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The resting membrane potential arises from three main factors: 1) Potassium diffusion produces a -86mV potential due to its higher intracellular concentration, 2) Sodium diffusion contributes a smaller potential due to its lower permeability, and 3) The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions and contributes an additional -4mV, resulting in a total resting membrane potential of -90mV in neurons.
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Resting membrane potential
The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers to the stable voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting signals. The RMP results from selective permeability of ions like potassium and sodium across the membrane. At rest, the neuron's RMP is approximately -70mV due to higher intracellular potassium concentration creating a diffusion potential of -94mV, and lower intracellular sodium contributing +61mV. Additional contribution from the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions against their gradients, results in the overall RMP of -90mV in neurons.
nerve nernst potential pptx great use in study
The resting membrane potential of a neuron arises from concentration gradients that cause potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell and sodium ions to diffuse into it. This creates a negative charge inside and positive outside, resulting in a resting potential of around -70 mV. This potential is maintained primarily by potassium permeability through leak channels and the sodium-potassium pump, which works to restore ion gradients.
action
1) Membrane potentials exist across cell membranes due to concentration gradients of ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride. The permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of each ion determines the voltage of the membrane potential.
2) In nerve and muscle cells, the high intracellular potassium concentration compared to extracellular creates a diffusion potential of -94mV. The higher sodium concentration outside compared to inside creates a diffusion potential of +61mV.
3) At rest, the nerve membrane potential is -90mV due to higher permeability to potassium than sodium, the sodium-potassium pump maintaining ion gradients, and its electrogenic effect exporting more sodium than importing potassium.
Action potential
The document discusses membrane potential and action potentials in neurons. It provides details on:
- The resting membrane potential is established by ion gradients maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. There is a net negative charge inside and positive outside the membrane.
- An action potential is initiated when the membrane reaches its threshold potential due to sodium influx. It involves stages of depolarization, repolarization and refractory periods.
- The all-or-none principle states that an action potential will only be generated if the threshold is reached. Speed and propagation depends on myelination.
- Different cell types like cardiac and smooth muscles exhibit variations in their action potential waveforms.
Cell membrane potential
1) Neuron membranes maintain a resting potential through ion gradients established by sodium-potassium pumps.
2) When stimulated, voltage-gated ion channels allow sodium to enter and potassium to leave, depolarizing the membrane and initiating an action potential.
3) Action potentials propagate as waves down axons through local currents, transmitting nerve impulses as electrical signals along the length of neurons.
NERVE PHYSIOLOGY
DESCRIBES THE ACTION POTENTIAL OCCURING IN THE NERVE. IT ALSO TACKLES ON THE NUERON AND ITS 3 BASIC PARTS NAMELY 1)DENDRITES 2) BODY 3) AXON
Nerve physiology
This presentation contains the basic information about nerve cells and action potential. This work is done for academic purpose only so if you are using give proper reference.
Recommended
Resting membrane potential
The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers to the stable voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting signals. The RMP results from selective permeability of ions like potassium and sodium across the membrane. At rest, the neuron's RMP is approximately -70mV due to higher intracellular potassium concentration creating a diffusion potential of -94mV, and lower intracellular sodium contributing +61mV. Additional contribution from the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions against their gradients, results in the overall RMP of -90mV in neurons.
nerve nernst potential pptx great use in study
The resting membrane potential of a neuron arises from concentration gradients that cause potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell and sodium ions to diffuse into it. This creates a negative charge inside and positive outside, resulting in a resting potential of around -70 mV. This potential is maintained primarily by potassium permeability through leak channels and the sodium-potassium pump, which works to restore ion gradients.
action
1) Membrane potentials exist across cell membranes due to concentration gradients of ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride. The permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of each ion determines the voltage of the membrane potential.
2) In nerve and muscle cells, the high intracellular potassium concentration compared to extracellular creates a diffusion potential of -94mV. The higher sodium concentration outside compared to inside creates a diffusion potential of +61mV.
3) At rest, the nerve membrane potential is -90mV due to higher permeability to potassium than sodium, the sodium-potassium pump maintaining ion gradients, and its electrogenic effect exporting more sodium than importing potassium.
