameras, and image processing techniques. The key applications mentioned are inspection, identification, visual serving, and navigation.
This document discusses different types of industrial robots classified by their arm configuration, power source, and path control. It describes Cartesian robots which move along three orthogonal axes and have a rectangular working envelope. Cylindrical robots use a vertical column that can rotate and slide up/down, giving them a cylindrical working volume. Both robot types have advantages like payload capacity and work area, as well as disadvantages like limited movement directions and lower accuracy for cylindrical robots. Common applications include pick and place, assembly, welding, and machine loading/unloading.
Requirements of a sensor, Principles and Applications of the following types of sensors- Position sensors - Piezo Electric Sensor, LVDT, Resolvers, Optical Encoders, pneumatic Position Sensors, Range Sensors Triangulations Principles, Structured, Lighting Approach, Time of Flight, Range Finders, Laser Range Meters, Touch Sensors ,binary Sensors., Analog Sensors, Wrist Sensors, Compliance Sensors, Slip Sensors, Camera, Frame Grabber, Sensing and Digitizing Image Data- Signal Conversion, Image Storage, Lighting Techniques, Image Processing and Analysis-Data Reduction, Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Object Recognition, Other Algorithms, Applications- Inspection, Identification, Visual Serving and Navigation.
The document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors. It describes hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric drive systems. Hydraulic drives use pressurized fluid and are suitable for heavy loads, while pneumatic drives use compressed air. Electric drives include AC servo motors, DC servo motors, and stepper motors. End effectors for grasping objects include grippers that are mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, or vacuum-based. The document also provides details on actuators, motors, advantages and disadvantages of different drive types.
This document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors. It describes several types of drive systems including hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric drives. Hydraulic drives are suitable for heavy loads but require more maintenance. Pneumatic drives are cheaper but generate more noise and vibration. Electric drives offer cleaner operation but require larger motors. Within electric drives, the document discusses stepper motors, servo motors, and their operating principles. It also covers various types of actuators and their applications in robotics. End effectors such as grippers are also briefly introduced.
Robotics and Autoamtion_ manipulators, actuators and end effectorsJAIGANESH SEKAR
Construction of manipulators – manipulator dynamics and force control – electronic and pneumatic manipulator control circuits – end effectors – U various types of grippers – design considerations.
Total Quality Management (TQM) aims to meet customer requirements the first time through continuous improvement involving all employees. Its principles include customer focus, teamwork across all functions, and management commitment. Benefits are improved quality, productivity, profitability and customer satisfaction. Barriers to implementing TQM include lack of management commitment, inability to change culture, and failure to continually improve or empower employees.
The document discusses various types of sensors and machine vision systems. It describes position sensors including piezoelectric sensors, LVDTs, optical encoders, and resolvers. It also covers range sensors, touch sensors, cameras, and image processing techniques. The key applications mentioned are inspection, identification, visual serving, and navigation.
This document discusses different types of industrial robots classified by their arm configuration, power source, and path control. It describes Cartesian robots which move along three orthogonal axes and have a rectangular working envelope. Cylindrical robots use a vertical column that can rotate and slide up/down, giving them a cylindrical working volume. Both robot types have advantages like payload capacity and work area, as well as disadvantages like limited movement directions and lower accuracy for cylindrical robots. Common applications include pick and place, assembly, welding, and machine loading/unloading.
Requirements of a sensor, Principles and Applications of the following types of sensors- Position sensors - Piezo Electric Sensor, LVDT, Resolvers, Optical Encoders, pneumatic Position Sensors, Range Sensors Triangulations Principles, Structured, Lighting Approach, Time of Flight, Range Finders, Laser Range Meters, Touch Sensors ,binary Sensors., Analog Sensors, Wrist Sensors, Compliance Sensors, Slip Sensors, Camera, Frame Grabber, Sensing and Digitizing Image Data- Signal Conversion, Image Storage, Lighting Techniques, Image Processing and Analysis-Data Reduction, Segmentation, Feature Extraction, Object Recognition, Other Algorithms, Applications- Inspection, Identification, Visual Serving and Navigation.
The document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors. It describes hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric drive systems. Hydraulic drives use pressurized fluid and are suitable for heavy loads, while pneumatic drives use compressed air. Electric drives include AC servo motors, DC servo motors, and stepper motors. End effectors for grasping objects include grippers that are mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic, or vacuum-based. The document also provides details on actuators, motors, advantages and disadvantages of different drive types.
This document discusses various robot drive systems and end effectors. It describes several types of drive systems including hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric drives. Hydraulic drives are suitable for heavy loads but require more maintenance. Pneumatic drives are cheaper but generate more noise and vibration. Electric drives offer cleaner operation but require larger motors. Within electric drives, the document discusses stepper motors, servo motors, and their operating principles. It also covers various types of actuators and their applications in robotics. End effectors such as grippers are also briefly introduced.
Robotics and Autoamtion_ manipulators, actuators and end effectorsJAIGANESH SEKAR
Construction of manipulators – manipulator dynamics and force control – electronic and pneumatic manipulator control circuits – end effectors – U various types of grippers – design considerations.
Total Quality Management (TQM) aims to meet customer requirements the first time through continuous improvement involving all employees. Its principles include customer focus, teamwork across all functions, and management commitment. Benefits are improved quality, productivity, profitability and customer satisfaction. Barriers to implementing TQM include lack of management commitment, inability to change culture, and failure to continually improve or empower employees.
The document discusses different types of end effectors used in robotics, specifically focusing on grippers. It describes two main types of end effectors - grippers and tools. Grippers are used for holding parts and objects, and come in several varieties, including mechanical grippers, hooks/scoops, magnetic grippers, vacuum grippers, expandable bladder grippers, and adhesive grippers. Each type is suited to different applications and has unique advantages and limitations. The document provides details on the design and use of each gripper type.
