ovarian hormones bds.pptx
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The document discusses female sex hormones including oestrogens like oestradiol, oestrone, and oestriol. It notes that these hormones are produced by the ovaries and regulate the female reproductive cycle and development of secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is also discussed, which prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy and supports pregnancy maintenance along with relaxin. The hormones are transported bound to proteins and metabolized in the liver before being excreted.
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REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE -2.pptx
The document discusses the various mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the body. It describes the immediate, short-term, and long-term mechanisms that maintain blood pressure within a narrow range. The short-term mechanisms include baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and the cerebral ischemic response. The long-term regulatory mechanisms involve the renal body fluid system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other hormonal factors that alter blood volume over time to correct deviations in pressure. The document also discusses hypertension and hypotension, their causes, risks, and treatment approaches.
Fetal physio - anakandy
The document summarizes fetal and neonatal physiology related to circulation and respiration. It discusses how the fetus gets oxygen from the mother's blood through the placenta via simple diffusion down a partial pressure gradient. The fetus's blood has adaptations like fetal hemoglobin that enhance oxygen delivery. As the fetus grows, its increasing oxygen needs are met through a higher uterine blood flow from the mother, more fetal blood flow to the placenta, and fetal adaptations in hemoglobin and cardiovascular structure. At birth, the fetal circulation transitions as the placenta is detached and lungs expand, allowing pulmonary circulation to increase while structures like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close.
Oxygen dissociation curve
Following induction of anesthesia, factors such as decreased functional residual capacity, increased ventilation/perfusion mismatching, and development of atelectasis can increase venous admixture from 1% to around 10%. Anesthetic agents also suppress hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and decrease cardiac output, reducing oxygen delivery. However, anesthesia and artificial ventilation lower oxygen requirements by around 15-21% due to decreased metabolism and work of breathing. Oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma, and the oxygen dissociation curve illustrates hemoglobin's changing affinity for oxygen at different partial pressures. Multiple factors can shift this curve, facilitating either oxygen loading or unloading as needed.
Baroreceptor Reflex Mechanism
Baroreceptors in the arteries detect changes in blood pressure and relay this information to the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system then works to maintain blood pressure within a normal range by increasing or decreasing total peripheral resistance and cardiac output through sympathetic or parasympathetic activation. Baroreceptors form a negative feedback loop, where increases in blood pressure lead to reductions in sympathetic activity and increases in parasympathetic activity to lower blood pressure back to normal levels.
Bohr and haldane effect
Bohr’s effect- The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described by Danish physiological Christian Bohr, stating that the “oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin is inversely related to the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion.
#An increase in blood CO2 concentration which leads to decrease in blood pH will results in hemoglobin proteins releasing their oxygen load.
#One of the factor that Bohr discovered was pH. He found that if the pH is lower than the normal, then hemoglobin does not bind oxygen.
#And this effect of CO2 on oxygen dissociation curve is known as Bohr effect.
Haldane effect- The Haldane effect is first discovered by John Scott Haldane.
#The Haldane effect describe the phenomenon by which binding of oxygen to hemoglobin promotes the release of carbon dioxide.
#Haldane effect is the mirror image of Bohr effect.
#The decrease in carbon dioxide leads to increase in the pH, which result in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen.
#This is a helpful biochemical feature which facilitates exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the pulmonary and peripheral circulations.
Cardiac reflex
Cardiac reflexes involve afferent and efferent nerve pathways between the heart and central nervous system that help regulate cardiac function and homeostasis. Key reflexes discussed include the baroreceptor reflex, which helps maintain blood pressure, and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, which causes hypotension, bradycardia, and coronary artery dilation in response to ventricular stimuli. Preventing or treating reflex cardiovascular changes during surgery may involve atropine, local anesthesia, lignocaine infusion, or adjusting anesthesia depth.
Adrenal cortex
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REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE -2.pptx
The document discusses the various mechanisms that regulate blood pressure in the body. It describes the immediate, short-term, and long-term mechanisms that maintain blood pressure within a narrow range. The short-term mechanisms include baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and the cerebral ischemic response. The long-term regulatory mechanisms involve the renal body fluid system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other hormonal factors that alter blood volume over time to correct deviations in pressure. The document also discusses hypertension and hypotension, their causes, risks, and treatment approaches.