Action potential
The document discusses membrane potential and action potentials in neurons. It provides details on:
- The resting membrane potential is established by ion gradients maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. There is a net negative charge inside and positive outside the membrane.
- An action potential is initiated when the membrane reaches its threshold potential due to sodium influx. It involves stages of depolarization, repolarization and refractory periods.
- The all-or-none principle states that an action potential will only be generated if the threshold is reached. Speed and propagation depends on myelination.
- Different cell types like cardiac and smooth muscles exhibit variations in their action potential waveforms.
Cell membrane potential
1) Neuron membranes maintain a resting potential through ion gradients established by sodium-potassium pumps.
2) When stimulated, voltage-gated ion channels allow sodium to enter and potassium to leave, depolarizing the membrane and initiating an action potential.
3) Action potentials propagate as waves down axons through local currents, transmitting nerve impulses as electrical signals along the length of neurons.
NERVE PHYSIOLOGY
DESCRIBES THE ACTION POTENTIAL OCCURING IN THE NERVE. IT ALSO TACKLES ON THE NUERON AND ITS 3 BASIC PARTS NAMELY 1)DENDRITES 2) BODY 3) AXON
Nerve physiology
This presentation contains the basic information about nerve cells and action potential. This work is done for academic purpose only so if you are using give proper reference.
RMP.pptx
The document discusses the membrane potential of living cells. It explains that the membrane potential is the electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers specifically to the constant potential difference that exists in an unstimulated cell, and is always negative, with the inside being more negative than the outside. This negative RMP arises due to several factors: the higher intracellular concentration of potassium ions, the higher permeability of the membrane to potassium over sodium, the action of the sodium-potassium pump, and the presence of nondiffusible intracellular anions.
Membrane potential + action potential
The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
Membrane potential + action potential
The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
Resting membrane potential
The document discusses resting membrane potential in neurons. It defines resting membrane potential as the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron membrane when the neuron is not conducting an action potential. The inside of the membrane is negatively charged at -70mV due to differences in sodium, potassium, calcium, and protein ion concentrations across the membrane and the selective permeability of the membrane to different ions. Ion channels and the sodium-potassium ATPase pump help maintain the ion gradients and resting membrane potential. Factors like axon diameter and myelination affect how quickly impulses propagate along neurons.
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Neuron
Neurons are electrically excitable cells that communicate with each other and the body. The human nervous system contains around 100 billion neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons relay signals from sense organs to the central nervous system, motor neurons relay signals from the CNS to effector organs, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. When a neuron is stimulated, it generates an action potential down its axon via changes in membrane potential. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons.
Resting Membrane Potential
All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
Lecture 40 resting membrane potential
This document discusses the resting membrane potential of excitable cells like neurons. It describes how the membrane potential is measured and defines it as the steady voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell. The resting membrane potential is generated by concentration gradients established by selective permeability to potassium and sodium ions as well as active transport of these ions by the sodium-potassium pump. This results in a negative interior voltage of around -90 mV for most excitable cells due to a higher intracellular potassium concentration and the pump exporting more sodium than importing potassium.
Muscloskeletal system.pdf
The resting membrane potential exists due to unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. Positively charged ions like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are more concentrated outside the cell, while protein anions are more inside. This distribution is maintained by three factors: 1) selective permeability of the membrane allows more K+ to diffuse out of the cell, 2) the Na+/K+ pump actively transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell against their gradients, and 3) the impermeability of the membrane to intracellular protein anions. Together these factors cause the inside of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside, typically around -70mV. This resting membrane potential is important for normal cell function.
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OVERVIEW OF THE EXCITABLE TISSUE- PART ONE
provides a basic picture of excitable cells and the relative concentration of key electrolytes inside versus outside the cell.
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The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
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1. Nerve and muscle cells are excitable tissues that can generate electrochemical impulses. In nerves, these impulses propagate signals along the axon when stimulated, whereas in muscles they cause contraction.
2. The resting membrane potential of these cells is maintained by ion concentration gradients and selective permeability of the membrane to ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride. At rest, the intracellular fluid is negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid.
3. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential rapidly changes from the resting potential to a positive overshoot then back again. This is driven by changes in sodium and potassium conductance across the membrane.
section 3, chapter 10
The document summarizes key aspects of synaptic transmission and the cell membrane potential. It explains that synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being released from the presynaptic cell in response to an action potential, diffusing across the synapse, and binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. It also outlines factors that maintain the cell's resting membrane potential of -70mV, including the sodium-potassium pump and potassium leak channels. Voltage-gated ion channels then open in response to changes in the membrane potential, altering the potential.
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Excitable tissues are capable of generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses along cell membranes. The resting membrane potential in most neurons is around -70mV due to uneven distribution of ions like potassium and sodium across the cell membrane. When a threshold stimulus is reached, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid sodium influx and potassium efflux, causing a brief reversal of the potential known as an action potential. This propagates the electrochemical signal along the membrane.
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1. Neurons are specialized cells that carry signals in the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which conducts signals.
2. When a neuron is at rest, it maintains a negative resting membrane potential through ion gradients. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium rushes in, and the membrane depolarizes in an action potential.
3. The action potential then propagates down the axon as adjacent areas are depolarized, until the neuron repolarizes through potassium efflux, returning it to the resting potential. The neuron then enters a refractory period before it can fire again.
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These slides contain the basic information and principle of nervous transduction, It also includes the information about the type of the neurons, structure of the neuron, resting and active membrane potential, synapes and events occurring in it, and introduction to the neurotransmitters.
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This document is a project write-up submitted by Abhinav Baranwal on the topic of the mechanism of generation and propagation of nerve impulses. It begins with an introduction discussing neurons and nerve impulses. It then explains that neurons maintain a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients established by ion pumps and channels. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid sodium influx and depolarization. This initiated action potential travels as a wave of depolarization along the axon. Myelination and nodes of Ranvier allow saltatory conduction to increase speed. The write-up provides detailed explanations and diagrams of these concepts in 13 pages.
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RMP.pptx
The document discusses the membrane potential of living cells. It explains that the membrane potential is the electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers specifically to the constant potential difference that exists in an unstimulated cell, and is always negative, with the inside being more negative than the outside. This negative RMP arises due to several factors: the higher intracellular concentration of potassium ions, the higher permeability of the membrane to potassium over sodium, the action of the sodium-potassium pump, and the presence of nondiffusible intracellular anions.
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The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
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The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
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The document discusses resting membrane potential in neurons. It defines resting membrane potential as the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron membrane when the neuron is not conducting an action potential. The inside of the membrane is negatively charged at -70mV due to differences in sodium, potassium, calcium, and protein ion concentrations across the membrane and the selective permeability of the membrane to different ions. Ion channels and the sodium-potassium ATPase pump help maintain the ion gradients and resting membrane potential. Factors like axon diameter and myelination affect how quickly impulses propagate along neurons.
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Neural signals are transmitted through both electrical and chemical means. An electrical signal travels down a neuron's dendrites to its cell body. If the signal reaches the axon hillock's threshold, the axon is activated and fires, transmitting an electrical signal down the axon. At the axon terminals, neurotransmitters are released across the synaptic cleft to the next cell. The membrane potential, maintained by ion concentration gradients and sodium-potassium pumps, underlies the neuron's resting potential. When neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic cell, they generate graded excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials that are integrated and can trigger an all-or-none action potential for signal transmission along the ax
Neuron
Neurons are electrically excitable cells that communicate with each other and the body. The human nervous system contains around 100 billion neurons. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons relay signals from sense organs to the central nervous system, motor neurons relay signals from the CNS to effector organs, and interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons. Each neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. When a neuron is stimulated, it generates an action potential down its axon via changes in membrane potential. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons.
Resting Membrane Potential
All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
Lecture 40 resting membrane potential
This document discusses the resting membrane potential of excitable cells like neurons. It describes how the membrane potential is measured and defines it as the steady voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell. The resting membrane potential is generated by concentration gradients established by selective permeability to potassium and sodium ions as well as active transport of these ions by the sodium-potassium pump. This results in a negative interior voltage of around -90 mV for most excitable cells due to a higher intracellular potassium concentration and the pump exporting more sodium than importing potassium.
