RNA Polymerase.pptx
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RNA polymerase is an enzyme that copies DNA sequences into RNA sequences during transcription. There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase. Prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of four subunits and a sigma factor and only one type exists, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase has five types with 10-12 subunits each. The types of RNA polymerase are RNA polymerase 1 which synthesizes rRNA in the nucleolus, RNA polymerase 2 which synthesizes pre-mRNAs and mRNAs, and RNA polymerase 3 which synthesizes tRNAs and rRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase 4 and 5 are found in plant chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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2) D-loop model - replication in mitochondria where one strand is displaced to form a D-loop and replicates first before the other strand.
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Polycistronic and monocistronic RNA
This document discusses different types of RNA, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. It describes:
1) Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production. Messenger RNA can be polycistronic, containing information for multiple proteins, or monocistronic, containing information for a single protein.
2) Transfer RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein translation based on the messenger RNA code. It has a cloverleaf secondary structure and L-shape tertiary structure.
3) Ribosomal RNA is a structural component of ribosomes and facilitates protein synthesis by decoding messenger RNA and interacting with transfer RNA. It comprises the large and
lect-1-Basics-of-Molecular-Biology.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, DNA is read to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome to link together into polypeptide chains. RNA and proteins are essential for carrying out the genetic instructions in DNA and allowing life at the molecular level.
lect-1-Basics-of-Molecular-Biology.ppt
The document provides information on the basics of molecular biology. It discusses the key components involved which are DNA, RNA, and proteins. It explains what each of these components are, their structures and functions. It describes some important molecular biology techniques like DNA replication, transcription, translation, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and macromolecule blotting and probing which are used to study and manipulate these molecular components. The document also provides a brief overview of genomes and why genome analysis is important.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Basics of molecular biology tools and techniques
The key players in molecular biology are DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA is the blueprint stored in the genome that contains the genetic instructions. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence is generated. There are several types of RNA including mRNA and rRNA. mRNA is translated by ribosomes into proteins, the functional molecules that carry out most tasks in cells. Various techniques are used in molecular biology like PCR, gel electrophoresis, and blotting to study these biomolecules.
Basics of molecular biology
This document provides information on different molecular techniques used in fisheries. It begins with basic differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It then defines molecular biology and its main components like DNA, RNA, and proteins. It describes the roles and structures of DNA, RNA, and the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and reverse transcription. The key molecular biology components are DNA, which holds genetic information; RNA, which acts as intermediary between DNA and protein synthesis; and proteins, the major functional molecules in cells.
Basics of molecular biology
The key players in molecular biology are DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA contains the genetic instructions and is located in the nucleus. It is replicated for cell division. During transcription, DNA is read and an mRNA copy is produced. The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a protein based on the genetic code. RNA also helps in protein synthesis and includes tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform most functions in cells. Reverse transcription allows RNA viruses to make DNA copies of their genomes.
Basics of Molecular Biology
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
Molecular genetics partii 100131193902-phpapp01
This document discusses the process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Key points include:
- One gene typically codes for one polypeptide through a multi-step process of transcription and translation.
- During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then undergoes processing before exiting the nucleus, including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing of introns.
- During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the mRNA codon sequence to produce a polypeptide chain.
ribosomes, tRNA.pptx
A ribosome is the cellular machinery responsible for making proteins. There are many ribosomes in each cell, each made up of two subunits. These two subunits lock around the messenger RNA and then travel along the length of the messenger RNA molecule reading each three-letter codon.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
Similar to RNA Polymerase.pptx (20)
polycistronicandmonocistronic-200503163402 (1).pdf
polycistronicandmonocistronic-200503163402 (1).pdf
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eukaryotik dna elongation.pptx
During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL(Experimental Proof).pptx
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring and determines characteristics. This was proven through experiments like Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment on bacterial transformation showing genetic material could be transferred, and experiments by Avery, Macleod and McCarty in 1944 and Hershey and Chase in 1952 that directly demonstrated DNA was the molecule transformed during bacterial infection that affected traits.
DNA Repair Mechanism And Their Types .pptx
DNA repair is the process by which damaged DNA is corrected. DNA cannot replace itself if damaged, and unrepaired DNA can lead to cancer. There are several mechanisms of DNA repair: direct reversal, excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-stranded break repair. DNA repair is crucial because it prevents unrepaired DNA damage from causing mutations that can lead to cancer.