Fetal physio - anakandy
The document summarizes fetal and neonatal physiology related to circulation and respiration. It discusses how the fetus gets oxygen from the mother's blood through the placenta via simple diffusion down a partial pressure gradient. The fetus's blood has adaptations like fetal hemoglobin that enhance oxygen delivery. As the fetus grows, its increasing oxygen needs are met through a higher uterine blood flow from the mother, more fetal blood flow to the placenta, and fetal adaptations in hemoglobin and cardiovascular structure. At birth, the fetal circulation transitions as the placenta is detached and lungs expand, allowing pulmonary circulation to increase while structures like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close.
Oxygen dissociation curve
Following induction of anesthesia, factors such as decreased functional residual capacity, increased ventilation/perfusion mismatching, and development of atelectasis can increase venous admixture from 1% to around 10%. Anesthetic agents also suppress hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and decrease cardiac output, reducing oxygen delivery. However, anesthesia and artificial ventilation lower oxygen requirements by around 15-21% due to decreased metabolism and work of breathing. Oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma, and the oxygen dissociation curve illustrates hemoglobin's changing affinity for oxygen at different partial pressures. Multiple factors can shift this curve, facilitating either oxygen loading or unloading as needed.
Baroreceptor Reflex Mechanism
Baroreceptors in the arteries detect changes in blood pressure and relay this information to the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system then works to maintain blood pressure within a normal range by increasing or decreasing total peripheral resistance and cardiac output through sympathetic or parasympathetic activation. Baroreceptors form a negative feedback loop, where increases in blood pressure lead to reductions in sympathetic activity and increases in parasympathetic activity to lower blood pressure back to normal levels.
Bohr and haldane effect
Bohr’s effect- The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described by Danish physiological Christian Bohr, stating that the “oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin is inversely related to the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion.
#An increase in blood CO2 concentration which leads to decrease in blood pH will results in hemoglobin proteins releasing their oxygen load.
#One of the factor that Bohr discovered was pH. He found that if the pH is lower than the normal, then hemoglobin does not bind oxygen.
#And this effect of CO2 on oxygen dissociation curve is known as Bohr effect.
Haldane effect- The Haldane effect is first discovered by John Scott Haldane.
#The Haldane effect describe the phenomenon by which binding of oxygen to hemoglobin promotes the release of carbon dioxide.
#Haldane effect is the mirror image of Bohr effect.
#The decrease in carbon dioxide leads to increase in the pH, which result in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen.
#This is a helpful biochemical feature which facilitates exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the pulmonary and peripheral circulations.
Cardiac reflex
Cardiac reflexes involve afferent and efferent nerve pathways between the heart and central nervous system that help regulate cardiac function and homeostasis. Key reflexes discussed include the baroreceptor reflex, which helps maintain blood pressure, and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, which causes hypotension, bradycardia, and coronary artery dilation in response to ventricular stimuli. Preventing or treating reflex cardiovascular changes during surgery may involve atropine, local anesthesia, lignocaine infusion, or adjusting anesthesia depth.
Adrenal cortex
anatomy and physiology of adrenal cortex . detail of artery and venous supply along with histological differences of adrenal cortex . detail of biosynthesis of adrenocorticosteroids. reaction of biosynthesis of cortisol , androgen and aldosterone in different region ie. zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa respectively. biochemical function of cortisol and aldosterone along with structures. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Dr.G.Sandeep,,Effect of exercise and posture on blood pressure and heart,G.K....
based on gk pal practical physiology of mbbs 1st year ,effect of exercise and posture on blood pressure and heart rate
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2. Acclimatization to high altitudes involves mechanisms like increased ventilation, blood oxygen carrying capacity, circulation, and tissue oxygen delivery over weeks.
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1) Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and tissues through passive diffusion down partial pressure gradients according to Boyle's, Charles', Dalton's, and Henry's laws and Fick's law of diffusion.
2) Oxygen is transported in the blood either dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and releases it in tissues where oxygen levels are lower.
3) The oxygen dissociation curve shows the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen. It influences how much oxygen is bound to or released from hemoglobin in the lungs and tissues respectively.