This document discusses machine vision and various components of machine vision systems. It describes different types of sensors used in machine vision like cameras, frame grabbers, and describes the process of sensing and digitizing image data through analog to digital conversion, image storage, and lighting techniques. It also discusses image processing and analysis techniques like segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition. Finally, it provides examples of applications of machine vision systems in inspection, identification, and navigation.
Slide show demonstrating pick and place robot and its parts.
Also effects are implanted in the slide.
It can be helpful for students for academic projects.
The document discusses different types of actuators. Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion. Common types include hydraulic actuators, which use fluid power to produce linear or rotational movement, pneumatic actuators, which use compressed air, and electric actuators like solenoids, motors, and piezoelectric actuators. Actuators are selected based on factors such as the required force, speed, precision, and environment. Actuators play an important role in converting control signals into physical motion in machines and devices.
The document discusses different types of robot end effectors and grippers. It describes various gripper mechanisms including mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, vacuum, magnetic, and adhesive grippers. It also covers classifications of grippers based on the method of holding parts, incorporated tools, and functionality. Key factors for gripper design and selection are highlighted.
Robotics and automation _ power sources and sensorsJAIGANESH SEKAR
Hydraulic, pneumatic and electric drives – determination of HP of motor and gearing ratio – variable speed arrangements – path determination – micro machines in robotics – machine vision – ranging – laser – acoustic – magnetic, fiber optic and tactile sensors.
This document provides an overview of robot fundamentals, including definitions, classifications, specifications, anatomy, and applications. It defines a robot as a reprogrammable mechanical device that performs tasks controlled by a human or automated system. Robots are classified based on their mechanical arm, degrees of freedom, power source, control system, sensors, movement, industry application and more. The document also describes common robot coordinate systems, joints, motions, and specifications for different robot configurations including Cartesian, cylindrical, polar, SCARA and more. It provides examples of various robot applications in industries.
This document provides an overview of robot fundamentals including definitions, anatomy, classifications, specifications, parts and functions. It discusses the definition of a robot as a re-programmable mechanical device that performs tasks controlled by a human or automated system. It describes the basic anatomy of a robot including the body, manipulator, end effectors, and sensors. It also covers various robot configurations, degrees of freedom, joint notations, and specifications like accuracy and speed. Finally, it lists common robot parts and their functions, including the body, power supply, controller, manipulator and end effectors.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting robots for various applications, including the number of axes, control system, work volume, and precision required. It provides a table outlining typical technical features needed for common robot applications like material transfer, machine loading, and spot welding. The document also covers factors to evaluate when selecting and designing grippers for robots, such as the part being handled, actuation method, power and signals, and operating environment.
1) Sensors are devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be measured. They are needed for industrial monitoring, safety, and automation.
2) Common sensors include position, proximity, range, touch, and force sensors. Position sensors like LVDT and RVDT convert linear or angular displacement into electrical signals.
3) Sensors have characteristics like range, sensitivity, accuracy, and response time that determine their effectiveness. Understanding sensor types and properties is important for robotics applications.
LCA is useful in activity releated to discrete manufacturing.Wide range of activity such as
Loading,Feeding,Clamping,Machining,Welding,Forming,Gauging,Assembly and Packing can be subjected to LCA system adoption.
Useful in processing industries for manufacturing chemicals, oils, or pharmaceuticals.
1. The document discusses forward kinematics of robot manipulators. It defines key concepts like links, joints, Denavit-Hartenberg parameters, and homogeneous transformation matrices.
2. The forward kinematics problem is solved by assigning coordinate frames to each link and determining the transformation between frames using link variables and homogeneous transformations.
3. The position and orientation of the end effector is determined by multiplying the homogeneous transformation matrices representing each link transformation.
The document discusses various power transmission systems used in industrial robotics including gears, belts, chains, shafts, and motion conversion mechanisms. Gears can be classified as external/internal or spur/helical/bevel/worm and are used to transmit motion between shafts. Belts and chains are also used for power transmission over longer distances. Motion conversion systems like lead screws, rack and pinion, and cam mechanisms are used to convert between rotary and linear motion.
The document discusses different robot configurations including polar, jointed arm, and SCARA configurations. A polar configuration robot has a spherical work volume defined by one linear and two rotary motions. It has advantages of a larger work envelope and more compact size but lower accuracy. Jointed arm configurations resemble a human arm with rotary shoulder and elbow joints. SCARA robots are a type of jointed arm designed for horizontal insertion tasks.
Pneumatic Drives-Hydraulic Drives-Mechanical Drives-Electrical Drives-D.C. Servo Motors, Stepper Motors, A.C. Servo Motors-Salient Features, Applications and Comparison of all these Drives, End Effectors-Grippers-Mechanical Grippers, Pneumatic and Hydraulic- Grippers, Magnetic Grippers, Vacuum Grippers; Two Fingered and Three Fingered Grippers; Internal Grippers and External Grippers; Selection and Design Considerations.
This document provides an introduction to mechanisms and kinematics. It defines kinematics as the study of motion without considering forces, specifically looking at position, displacement, rotation, speed, velocity and acceleration. Kinematic analysis determines these values and provides geometry dimensions and the operation range of a mechanism. Dynamic analysis considers power capacity, stability and member loads. A machine is a device using mechanical power with interrelated parts, while a mechanism is the portion transferring motion and forces from a power source to output. Common mechanism components and joints are defined.
