Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA replication is a process by which the copy of organism's genome is made before the cell division. With the aid of several enzymes, DNA replication is carried out in three steps: Initiation, Elongation and Termination. It is a semi-conservative process, wherein, each parent strand unwinds and acts as a template for the new strand synthesis. The start of the process occurs at specific site called origin of replication. Replication of the strands happens simultaneously, in which, synthesis of one strand occurs continuously, forming leading strand whereas, synthesis of the other strand occurs discontinuously, forming lagging strand. The elongation of the DNA is halted at the place called termination site.
DNA replication is a process by which the copy of organism's genome is made before the cell division. With the aid of several enzymes, DNA replication is carried out in three steps: Initiation, Elongation and Termination. It is a semi-conservative process, wherein, each parent strand unwinds and acts as a template for the new strand synthesis. The start of the process occurs at specific site called origin of replication. Replication of the strands happens simultaneously, in which, synthesis of one strand occurs continuously, forming leading strand whereas, synthesis of the other strand occurs discontinuously, forming lagging strand. The elongation of the DNA is halted at the place called termination site.
this is an informative presentation regarding the replication of genetic material in prokaryotic cell. it might be useful for individual who is interested in genetics or molecular biology.
The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
Replication:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of DNA from the original/parentral DNA molecule.
This process occurs in all living organism.
Basis for biological inheritance
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
Replication Begins at an Origin and Usually Proceeds Bidirectionally
DNA Synthesis Proceeds in a 5’-3’ Direction and Is semidiscontinuous
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a 'Y' shape called a replication 'fork'. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA.
this is an informative presentation regarding the replication of genetic material in prokaryotic cell. it might be useful for individual who is interested in genetics or molecular biology.
The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
Replication:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical copies of DNA from the original/parentral DNA molecule.
This process occurs in all living organism.
Basis for biological inheritance
DNA Replication Is Semiconservative
Replication Begins at an Origin and Usually Proceeds Bidirectionally
DNA Synthesis Proceeds in a 5’-3’ Direction and Is semidiscontinuous
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a 'Y' shape called a replication 'fork'. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Prokaryotic organisms duplicate its genomic DNA, synthesizing a new copy which it passes on
to daughter cells.
The process of replication starts from origin of replication site (ori site) and proceeds in two
direction.
This bidirectional replication process of prokaryotes is called Theta (θ) mode of replication.
Multiple accessory proteins and enzymes are essential for the replication process.
2
3. protein function
Dna A Recognises ori sequence
Dna B (DNA helicase) Unwinds DNA double helix
Dna C Assists in ori sequence recognition
DNA polymerase DNA strand synthesis
DNA primase RNA Primer synthesis
SSB Binds with single stranded DNA
DNA gyrase Topological strain reduction
3
4. The process of replication is carried on in 3 steps -
1. Initiation,
2. Elongation,
3. Termination.
Initiation
1. Replication fork is formed when DnaA recognises ori site. DnaB then binds with 13-mer
repeats and with DnaC. This complex opens the local AT rich region, where with the help
of DNA gyrase, strands are separated and stabilized.
2. The RNA primer is then synthesized by primase which provides free 3’-OH group for
DNA elongation.
3. With the help of synthesized primer, DNA polymerase III starts the process of replication
at the replication fork. As DNA polymerase enzyme cannot synthesize a strand on its own,
primer is an absolute requirement.
4
5. Elongation
1. This step synthesizes both strand (leading & lagging) simultaneously.
2. The dNTPs are connected continuously to the primer or to the nascent DNA chain by enzyme
DNA polymerase III in 5’ to 3’ direction.
3. Synthesis of both strand is done by DNA polymerase III. The leading strand is synthesized
continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short sequence chains called okazaki
fragments.
4. Nicks and fragments are connected with the help of ligase and DNA polymerase I.
5
6. Termination
1. As prokaryotic replication is bidirectional, the two replication forks meet at the opposite
end of the ori site. This point is called ter.
2. A special protein called Tus protein allows the two interlinked ring to pass through each
other, only in one direction.
3. Primers are removed and Topoisomerase 2 unlinks the two circular DNA duplexes by
phosphodiester bond breakage.
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