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The resting membrane potential exists due to unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. Positively charged ions like sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are more concentrated outside the cell, while protein anions are more inside. This distribution is maintained by three factors: 1) selective permeability of the membrane allows more K+ to diffuse out of the cell, 2) the Na+/K+ pump actively transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell against their gradients, and 3) the impermeability of the membrane to intracellular protein anions. Together these factors cause the inside of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside, typically around -70mV. This resting membrane potential is important for normal cell function.
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The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
OVERVIEW OF THE EXCITABLE TISSUE- PART ONE
provides a basic picture of excitable cells and the relative concentration of key electrolytes inside versus outside the cell.
General Physiology - Action potential
The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
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Local anesthesia is the reversible loss of sensation in a body area caused by inhibiting nerve conduction. This document discusses the introduction, composition, mechanism of action, and dose calculation of local anesthesia. It covers topics like nerve physiology, electrophysiology of nerve conduction, impulse propagation, and the site and mode of action of local anesthetics. The document provides details on how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and raising the firing threshold of nerves.
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1. Nerve and muscle cells are excitable tissues that can generate electrochemical impulses. In nerves, these impulses propagate signals along the axon when stimulated, whereas in muscles they cause contraction.
2. The resting membrane potential of these cells is maintained by ion concentration gradients and selective permeability of the membrane to ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride. At rest, the intracellular fluid is negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid.
3. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential rapidly changes from the resting potential to a positive overshoot then back again. This is driven by changes in sodium and potassium conductance across the membrane.
section 3, chapter 10
The document summarizes key aspects of synaptic transmission and the cell membrane potential. It explains that synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being released from the presynaptic cell in response to an action potential, diffusing across the synapse, and binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. It also outlines factors that maintain the cell's resting membrane potential of -70mV, including the sodium-potassium pump and potassium leak channels. Voltage-gated ion channels then open in response to changes in the membrane potential, altering the potential.
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Excitable tissues are capable of generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses along cell membranes. The resting membrane potential in most neurons is around -70mV due to uneven distribution of ions like potassium and sodium across the cell membrane. When a threshold stimulus is reached, voltage-gated ion channels allow rapid sodium influx and potassium efflux, causing a brief reversal of the potential known as an action potential. This propagates the electrochemical signal along the membrane.
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1. Neurons are specialized cells that carry signals in the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which conducts signals.
2. When a neuron is at rest, it maintains a negative resting membrane potential through ion gradients. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium rushes in, and the membrane depolarizes in an action potential.
3. The action potential then propagates down the axon as adjacent areas are depolarized, until the neuron repolarizes through potassium efflux, returning it to the resting potential. The neuron then enters a refractory period before it can fire again.
Nervous Transduction
These slides contain the basic information and principle of nervous transduction, It also includes the information about the type of the neurons, structure of the neuron, resting and active membrane potential, synapes and events occurring in it, and introduction to the neurotransmitters.
Mechanism of Generation and Propagation of Nerve Impulse.docx
This document is a project write-up submitted by Abhinav Baranwal on the topic of the mechanism of generation and propagation of nerve impulses. It begins with an introduction discussing neurons and nerve impulses. It then explains that neurons maintain a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients established by ion pumps and channels. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid sodium influx and depolarization. This initiated action potential travels as a wave of depolarization along the axon. Myelination and nodes of Ranvier allow saltatory conduction to increase speed. The write-up provides detailed explanations and diagrams of these concepts in 13 pages.
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1. The cerebellum is divided into three lobes - vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum - which are involved in balance, movement coordination, and planning/programming movements respectively.
2. It receives various sensory inputs and projects to motor areas of the brainstem and cortex to integrate sensory and motor information and coordinate movement.
3. Damage to the cerebellum results in severe incoordination of movement and postural abnormalities due to its role in smoothing and regulating all aspects of movement.
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This document discusses the chemical control of respiration through peripheral and central chemoreceptors. It begins by introducing the objectives and overview. It then describes the two main types of chemoreceptors - peripheral located in the carotid and aortic bodies, and central located in the brainstem. Both receptor types detect changes in blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels. The document focuses on the specific mechanisms and effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis on each receptor type and their integrated control of ventilation.