This document discusses antifriction guideways, feed drives, and spindles used in machine tools. It describes two types of linear motion guideways: sliding contact and rolling contact. Rolling contact guideways use balls or rollers between rails and blocks to achieve precise linear motion with less friction. Effective lubrication is important for guideway systems. Feed drives are classified as spindle drives and feed drives. Common electric motors used are servo motors and stepper motors. Servo motors provide accurate motion control via feedback. Spindles are used to hold and rotate workpieces or cutting tools during machining operations. Requirements for accurate, stiff, wear-resistant spindles are discussed.
An electric drive system controls the motion of an electric motor using various components. It consists of an electrical power source, power modulators to regulate power flow from the source to the motor, and sensors for closed-loop control. The type of motor used depends on factors like the load characteristics. Electric drives are used to power machines, pumps, compressors and more. They offer advantages like wide speed and torque control but also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and potential damage from short circuits.
Electric drives employ electric motors to control motion. They have advantages like flexible speed control, efficiency, and adaptability. Electric drives are used in various low and high power applications from appliances to cranes and factories. An electric drive system consists of a motor, load, controller, power source, and power modulator. The power modulator converts and regulates power from the source to the motor according to the load needs. Electric drives can operate in up to four quadrants depending on the direction of rotation and whether torque aids or opposes motion. Proper selection of an electric drive depends on requirements like the power source, costs, speed and torque characteristics, and transient operation needs.
The document discusses different types of end effectors used in robotics, specifically focusing on grippers. It describes two main types of end effectors - grippers and tools. Grippers are used for holding parts and objects, and come in several varieties, including mechanical grippers, hooks/scoops, magnetic grippers, vacuum grippers, expandable bladder grippers, and adhesive grippers. Each type is suited to different applications and has unique advantages and limitations. The document provides details on the design and use of each gripper type.
This document discusses machine vision and various components of machine vision systems. It describes different types of sensors used in machine vision like cameras, frame grabbers, and describes the process of sensing and digitizing image data through analog to digital conversion, image storage, and lighting techniques. It also discusses image processing and analysis techniques like segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition. Finally, it provides examples of applications of machine vision systems in inspection, identification, and navigation.
Slide show demonstrating pick and place robot and its parts.
Also effects are implanted in the slide.
It can be helpful for students for academic projects.
The document discusses different types of actuators. Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion. Common types include hydraulic actuators, which use fluid power to produce linear or rotational movement, pneumatic actuators, which use compressed air, and electric actuators like solenoids, motors, and piezoelectric actuators. Actuators are selected based on factors such as the required force, speed, precision, and environment. Actuators play an important role in converting control signals into physical motion in machines and devices.
The document discusses different types of robot end effectors and grippers. It describes various gripper mechanisms including mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, vacuum, magnetic, and adhesive grippers. It also covers classifications of grippers based on the method of holding parts, incorporated tools, and functionality. Key factors for gripper design and selection are highlighted.
Robotics and automation _ power sources and sensorsJAIGANESH SEKAR
Hydraulic, pneumatic and electric drives – determination of HP of motor and gearing ratio – variable speed arrangements – path determination – micro machines in robotics – machine vision – ranging – laser – acoustic – magnetic, fiber optic and tactile sensors.
This document provides an overview of robot fundamentals, including definitions, classifications, specifications, anatomy, and applications. It defines a robot as a reprogrammable mechanical device that performs tasks controlled by a human or automated system. Robots are classified based on their mechanical arm, degrees of freedom, power source, control system, sensors, movement, industry application and more. The document also describes common robot coordinate systems, joints, motions, and specifications for different robot configurations including Cartesian, cylindrical, polar, SCARA and more. It provides examples of various robot applications in industries.
This document provides an overview of robot fundamentals including definitions, anatomy, classifications, specifications, parts and functions. It discusses the definition of a robot as a re-programmable mechanical device that performs tasks controlled by a human or automated system. It describes the basic anatomy of a robot including the body, manipulator, end effectors, and sensors. It also covers various robot configurations, degrees of freedom, joint notations, and specifications like accuracy and speed. Finally, it lists common robot parts and their functions, including the body, power supply, controller, manipulator and end effectors.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting robots for various applications, including the number of axes, control system, work volume, and precision required. It provides a table outlining typical technical features needed for common robot applications like material transfer, machine loading, and spot welding. The document also covers factors to evaluate when selecting and designing grippers for robots, such as the part being handled, actuation method, power and signals, and operating environment.
1) Sensors are devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be measured. They are needed for industrial monitoring, safety, and automation.
2) Common sensors include position, proximity, range, touch, and force sensors. Position sensors like LVDT and RVDT convert linear or angular displacement into electrical signals.
3) Sensors have characteristics like range, sensitivity, accuracy, and response time that determine their effectiveness. Understanding sensor types and properties is important for robotics applications.
LCA is useful in activity releated to discrete manufacturing.Wide range of activity such as
Loading,Feeding,Clamping,Machining,Welding,Forming,Gauging,Assembly and Packing can be subjected to LCA system adoption.
Useful in processing industries for manufacturing chemicals, oils, or pharmaceuticals.
1. The document discusses forward kinematics of robot manipulators. It defines key concepts like links, joints, Denavit-Hartenberg parameters, and homogeneous transformation matrices.
2. The forward kinematics problem is solved by assigning coordinate frames to each link and determining the transformation between frames using link variables and homogeneous transformations.
3. The position and orientation of the end effector is determined by multiplying the homogeneous transformation matrices representing each link transformation.
The document discusses various power transmission systems used in industrial robotics including gears, belts, chains, shafts, and motion conversion mechanisms. Gears can be classified as external/internal or spur/helical/bevel/worm and are used to transmit motion between shafts. Belts and chains are also used for power transmission over longer distances. Motion conversion systems like lead screws, rack and pinion, and cam mechanisms are used to convert between rotary and linear motion.