Regulation of respiration
The respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons regions of the brain controls respiration. It contains the medullary rhythmicity area which controls the basic rhythm of inhalation and exhalation, the pneumotaxic area which coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation by inhibiting the inspiratory area, and the apneustic area which prolongs inhalation. Respiration is also regulated by chemoreceptors which detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate breathing, by proprioceptors which sense movement and stimulate inhalation, and by the inflation reflex which inhibits inhalation during exhalation to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
Oxygen dissociation curve
This document discusses the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. It provides background on oxygen transport by hemoglobin and factors that influence the curve. Key points include:
- Hemoglobin transports oxygen through cooperative binding of up to 4 oxygen molecules per heme-globin molecule.
- The sigmoidal dissociation curve arises from cooperative binding - as one oxygen binds it increases affinity for others.
- Factors like pH, CO2, temperature can shift the curve left or right, altering oxygen unloading in tissues.
- Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity, helping oxygen transfer to the fetus in utero. Myoglobin also has higher affinity and acts as an oxygen storage in muscle.
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The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland feedback system, where the hypothalamus releases hormones that signal the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones to regulate target glands like the thyroid and adrenals. The pituitary is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes, with the anterior secreting hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH and FSH that regulate other glands, and the posterior storing and releasing vasopressin and oxytocin.
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
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Urine concentration
The kidney can concentrate urine by continuing to excrete solutes while reabsorbing more water, producing urine 4-5 times more concentrated than plasma. This ability is essential for terrestrial mammals to survive on land. The countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows solutes like urea to accumulate in the renal medulla, establishing a high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. When ADH increases collecting duct permeability, this gradient enables production of highly concentrated urine, minimizing water loss and fluid intake needs.
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The document provides an overview of the female reproductive system including:
1. The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen levels peak just before ovulation.
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2. The malate-aspartate shuttle produces 2.5 ATP per NADH transported by using malate and aspartate to carry electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Both shuttles are required to regenerate NAD+ in the cytoplasm and transport reducing equivalents into the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation.
Posterior pituitary hormones
This document discusses the posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). It provides details on their synthesis in the hypothalamus and storage and release from the posterior pituitary. It describes their actions, including oxytocin's role in uterine contraction and milk ejection, and vasopressin's antidiuretic effects and regulation of water balance. It also discusses disorders of their secretion like diabetes insipidus, their receptors, regulation, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
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This document discusses various types of hypoxia including hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. It also covers topics like acclimatization to high altitudes, cyanosis, oxygen therapy, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The key points are:
1. Hypoxia is defined as oxygen deficiency at the tissue level and can be caused by problems with ventilation, gas exchange, blood flow, or cellular respiration.
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The document discusses mechanisms that control renal calcium and phosphate excretion and extracellular ion concentrations. It covers factors such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and renal reabsorption that regulate calcium levels. PTH promotes bone resorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption to influence their concentrations. The kidneys precisely regulate sodium and water excretion through glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption to maintain balance. Blood pressure influences sodium and water excretion through pressure natriuresis and diuresis. The sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide also impact renal excretion and fluid balance
Transport of gases
1) Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the lungs and tissues through passive diffusion down partial pressure gradients according to Boyle's, Charles', Dalton's, and Henry's laws and Fick's law of diffusion.
2) Oxygen is transported in the blood either dissolved in plasma or bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and releases it in tissues where oxygen levels are lower.
3) The oxygen dissociation curve shows the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of oxygen. It influences how much oxygen is bound to or released from hemoglobin in the lungs and tissues respectively.
Regulation of respiration
The respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons regions of the brain controls respiration. It contains the medullary rhythmicity area which controls the basic rhythm of inhalation and exhalation, the pneumotaxic area which coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation by inhibiting the inspiratory area, and the apneustic area which prolongs inhalation. Respiration is also regulated by chemoreceptors which detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate breathing, by proprioceptors which sense movement and stimulate inhalation, and by the inflation reflex which inhibits inhalation during exhalation to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
Oxygen dissociation curve
This document discusses the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. It provides background on oxygen transport by hemoglobin and factors that influence the curve. Key points include:
- Hemoglobin transports oxygen through cooperative binding of up to 4 oxygen molecules per heme-globin molecule.
- The sigmoidal dissociation curve arises from cooperative binding - as one oxygen binds it increases affinity for others.
- Factors like pH, CO2, temperature can shift the curve left or right, altering oxygen unloading in tissues.
- Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity, helping oxygen transfer to the fetus in utero. Myoglobin also has higher affinity and acts as an oxygen storage in muscle.