DNA REPAIR MECHANISM AND THEIR TYPES.pptx
There are five major DNA repair pathways that cells use to repair different types of DNA damage: base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and non-homologous end joining. These pathways repair damage caused by mismatches during replication, removal of damaged bases, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and DNA cross-links. Nucleotide excision repair removes a variety of lesions that cause distortions to the DNA structure by cleaving segments of DNA containing damage.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES .pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand to form the sides of the DNA ladder. The structure of DNA was discovered by Watson and Crick who proposed a double helix model with the bases forming rungs and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the sides. There are different conformations of DNA including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA which differ in their structural features such as helical sense, base pair orientation, and distance between base pairs.
TOPIC- DIFFERENT TYPES OF RNA, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE.pptx
There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries DNA's message to direct protein synthesis, is short-lived, and single-stranded. tRNA is small and stable, carrying amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA composes most of the ribosome's mass, ensuring proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes during protein synthesis.
PROKARYOTS DNA REPLICATION.pptx
This document summarizes prokaryotic DNA replication. It describes prokaryotic replication as the process by which a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule in prokaryotic cells is copied to produce two identical molecules. The key steps are initiation at a single origin of replication, elongation of DNA strands by DNA polymerases, and termination resulting in two circular chromosomes. The replication occurs rapidly in the cytoplasm and requires enzymes including DNA polymerases I and III.
Lac Operon System(Catabolite Repression).pptx
The document describes the lac operon system in E. coli for lactose catabolism. It explains that when glucose is absent and lactose is present, allolactose acts as an inducer by binding to the lac repressor and allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes encoding β-galactosidase and other proteins for lactose metabolism. However, when glucose is present, even if lactose is also present, transcription is repressed due to low cAMP levels inhibiting the CAP-cAMP complex from activating transcription.
DNA POLYMERASE.pptx
There are five different DNA dependent DNA polymerases in E. coli bacteria: DNA polymerase I, II, III, IV and V. DNA polymerase III is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication, forming a high-speed, high-fidelity multiprotein complex. DNA polymerases IV and V are Y-family polymerases that replicate damaged DNA with lower fidelity than polymerase III. DNA polymerases I and II serve backup roles in DNA repair through their exonuclease activities when the template is damaged.
DNA POLYMERASE AND RNA POLYMERASE.pptx
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads existing DNA strands as templates and creates two new strands through phosphodiester bond formation. It was first discovered in E. coli by Arthur Kornberg. DNA polymerase has a structure resembling an open right hand with palm, finger, and thumb domains that each perform different functions in nucleotide recognition and binding. RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for copying DNA sequences into RNA during transcription from 5' to 3'. It contains alpha, beta, and sigma subunits that play various roles in binding to promoter regions and catalytic activity.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION .pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. It involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at the origin of replication site, where proteins bind and unwind the DNA. Elongation then uses DNA polymerase III to simultaneously synthesize the leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet at the termination site and halt, resolving issues through proteins like TUS and topoisomerases.
Prokaryotic DNA replication.pptx
Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms, including direct repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. DNA repair has advantages of maintaining genetic integrity between generations and preserving individual health, but defects can lead to increased cancer risks and premature aging syndromes.
TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
DNA has a double helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases on opposite strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G to form the structure. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of A and T are equal, as are the amounts of C and G in any DNA sample. There are three types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
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RNA Polymerase.pptx
- 2. What is RNA polymerase? RNA polymeras is an enzymes that produce RNA in the cell. It is an enzyme that is responsible for coping a DNA sequence into RNA sequence , during the process of transcription .
- 3. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase •Consists of four sub units and a sigma factor. • There are five different types of RNA polymerase. •Only a single type of RNA polymerase occurs. •Five types of RNA polymerase occurs. •The core enzyme contains five subunits. •Every type contains 10-12 subunits. •Size : Around 400 kDa •Size: Around 500 kDa Some differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase
- 4. Types of RNA Polymerase RNA Polymerase 1: •This enzyme is located in the nucleolus of the cell. •It is a specialized nuclear substructure where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized by transcription and assembled into ribosomes. RNA Polymerase 11: •It functions by synthesizing all proteins that code for the nuclear pre-mRNAs in eukaryotic cells (mRNAs in prokaryotic cells). •It is responsible for transcribing most of the eukaryotic genes .
- 5. RNA Polymerase 111: •It is located in the nucleus. •Its function is to transcribe transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and other small RNAs. RNA Polymerase 1V & V: •In Plants, the RNA polymerase is found in the chloroplast (plastids) and mitochondria, encoded by the mitochondrial DNA. •Their function is to catalyze specific transcription of organelle genes.
- 6. Thank You