The document discusses different robot configurations including polar, jointed arm, and SCARA configurations. A polar configuration robot has a spherical work volume defined by one linear and two rotary motions. It has advantages of a larger work envelope and more compact size but lower accuracy. Jointed arm configurations resemble a human arm with rotary shoulder and elbow joints. SCARA robots are a type of jointed arm designed for horizontal insertion tasks.
Pneumatic Drives-Hydraulic Drives-Mechanical Drives-Electrical Drives-D.C. Servo Motors, Stepper Motors, A.C. Servo Motors-Salient Features, Applications and Comparison of all these Drives, End Effectors-Grippers-Mechanical Grippers, Pneumatic and Hydraulic- Grippers, Magnetic Grippers, Vacuum Grippers; Two Fingered and Three Fingered Grippers; Internal Grippers and External Grippers; Selection and Design Considerations.
This document provides an introduction to mechanisms and kinematics. It defines kinematics as the study of motion without considering forces, specifically looking at position, displacement, rotation, speed, velocity and acceleration. Kinematic analysis determines these values and provides geometry dimensions and the operation range of a mechanism. Dynamic analysis considers power capacity, stability and member loads. A machine is a device using mechanical power with interrelated parts, while a mechanism is the portion transferring motion and forces from a power source to output. Common mechanism components and joints are defined.
This document discusses antifriction guideways, feed drives, and spindles used in machine tools. It describes two types of linear motion guideways: sliding contact and rolling contact. Rolling contact guideways use balls or rollers between rails and blocks to achieve precise linear motion with less friction. Effective lubrication is important for guideway systems. Feed drives are classified as spindle drives and feed drives. Common electric motors used are servo motors and stepper motors. Servo motors provide accurate motion control via feedback. Spindles are used to hold and rotate workpieces or cutting tools during machining operations. Requirements for accurate, stiff, wear-resistant spindles are discussed.
An electric drive system controls the motion of an electric motor using various components. It consists of an electrical power source, power modulators to regulate power flow from the source to the motor, and sensors for closed-loop control. The type of motor used depends on factors like the load characteristics. Electric drives are used to power machines, pumps, compressors and more. They offer advantages like wide speed and torque control but also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and potential damage from short circuits.
Electric drives employ electric motors to control motion. They have advantages like flexible speed control, efficiency, and adaptability. Electric drives are used in various low and high power applications from appliances to cranes and factories. An electric drive system consists of a motor, load, controller, power source, and power modulator. The power modulator converts and regulates power from the source to the motor according to the load needs. Electric drives can operate in up to four quadrants depending on the direction of rotation and whether torque aids or opposes motion. Proper selection of an electric drive depends on requirements like the power source, costs, speed and torque characteristics, and transient operation needs.
This document discusses the components and workings of CNC machines. It begins by explaining numerical control machines and their evolution into CNC machines, which are controlled by a microcomputer rather than hardwiring. The main electrical components of CNC machines are stepper motors and servo motors. Stepper motors move in discrete steps while servo motors use feedback control. Mechanical components include recirculating ball screws and roller screws which convert sliding motion to rolling motion for precision positioning.
This document discusses the components and workings of CNC machines. It begins by explaining numerical control machines and their evolution into CNC machines, which are controlled by a microcomputer rather than hardwiring. The main electrical components of CNC machines are stepper motors and servo motors. Stepper motors move in discrete steps while servo motors use feedback control. Mechanical components include recirculating ball screws and roller screws which convert sliding motion to rolling motion for precision positioning.
The document discusses stepper motors, including their construction, types, advantages/disadvantages, working principle, and applications. Stepper motors are brushless DC synchronous motors that convert digital pulses into precise mechanical movements by dividing a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The main types are variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid synchronous stepper motors. Applications span industrial machinery, consumer electronics, automotive, office equipment, medical devices, and more due to their stable operation, repeatability, and ability to drive a variety of loads without feedback.
An electric drive is a system that controls the motion of an electric motor. It consists of an electric power source, power modulators to regulate power flow from the source to the motor, a motor, sensors for feedback, and a controller. Power modulators can include AC to DC converters, DC to DC converters, and AC to AC converters. The type of motor used depends on factors like the load characteristics. Sensors measure parameters like motor speed and current. The controller then generates control signals to the power modulator based on sensor feedback to extract the desired output. Electric drives are used in applications like transportation systems, rolling mills, machine tools, and pumps.
This document discusses electric drive systems. It outlines the basic elements, which include a power source, electric motor, converter, controller, and mechanical load. It describes the torque-speed characteristics of different types of motors and loads. It also covers power supplies for electric drives, including alternating current and direct current sources. Control of electric drives is also mentioned.
This course covers electric drive systems controlled by power electronic converters. It discusses DC drives, induction motor drives controlled from the stator side and rotor side, and synchronous motor drives. Students will learn about drive characteristics and modeling, DC drive configurations, closed-loop control of induction motors, efficient speed control methods for induction motors, and control techniques for synchronous motors. The course aims to provide an understanding of electric drive performance and applications in various industries.
An actuator is a device that converts a control signal into mechanical motion. Actuators require a control signal and a source of energy. Common types of actuators include hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, electrical, and piezoelectric actuators. Actuators are used in a variety of applications such as industrial machinery, vehicles, medical devices, consumer electronics, and more. Stepper motors and servo motors are types of electrical actuators that provide precise motion control.