Hypothalamus pituitary axis
The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland feedback system, where the hypothalamus releases hormones that signal the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones to regulate target glands like the thyroid and adrenals. The pituitary is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes, with the anterior secreting hormones like TSH, ACTH, LH and FSH that regulate other glands, and the posterior storing and releasing vasopressin and oxytocin.
Physiology of high altitude & high pressure
This document discusses physiology related to high altitude and high atmospheric pressure. It covers topics such as hypoxia at high altitude and the compensatory responses that occur. It describes clinical syndromes like acute mountain sickness and high altitude pulmonary edema. It also discusses physiological challenges of high pressure environments like deep sea diving, including decompression sickness and nitrogen narcosis that can occur if not properly managed during ascent. Prevention strategies are outlined to avoid problems during descent from depth or rapid changes in altitude.
Embryology of heart
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Ovarian cycle (the guyton and hall physiology)
The document summarizes the process of oogenesis and the menstrual cycle. It notes that a female is born with around 2 million primordial follicles containing primary oocytes, which decrease to around 400,000 by puberty. During each menstrual cycle, a small number of primary oocytes mature and may be ovulated, while the rest undergo apoptosis. The cycle involves the follicular phase where follicles develop, ovulation of a single oocyte on day 14, and the luteal phase where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and menstruation begins.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
This document discusses the pituitary gland. It begins with an introduction to the functional anatomy and hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. It then describes the gross anatomy and development of the pituitary gland. The document outlines the parts of the pituitary gland including the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. It details the histological structure and blood supply of the pituitary gland. The relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary is examined, including the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Finally, the major anterior pituitary hormones are identified as the growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family, and pro-opiomelanocortin peptides family.
Blood pressure regulation 2013
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2nd week of intrauterine developement of embryo
During the second week of development:
1. Implantation of the blastocyst is completed, with trophoblast cells differentiating into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
2. Syncytiotrophoblast produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which can be detected in pregnancy tests by the end of the second week.
3. An amniotic cavity forms within the embryoblast, and the epiblast and hypoblast layers develop to form the embryonic disc surrounded by extraembryonic tissues.
Ergography by Pandian M. Tutor in Dept, of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, This PPT for...
Introduction
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Factors that affect performance
Factors that affect FATIGUE
In Mosso’s ergography, fatigue is affected by
Factors that causes muscle fatigue
Calculation
Precautions
Observation
Discussion
Control of respiration
This document discusses control of respiration and drugs affecting it. It describes the local, peripheral and central control of respiration, including chemoreceptors and respiratory centers in the brainstem. It outlines the normal breathing cycle and various reflexes involved, such as chemoreceptor and non-chemical reflexes. Finally, it examines how various drugs can affect respiration, with opioids, benzodiazepines and inhaled anesthetics often depressing it, while doxapram and nicotine can stimulate respiratory drive.
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral blood flow is tightly regulated to meet the high metabolic demands of the brain. Blood circulates to the brain through the carotid and vertebral arteries which connect at the circle of Willis. Factors like blood pressure, carbon dioxide levels, oxygen, temperature and various chemicals regulate blood flow. The brain has autoregulatory mechanisms to maintain constant blood flow over a range of pressures. Failure of autoregulation can lead to ischemia or hyperperfusion. Clinical considerations include risks for hypertensive or elderly patients and treatments focus on preventing hypotension and ischemia.
counter-current-mechanism
1. The kidney concentrates urine through active transport mechanisms that create a hyperosmotic medullary interstitium and facilitate water reabsorption in the presence of ADH.
2. The loop of Henle acts as a countercurrent multiplier, trapping solutes in the medulla through sequential transport and creating an osmotic gradient.
3. Urea recycling and the countercurrent exchange function of vasa recta help maintain the high solute concentration in the medullary interstitium, allowing further water reabsorption and concentrated urine production.
Mechanism of action of hormones
Hormones act by binding to specific receptors on target cells. This causes intracellular signaling through second messenger systems. There are three main types of hormone receptors: ion channel-linked receptors which open ion channels, G-protein linked receptors which activate intracellular enzymes through G proteins, and enzyme-linked receptors which have enzymatic activity within the cell. Major second messenger systems include cyclic AMP produced by adenylyl cyclase, phospholipids, and calcium. Steroid and thyroid hormones enter cells and activate gene transcription by binding hormone response elements in DNA. The key steps in hormone signaling are the external hormone, cell membrane receptor, intracellular transducer, amplifier, second messenger, effectors, and cellular response.