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spirometry.pptx
This document provides information about spirometry, including how to perform and interpret a spirometry test. It defines key lung volumes and capacities that can be measured by spirometry such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and forced vital capacity. The document describes how to use a recording spirometer to obtain measurements of these volumes and capacities. It also discusses clinical applications of spirometry measurements like forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in distinguishing between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
DM mbbs.pptx
The document discusses endocrine pancreas and its applied aspects of diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. It defines diabetes as a clinical syndrome of hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency. There are two primary types of diabetes - type 1 diabetes which is caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 diabetes which involves resistance of target tissues to insulin. The stages of diabetes are also defined ranging from prediabetes to complicated diabetes. Causes, clinical features, complications and management of both hypoglycemia and diabetes are summarized.
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- 2. Learning objectives Describe the Nernst potential. List the elements of the Goldman equation for multiple ion movements. Explain the contribution of different ion movements to the development of the resting membrane potential.
- 3. Resting Membrane Potential The potential difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. The relatively stable membrane potential (inside the cell membrane) of a cell in a quiescent (un stimulated) state.
- 4. •inside •outside •Resting potential of neuron = -70mV •+ •- •+ •+ •+ •- •- •- •+ •-
- 5. Resting Membrane Potential Is RMP exist in all the cells??? Yes. Electrical potential exist across the membranes of all the cells of the body. Some cells such as glandular cells, macrophages and ciliated cells, local changes in the membrane potentials also activate many of the cell functions.
- 6. Basic physics of membrane potentials At rest, membrane is 1. Highly permeable to potassium 2. Slightly permeable to sodium 3. Impermeable to proteins
- 7. Role of potassium Potassium membrane concentration is higher inside the Potassium membrane concentration is lower outside the At rest, membrane is highly permeable to potassium Due to concentration gradient, potassium starts moving from inside to outside
- 9. Role of potassium Due to this movement, electro positivity is created outside Electro negativity is created inside As the movement keep going, electrical gradient there exist an
- 10. Role of sodium Sodium concentration is higher outside the membrane Sodium concentration is lower inside the membrane At rest, membrane is moderately permeable to sodium Due to concentration gradient, sodium starts moving from outside to inside As the movement goes on, electro negativity is created outside Electro positivity is created inside
- 11. Nernst equation
- 12. Nernst equation EMF= electro motive force Z= electrical charge It is assumed that the potential in the ECF outside the membrane is zero, and the Nernst potential is the potential inside the membrane. The sign of the potential is positive if the ion diffusing from inside to outside is negative ion and vice versa.
- 13. Goldman equation Used to calculate diffusion potential when the membrane is permeable to several different ions When the membrane permeable to several different ions, the diffusion potential that develops depends on three factors 1. Polarity of electrical charge of each ion 2. Permeability of membrane to each ion 3. Concentrations of respective ions inside and outside the membrane
- 14. Goldman equation
- 16. RMP of neurons The resting membrane potential of large nerve fiber when they are not transmitting nerve signals is -90mv. Potential inside is 90mv more negative than the potential in the ECF on the outside of fiber.
- 17. Sodium-Potassium pump Present in all the cell membranes of the body. Electrogenic pump Pumps three sodium potassium ions inside ions outside and two More positive ions are pumped outside Develops negative potential inside membrane the resting
- 19. Origin of normal RMP Contribution of potassium diffusion potential Contribution of sodium diffusion through the nerve membrane Contribution of sodium potassium pump
- 20. Nernst equation
- 21. Who contributes more?? Membrane is highly permeable to potassium at rest Membrane is slightly permeable to sodium at rest In the nerve fiber, permeability of the membrane for potassium is 100 times more than sodium It is logical that the diffusion of potassium contributes far more to the membrane potential than does the diffusion of sodium
- 22. Contribution of sodium potassium pump Provides additional contribution to RMP Pumps three sodium ion to outside Pumps two potassium ions inside More positive ions pumped to outside Loss of positive charges from inside Creates negativity -4mv inside
- 23. Impermeable anions Inside the cell, there are many negatively charges ions that can not pass through the membrane. Anions of protein molecules and of many organic phosphate compounds and sulfate compounds Contribute to negative charge inside the cell when there is a net deficit of positively charged ions
- 24. Summary Potassium and sodium diffusion contributes - 86mv of RMP Sodium-potassium pump contributes an additional -4mv Net membrane potential is -90mv