Electrical drive unit 1 as per IP university_EEEamrutapattnaik2
it is the complete Electrical Drive syllabus of the unit1. i 've tried a lot to merge everything in one PPT.it might be helpful for final year students.
i am also thankful to slideshare as I also collected all data and notes from this site too.
kindly share your suggestions for the improvement
EE6801 - Electric Energy Generation Utilisation and Conservationrmkceteee
This document provides information about electric drives and traction. It defines electric drives as systems that employ electric motors for supplying mechanical energy for motion control. It lists the main parts of electric drives and their applications. It discusses various types of duty cycles for electric drives and different methods of electric drive operation and speed control of DC and induction motors. It also covers topics like regenerative braking, traction systems, energy consumption factors and braking methods.
1. The document discusses electric drives and their components. Electric drives use electric motors as prime movers and include a power source, power modulator, motor, control unit, and sensing unit.
2. Power modulators can be converters, variable impedance circuits, or switching circuits. Converters provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control motor speed and torque. Variable impedance circuits and switching circuits are used to control motor parameters.
3. Electric drives are classified as individual drives, group drives, or multimotor drives depending on how many motors are used to drive different loads. Individual drives use one motor for all loads while group drives use one motor connected to multiple loads through pulleys. Multimotor
Inverters offer speed or torque control of electric motors.
Maybe you have walked past without noticing them or maybe you know exactly how many you have, either way electric motors play an important role in our everyday lives which most of us are unaware of but, they move and run most things we need for business and pleasure.
All these motors consume electricity so need a corresponding amount of energy to provide the torque or speed needed. If the torque or speed is too high or low, mechanical controls are used to control output. A motor’s speed should match exactly what is required by the process, otherwise the result is inefficiency with a lot of wasted materials and energy.
Not knowing how to control motors can mean a lot of energy gets wasted which isn’t good for any business. A way to control these motors, which not only saves energy, but improves productivity and reduces maintenance costs, is to use an inverter.
(c) inverterdrivesystems.com
This document discusses different types of actuators used in robotics. It begins by defining actuators as devices that produce mechanical movement in robots. It then covers various electrical actuators like DC motors, brushless DC motors, stepper motors, and servos. Other actuator types discussed include hydraulic, pneumatic, and piezoelectric actuators. For the course, the document notes that only servos will be used, but other actuator types were explored in past projects like DC motors, pneumatics, shape memory alloys and hydraulics.
This document provides an overview of different types of motors used in computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It describes the basic components and working principles of motors. It then compares alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) motors, discussing stepper motors, servo mechanisms, and the motors typically used in CNC machines including spindle motors and linear motors. Key selection criteria for motors in CNC applications include revolutions per minute, torque, standards compliance, power requirements, and motor load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document provides an overview of electric motors, including different types of motors, their basic principles and components. It discusses induction motors, synchronous motors, and single phase motors. It also covers motor specifications, testing, storage, lubrication, and maintenance practices. The presentation was prepared by Kapil Singh for Thermax Ltd and includes topics like classification of motors, laws of electromagnetism, rotating magnetic fields, and motor applications.
The document discusses different types of electric motors including DC motors, AC motors, and stepper motors. It provides details on the fundamental characteristics, construction, and applications of series, shunt, and permanent magnet DC motors as well as single phase, three phase, and stepper AC motors. The document also covers modeling and control methods for DC and AC motors including H-bridge control and variable frequency drives.
DC motors have advantages like easy speed control but disadvantages like sparks and noise. There are several types of DC motors including shunt wound, series wound, compound wound, and permanent magnet. AC motors are more common and include induction motors, which are the most widely used. Induction motors have constant speed and are robust but lack speed control. Other AC motor types include synchronous, repulsion, hysteresis, and linear induction motors. Stepper motors are useful for precise positioning.
Metrology Measurements and All units PPTdinesh babu
Metrology is the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology
Unit 5-CELLULAR MANUFACTURING AND FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) .pptxdinesh babu
This document discusses cellular manufacturing and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It covers topics like group technology, part families, coding systems, cellular manufacturing using composite part concepts, and types of flexibility in FMS. The key aspects are that group technology involves grouping parts with similar manufacturing attributes into families to improve efficiency. Cellular manufacturing aggregates dissimilar machines into cells dedicated to producing part families based on a hypothetical composite part for each family. FMS combines CNC machines and automated material handling to flexibly produce different part families.
Unit 4-FUNDAMENTAL OF CNC AND PART PROGRAMING.pptxdinesh babu
This document provides an overview of numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) systems used to automate machine tools. It discusses the basic components and classifications of NC systems, including traditional NC, CNC, and distributed NC. The document also covers part programming fundamentals, including coordinate systems, preparatory functions, and canned cycles used in CNC part programs. Various CNC machine types and applications are described, along with advantages and disadvantages of NC and CNC automation.
Unit 3-ASSEMBLY OF PARTS AND CAD STANDARDS.pptxdinesh babu
This document discusses CAD standards and assembly modeling. It covers three main approaches to assembly modeling: top-down, bottom-up, and combination. It also describes common mating conditions for assembly such as coincident, coplanar, concentric, and tangent. The purpose of CAD standards for data exchange between systems is explained. Common data exchange formats like IGES and STEP are introduced along with organizational structures to support graphics standards.
Unit 2 discusses geometric modeling techniques. It covers representation of curves using Hermite, Bezier, and B-spline curves. It also discusses surface modeling techniques including surface patches, Coons and bicubic patches, and Bezier and B-spline surfaces. Solid modeling techniques of CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) and B-rep (Boundary Representation) are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction and syllabus for a CAD/CAM course. It discusses key topics that will be covered including the product design cycle, design processes, sequential and concurrent engineering, computer aided design systems and graphics, coordinate systems, geometric transformations, line drawing algorithms, clipping, and viewing transformations. The goals of the course are to introduce students to CAD and CAM concepts and systems as well as manufacturing planning and control.