Urine concentration
The kidney can concentrate urine by continuing to excrete solutes while reabsorbing more water, producing urine 4-5 times more concentrated than plasma. This ability is essential for terrestrial mammals to survive on land. The countercurrent mechanism in the loops of Henle and vasa recta allows solutes like urea to accumulate in the renal medulla, establishing a high osmotic gradient for water reabsorption. When ADH increases collecting duct permeability, this gradient enables production of highly concentrated urine, minimizing water loss and fluid intake needs.
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2. It describes the biochemistry of estrogen and progesterone, their metabolism and excretion, functions in the body, and clinical applications.
3. The ovaries regulate the female menstrual cycle through production of hormones that control development of the uterus and breasts to prepare for potential pregnancy.
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This document discusses estrogen and progestin, female sex hormones. It defines estrogen as substances that can induce estrus in spayed animals. The three major natural estrogens are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which vary throughout the menstrual cycle. Estradiol is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Synthetic estrogens like ethinyl estradiol and mestranol are orally active. Progesterone is the major natural progestin, secreted from the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and maintained in early pregnancy. Synthetic progestins like medroxyprogesterone acetate and desogestrel are highly active orally. Estrogens and progestins act through
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The document discusses physiology changes that occur during pregnancy, labor, and lactation. It covers fertilization, implantation, placenta development, hormonal changes, and maternal responses. Specifically, it describes the sequential events of fertilization, hormonal regulation of pregnancy including hCG, progesterone and placental lactation. It also summarizes maternal responses like increased blood volume, metabolism and respiration to support the demands of pregnancy.
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This document discusses female sex hormones and the female reproductive system. It covers the internal and external sex organs, the menstrual cycle, and the main female sex hormones - estrogens and progestins. It describes the regulation and mechanisms of action of estrogens, as well as their therapeutic uses in menopausal hormone therapy, delayed puberty, and more. Adverse effects and pharmacokinetics are also discussed. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors are introduced as well.
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1) The document discusses the normal physiology of the female reproductive system, including oogenesis and follicular development where approximately 1-2 million primary oocytes are present at birth and only 400-500 fully mature each month.
2) It describes the hormonal physiology and monthly cycle, influenced by hormones like FSH, LH, estrogens, and progesterone. Ovulation occurs around day 14 before menstruation.
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Progesterone is an important hormone produced in the ovaries, testes, and placenta. It plays a key role in maintaining pregnancy by preventing shedding of the uterine lining and reducing uterine contractions. Progesterone levels rise after ovulation in preparation for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. If implantation does not occur, progesterone levels fall and menstruation begins. Progesterone is also involved in sperm development in males.
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- 1. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 2. ■ To produce female sex hormones ■ Oestrogens ■ Progesterone Friday, July 14, 2023
- 3. ■ C-18 steroid. ■ 3 forms ■ Oestradiol - Principal & most potent (90%) ■ Oestrone – weak ovarian oestrogen. ■ Oestriol – Degradation product of Oestradiol or Oestrone.