UNIT-5FIRE SAFETY AND INSTALLATION.pptxdinesh babu
This document discusses fire safety systems and gas installation components. It covers topics like fire alarms, electrical alarm circuits for fire detection, smoke extraction and ventilation. It also mentions fire prevention through gas extinguishers and different types of fire detectors used in detection and control systems.
This document discusses heat emitters and recuperators used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It describes different types of heat emitters like radiators, warm air heaters, and underfloor heaters. It then explains recuperators and regenerators, which are heat recovery devices that transfer heat between exhaust gases and intake air using principles of radiation, convection, or both. Recuperators use metallic or ceramic materials, while regenerators are suited for high temperatures but have higher costs. Regenerative burners also recover waste heat from furnace exhaust to preheat combustion air.
This document discusses different types of hot water cylinders, including direct and indirect cylinders. Direct cylinders heat water internally with immersion heaters, while indirect cylinders rely on an external heat source like a boiler to heat water via a coil. Vented cylinders use gravity to distribute heated water from a storage tank in the loft, while unvented cylinders use mains water pressure without a storage tank. Both have pros and cons related to installation, maintenance, and performance.
This document discusses general electrical systems in buildings. It covers basics like earthing systems, wiring, industrial installations, lighting controls, light sources and lamps. It describes how an electrical system carries and distributes power safely from the point of delivery to various loads. Basic installations include lighting, exhaust fans, portable appliances and their wiring network. It also discusses fire safety systems, energy efficiency standards, and methods of wiring like joint box and loop-in systems. The document outlines types of lighting controls and different lighting designs. It concludes with an overview of telecommunication installation media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics and various wireless transmission methods.
The document discusses different types of machinery used in tool rooms including hydraulic lifts, travelators, and elevator control systems. It describes how hydraulic lifts use pistons and hydraulic oil to lift cabins at speeds up to 200 feet per minute. Travelators are used commercially to increase customer flow and density. Elevator control systems aim to bring lifts to the correct floor safely and comfortably using inputs like sensors, buttons, and key controls and outputs that accelerate, decelerate, and travel at safe speeds. The document provides details on single automatic, selective collective, and group automatic elevator operation types.
This document outlines a 16-step design procedure for spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears. The procedure includes steps to select materials, calculate life, initial torque, stresses, center distance, tooth numbers, module, dimensions, efficiency, and check designs for bending strength, wear strength, and other factors using equations from referenced handbooks.
The document discusses different types of belt drives used to transfer rotational motion between two shafts. It describes four common types of belts - flat belts, round belts, V-belts, and timing belts. It also discusses different belt drive arrangements including open, crossed, compound drives. Key points covered include the characteristics and applications of each belt type as well as formulas for calculating belt drive power and tension.
Belts are loops of flexible material used to mechanically link rotating shafts and transmit power between them. They work by looping over pulleys on two shafts, and can drive the pulleys in the same or opposite directions. Belts are a simple, economical way to transmit power between shafts without requiring parallel alignment and provide protection against overloads and shocks.
This document discusses different types of vehicle transmission systems. It describes 10 types of clutches including friction, centrifugal, hydraulic, and electromagnetic clutches. It also discusses manual and automatic gearboxes, including sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes. Additionally, it covers propeller shafts, universal joints, differentials, rear axle drives including hotchkiss drive and torque tube drive, and their purposes in transmitting power from the engine to the driving wheels.
The document discusses various auxiliary systems used in engines, including carburetors, fuel injection systems, ignition systems, and emission control systems. It provides details on how carburetors work to mix fuel and air, and the limitations of carburetors that led to the development of fuel injection systems. It then describes different types of fuel injection and ignition systems, and emission control technologies like catalytic converters, EGR, and evaporative emission control systems used to reduce pollutants from engine exhaust.
This document discusses different types of automobiles classified based on purpose, weight, fuel used, capacity, number of wheels, and driver seat location. It describes the key parts of a bullock cart including the frame, wheels/axle, yoke, body/superstructure, and how they are divided. Vehicle chassis are classified based on engine fitting location and number/driving wheels. Desirable chassis characteristics and components such as the frame, suspension, steering, braking, engine, and drivetrain are outlined. Finally, the aerodynamic forces acting on vehicles and their causes including drag, lift, and crosswinds are summarized.
Alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, natural gas, and biodiesel are being developed and used to reduce dependence on imported petroleum and improve the environment. These fuels have benefits like lower emissions and being produced from domestic renewable resources, but also have drawbacks like higher vehicle costs and potentially lower range. Natural gas and LPG have properties making them suitable as vehicle fuels like being stored as liquids under pressure and having low emissions, but they have less energy density than gasoline. Ethanol and biodiesel are attractive because they can be produced domestically from crops and waste.
The document discusses steering geometry components like caster, camber, kingpin inclination and toe-in. It states that camber should not exceed 2 degrees, caster ranges from 2 to 7 degrees in modern vehicles, kingpin inclination varies from 3.5 to 7.5 degrees, and toe-in does not exceed 3mm. It also briefly describes recirculating ball steering gear boxes, rack and pinion steering gear boxes, power steering and the purpose and function of the front axle in an automobile.
The document discusses various advances in metrology, including laser interferometers, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and machine vision systems.
Laser interferometers use laser light sources to perform highly precise linear and angular measurements. CMMs use probes to determine the coordinates of points on an object's surface and digitally map out its geometry. Machine vision systems use cameras and image processing to automatically inspect parts and make quality checks. Together, these metrology tools enable automated, high-precision measurement and inspection critical for modern manufacturing.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. ROBOT DRIVE SYSTEMS AND END
EFFECTORS
Pneumatic Drives-Hydraulic Drives-Mechanical Drives-Electrical
Drives-D.C. Servo Motors, Stepper Motors, A.C. Servo Motors-
Salient Features, Applications and Comparison of all these
Drives, End Effectors-Grippers-Mechanical Grippers, Pneumatic
and Hydraulic- Grippers, Magnetic Grippers, Vacuum Grippers;
Two Fingered and Three Fingered Grippers; Internal Grippers
and External Grippers; Selection and Design Considerations.
3. ROBOT DRIVE SYSTEMS
Drive means operate the robot.
The drive system is to provide a means to control the speed and
also torque (or) power.
Drive system is used for converting hydraulic, pneumatic, and
electrical energy into useful mechanical energy. It is used to
motion transfer and drive the robot.
4. Types of drive system
Hydraulic drive systems
Pneumatic drive systems
Electric drive systems
5. Hydraulic drive systems
Pressurised fluid is used to transmit and control power.
The hydraulic drive is mostly suitable for heavy load robot
applications
The term hydraulic refers to the transfer of energy from
pressure difference not from the kinetic energy of flow
6. Features of Hydraulic drive system
High force capability
High dynamic response
Assisted braking torque
Good mechanical stiffness
High power per unit weight and volume
10. Advantages
No reduction gear is needed
High accuracy and better response
Excellent for heavy duty and large robots
It provide more power than electric drives
11. Disadvantages
High maintenance
More expensive system
Not suitable for clean air environment
Requires pump, reservoir, motor and hoses
More floor space is required
12. Pneumatic drive systems
Pressurised air is used to control power.
With pneumatic valves control the flow of energy from
pressurized gas
Features of Pneumatic drive system
Compressed air has most of the desired properties and
characteristics of a gas for pneumatic system.
It is not poisonous and non flammable.
17. Advantages
Good accuracy
Excellent speed
Easy installation
Small leakage can be tolerated
Economical than hydraulic drives
18. Disadvantages
Difficult to control
Air needs preconditioning
Precision is less than electric drives
More vibration is generated
More noise is produced
19.
20. Electric drive systems
An electric drive system is defines as a form of machine
equipment designed to convert electric energy into mechanical
energy and provide electric control of the process.
Features of Pneumatic drive system
Electric drive offers energy transformation
The control components are used to limit the
amplitude(armature current of DC motor)
21. There are three major types of electric drives
1. AC servo motor
2. DC servo motor
3. Stepper motor
Parts of electric drive
1. Power modulator
2. Motor
3. Control unit
4. Sensing unit
22.
23. Advantages
Simple construction
Clean air environment
Requires less floor space
Electric drive robot is quiet operation
Disadvantages
Poor dynamic response
A large and heavier motor must be used. It is most costly
Electric drive system do not provide as much speed and power
compared to hydraulic system.
24. Actuators
Actuators are the device used for converting hydraulic, pneumatic and
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy used to
get the work done.
Types of Actuators
1. Hydraulic actuators
2. Pneumatic actuators
3. Electrical actuators
a) Servomotor
b) Stepper motor
c) AC (or) DC motor
25.
26. Hydraulic Actuators
Hydraulic actuators transform the hydraulic energy stored in a
reservoir into mechanical energy by means of suitable pumps.
Hydraulic actuators are also fluid power device for industrial
robots which utilise high pressure fluid such as oil to transmit
forces to the point of application desired
27. Characteristics of hydraulic actuating systems
The designer should know the basics of
Operating cycle
Operating pressures
Types pf pumps
Maximum and minimum operating and ambient temperatures
Loads encountered by various components
Features of the hydraulic actuating systems
High force capability
Good mechanical stiffness
High power per unit weight and volume
28. Elements of hydraulic actuation system
Hydraulic reservoir
Filters
Hydraulic pump
Cylinders
Motors
Hydraulic valve
Accumulators
Hydraulic hose
Hydraulic seal
piping
29. Types of Hydraulic Actuators
Single acting spring return type
Double acting cylinder
Ram type
30. Advantages
Self lubrication
No mechanical linkage is required
It can also provide precise control at low speeds
Capable of with standing shock loads
Greater load carrying capacity
Disadvantages
Expensive
Noisy operation
High maintenance
Not energy sufficient
Not suitable for clean environment
Leakage can occur causing a loss in performance
31. Pneumatic Actuators
Pneumatic actuators utilise pneumatic energy provided by a
compressor and transforms it into mechanical energy by means
of pistons (or) turbines. Pressurised air is used to transmit and
control power.
Features of pneumatic actuators
Limit cycling
Tend to have performance inconsistency
Pneumatic actuators are capable of modulating process control
It can handle high torque loads
32. Common parts of a pneumatic system
Compressor
Check valves
Regulators
Gauges
Accumulator
Feed lines
33.
34. Advantages
Control is simple
It is cheapest form of all actuators
No mechanical transmission is usually required
Individual components can be easily interconnected
Very quick response time and faster cycles
Disadvantages
More noise and vibration
Not suitable for heavy loads
Air compressor is required
35. Electric Actuators
An actuator obtaining electrical energy from mechanical system
is called electric actuator
Features of the electric actuators
High band with provide accurate and fast control
High maximum force allows high acceleration
36. Electrical actuators comprise the following
Drive system
1. AC motor 2. DC motor 3. Stepper motor
Switching device
a) Mechanical switch 1. Solenoids 2. Relays
b) Solid state switch 1. Diodes 2. Thyristor 3. Transistors
37.