- 4. Site :Normal non pregnant female by theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles Small quantity also secreted by adrenal cortex,breast,some areas of brain,placenta (pregnant),and by Sertoli cells (males) Friday, July 14, 2023
- 5. PREGNENOLONE PROGESTERONE 17HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE 17ά HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DHEA ANDROSTENEDIONE TESTOSTERONE OESTRONE 17 B OESTRADIOL OESTRIOL Friday, July 14, 2023
- 6. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 7. ■ Normal adult women In early follicular phase – 36 microgm/D Just Before Ovulation – 380 microgm/ D During mid-luteal phase–250 microgm/D ■ After menopause – 50 microgm/D ■ TRANSPORT – 2 forms ■ Bound – 98%(60% to albumin, 38% -β-Globulin) ■ Free – 2% Friday, July 14, 2023
- 8. ■ Liver ■ Catabolism – at C-16 to form oestriol ■ Conjugation – with Glucoronic & Sulphuric acid to form watersolublecompounds ■ Excretion – ■ 4/5urine ■ 1/5bile Friday, July 14, 2023
- 9. ■ Reproductive actions 1 Embryonic life 2 Prepubertal stage 3 Puberty 4 Adult woman Friday, July 14, 2023
- 10. ■ Growth and development of genital organs 1 Ovaries… 2 Fallopian tubes… 3 Uterus… 4 Cervix… 5 vagina… 6 External genitalia… ■ Appearance of secondary sex characters. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 11. ■ Ovaries – increase in size, starts complete ovarian cycle characterized by folliculosis,ovulation,corpus luteum formation ■ Fallopian tubes- becomes functional, more ciliated & motility increases to transport shedded gamates. ■ Uterus – enlarges(smooth muscle fibres and myometrial coat) , thickness increases, begins menstrual cycle. ■ Cervix – enlarge with onset menstrual cycle ■ Vagina – Increase in size, change in
- 12. ■Maintenance of pregnancy and parturition ■Breast development Friday, July 14, 2023
- 13. ■ Effect on Bones ■ Effect on metabolism Protein Fat ■ Water and electrolyte balance ■ Effect on CNS ■ Effect on vasculature ■ Effect on Skin Friday, July 14, 2023
- 14. ■ Accelerate linear growth of bones at puberty by osteoblastic activity. ■ Enlarges hip & widens inlet of pelvic bone to facilitate child birth ■ Maintain balance between bone formation & bone resorption
- 15. ■ Protein – Causes positive nitrogen balance due to growth promoting effect. ■ Fat – causes fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue, breast & thigh.
- 16. ■ Causes salt & water retention in body & causes premenstrual tension
- 17. ■ Resposible for oestrous behaviour & increases libido. -Deficiency in PMW development of alzhiemers
- 18. ■ Vasodilator by local release of NO ,prostaglandins ■ & anti-vasoconstrictor effect. Inhibition of endothelin 1 release
- 19. ■ Makes skin soft & more vascular. ■ Makes sebaceous glands secretions thin ■ So synthetic oestrogens also used as a part of treatment of acne.
- 20. ■ reduce Menopausal symptoms ■ prevent Postmenopausal osteoporosis. ■ prevent progression to Atherosclerosis ■ Contraceptive with progesterone. SIDE EFFECT Uterine and Breast cancer. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 21. ■ C-21 steroid mainly for maintenance of pregnancy. ■ Also called prostagens. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 22. ■ Site – In non-pregnant women by corpus luteum & after pregnancy by placenta & by adrenal cortex & testes in males. ■ Synthesis – from Cholesterol. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 23. ■ Plasma levels – in early follicular phase 9 ng/dl & late 18ng/dl. ■ Transport- ■ Bound (98%) form – 80% - albumin, 38% - transcortin ■ Free form (2%)
- 24. ■ Metabolism – ■ in liver ■ Progesterone to Pregnanediol & 17α hydroxy- progesterone to Pregnanetriol ■ Then conjugated with glucoronic acid & sulphuric acid to form water soluble substances ■ Excretion- urine & Bile.
- 25. PREGNENOLONE PROGESTERONE 17HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE 17ά HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DHEA ANDROSTENEDIONE TESTOSTERONE OESTRONE 17 B OESTRADIOL OESTRIOL Friday, July 14, 2023
- 26. ■ Reproductive actions ■ Uterus - Endometrium – responsible for secretory phase & prepare endometrium to receive zygote. ■ Uterine motility – Decreases uterine motility ■ Endocervix – cervical secretions –thick & viscid & ferning pattern disappears. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 27. ■ Reproductive actions ■ Vagina – thickend epithelium, cornified & infiltrated with leucocytes. ■ Fallopian Tubes – increases epithelial secretions rich in nutritive materials ■ Breast – Causes lobular & alveolar growth of breast. ■ During pregnancy – main function to maintain pregnancy. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 28. ■ Other actions ■ Thermogenic Effect – increases basal body temperature by 0.5 0C in post ovulatory phase ■ Effect on CNS – Decreases appetite & produce somnolence ■ Effect on Respiration – Increases sensitivity of centers for CO2 ■ Effect on Metabolism – Decreases serum HDL & acts as Proatherogenic. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 29. ■ Inhibin – inhibit FSH release ■ Activin – activate FSH secretions ■ Relaxin – during pregnancy relaxes pubic symphysis & pelvic joints, softens & dilates uterine cervix & fascilitate delivery. ■ Ovarian Androgen – Responsible for acne vulgaris, libido & pubic hair. Friday, July 14, 2023
- 30. Friday, July 14, 2023