38. Advantages
High power conversion efficiency
They are easily maintained and repaired
Structural components can be light weight
No pollution of working environment
Disadvantages
Compliance and wear problems are causing inaccuracies
A larger and heavier motor must be used which is costly
They cannot be used in explosive atmospheres
Applications
Wide range of industries where positioning is needed
Automation applications
39.
40.
41.
42. Various kind of Motors
1. Stepper motor
2. Servo motor
i) AC Servo motor
ii) DC Servo motor
43. Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device. Stepper motor
is a device which transforms electrical pulses into equal
increments of rotary shaft motion called steps. It converts
electrical power into mechanical power.
48. Permanent Magnet type stepper
Motor
The permanent magnet type stepper motor has a stator. That is
of electromagnet. A rotor that is of permanent magnet.
Therefore this motor is called permanent magnet type stepper
motor.
50. Advantages
A simpler and more reliable
Field flux is less affected by temperature rise
Higher efficiency due to the absence of field losses
Less heating making it is possible to totally enclose the motor
Disadvantages
Permanent magnets stepper motor cannot produce a high flex density
Extra ampere-turns cannot be added to reduce the armature reaction
Applications
Automobiles and air conditioners
Computer drives
Electric tooth brushes, portable vacuum cleaners and food mixers
51. Variable reluctance type stepper
motor
The principle of variable reluctance stepper motor is based on
the principle of the flux lines which capture the low reluctance
path. The stator and the rotor of the motor are aligned in such as
way that the magnetic reluctance is minimum.
53. Advantages
High rate of acceleration
High torque to inertia ratio
Simple and low cost machine
Disadvantages
Generally noisy
There is no winding on rotor
Lower torque capability
54. Hybrid type stepper motor
The hybrid type stepper motor as the name recommends is a
blending of both permanent magnet type stepper motor (PM)
and variable reluctance motor (VR)
56. Advantages
It has more torque
Lower stepping rate
More efficient at low speeds
The length of step is smaller
Disadvantages
Higher inertia
If the magnetic strength is varied, the performance of the motor is
affected.
The weight of the motor is more because of the presence of the rotor
magnet.
Cost is more
58. Salient features of stepper motor
Stepper motor is small step angle
They are high stepping rate and accuracy
Stepper motor has high positioning accuracy
A stepper motor is used to achieve precise positioning is a digital
control
They are ideal for applications requiring quick positioning over a shot
distance
Capabilities of stepper motor
Precise positioning control
Finer positioning capabilities
Low speed with high precision
Easy control with pulse signals
Generating high torque with a compact size
59. Advantages
Low cost
High reliability
High torque at low speeds
Operates in almost any environment
Stepper motor is simple to operate
Disadvantages
lower efficiency
Low torque to inertia ratio
Lower power output for their weight and size
Smooth movement often requires micro stepping
Applications
Gaming machines
Textile machinery
Welding equipment
60. Servo Motor
The motors that are used in automatic control systems are called
servo motor. The servo motors are used to convert electrical signal
applied to them into an angular displacement of the shaft.
Features of the servo motor
Fast response
Steady state
stability
Wide range of speed control
Low mechanical and electrical inertia
63. Advantages
Servo motor is small and efficient
High speed operation is possible
Disadvantages
Higher cost
It is not suitable for precision control of rotation
It is not suitable if we need to prevent vibration
Uses of the servo motor
The servo motor is built into the camera to correct a lens of the camera to
improve out of focus image
The servo motor is used in textile to control spinning and weaving
machines
Used in metal forming and cutting machines to provide specific motion
control for milling machines.
64. Applications of the servo motor
Toys
Cars
Robotics
Aeroplanes
Computers
Home electronics
CD/DVD player
65. AC Servo Motor
Servo motor is basically consists of stator and rotor
66.
67. Rotor
The rotor is generally of two types.
1. squirrel cage rotor 2. Drag cup type rotor
69. 2 phase AC Servomotor
The stator of the two phase AC servo motor has the two
distributed winding which are displaced from each other by 90
degrees electrical. One winding is known as a reference phase
and other one is known as control phase
70.
71.
72. 3 phase AC Servomotor
Three sets of winding are placed 120 electrical degrees apart
with each set connected to one phase of the three phase power
supply.
When three phase current passes through the stator windings, a
rotating magnetic field effect is produced that travels around the
inside of the stator core.
73. Advantages
Less maintenance
High efficiency
High speed operation is possible
Resonance and vibration free operation
Disadvantages
Complex
Poor motor cooling
Motor can be damaged by sustained over load
Most difficult to control in position application
Application
Robotics
Machine tools
Suited for lower power application
74. DC Servo Motor
DC servo motor is more (or) less similarly to the normal DC
motor. DC motors are separately excited DC motor (or)
permanent magnet DC motor. They are controlled by armature
voltage. The armature is designed to have large resistance, so
that the torque speed characteristics are linear.
There fore a step change in the armature voltage results in quick
change in position (or) speed of the motor.
76. 1. Series Motor
The series motor have a high starting torque and draws large
current
The speed regulation of this kind of motor is poor
77. 2. Split series Motor
Split series motor with split field rate with some fractional
kilowatts
Split series motor has a typical torque speed curve
78. 3. Shunt Control Motor
It has two separate winding
1. Field winding is on the stator
2. Armature winding is on the rotor of the machine
79. 4. Permanent Magnet shunt motor
Permanent magnet shunt motor is a fixed excitation motor
where the field is actually supply by a permanent magnet
83. Advantages
Free of vibration and resonance
High torque to inertia ratio
High output than from a 50Hz motor of same size
High efficiency
Easier speed control from zero speed to full speed in both direction
Disadvantages
Overload can damage motor
Has complex architecture and requires encode
The brush turnout in limited life of 2000 hrs, then service is required
Motor does not work when something breaks, hence safety circuits are
needed